Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Latar Belakang : Pneumokoniosis terjadi hampir diseluruh dunia dan merupakan masalah yang mengancam para pekerja semen. Beberapa kelainan serologis dapat ditemukan pada pasien pnemokoniosis. Kadar KL-6 serum meningkat pada pekerja yang terpajan silika sehingga  dapat dijadikan penanda hayati untuk diagnosis awal penyakit paru kerja tetapi penelitian ini belum pernah dilakukan di IndonesiaMetode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross sectional dengan cara pemilihan sampel secara consecutive sampling pada bulan april – mei 2018. Jumlah total subjek sebanyak 77 subjek terdiri dari 60 subjek penelitian dan 17 subjek kontrol. Pemeriksaan kadar KL-6 serum menggunakan metode ELISA. Subjek penelitian merupakan pekerja semen pada area produksi dan bahan mentah.Hasil    : Pada penelitian ini didapatkan hasil dengan karakteristik total subjek laki-laki 100% dan rerata umur 42,5 tahun, subjek termuda 21 tahun dan subjek tertua 55 tahun. Riwayat merokok  ditemukan terbanyak bukan perokok 38 subjek (63,3%), diikuti perokok sebanyak 15 subjek (25%), dan bekas perokok sebanyak 7 subjek (11,6%).Tingkat pendidikan sedang 47 subjek (78,3) pendidikan tinggi sebanyak 7 subjek (11,6%)  dan pendidikan rendah sebanyak 6 subjek (10%). Lama pajanan < 10 tahun sebanyak 13 subjek (21,6%) dan lama pajanan> 10 tahun sebanyak 47 subjek (78,3%). Penggunaan alat pelindung diri kategori terbanyak kategori sedang sebanyak 50 subjek (83,3%), kategori baik sebanyak 7 subjek (11,6%) dan kategori buruk sebanyak 3 subjek (5%). Rerata kadar KL-6 serum pada kelompok subjek penelitian atau kelompok terpajan sebesar 473,13 U /ml dan rerata kadar KL-6 serum pada kelompok kontrol sebesar 344,13 U/ml.Perbedaan kadar KL-6 serum pada kelompok terpajan dan kelompok control tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistic dengan nilai p = 0,329.Kesimpulan : Perbedaan antara kadar KL-6 serum kelompok terpajan disbanding kelompok kontrol tidak berbeda bermakna secara statisti

---

Background   : Pneumoconiosis occurs almost all over the world and is a problem that threatens cement workers. Some serological abnormalities can be found in pneumonia patients. Serum KL-6 levels increase in workers exposed to silica so that it can be used as a biological marker for early diagnosis of occupational lung disease but this study has never been done in Indonesia

Method: This study was a cross-sectional study by consecutive sampling in April-May 2018. The total number of subjects was 77 subjects consisting of 60 research subjects and 17 control subjects. Examination of serum KL-6 levels using the ELISA method. Research subjects were cement workers in the production area and raw materials.

Results: In this study, the results were obtained with the characteristics of the total male subjects 100% and the average age of 42.5 years, the youngest subject was 21 years old and the oldest subject was 55 years old. History of smoking was found in the majority of nonsmokers 38 subjects (63.3%), followed by smokers as many as 15 subjects (25%), and former smokers as many as 7 subjects (11.6%). Education level was 47 subjects (78.3) higher education as many as 7 subjects (11.6%) and low education as many as 6 subjects (10%). The duration of exposure <10 years was 13 subjects (21.6%) and the duration of exposure> 10 years was 47 subjects (78.3%). The use of personal protective equipment is the most moderate category as many as 50 subjects (83.3%), the good category is 7 subjects (11.6%) and the bad category is 3 subjects (5%). The mean serum KL-6 level in the research subject group or the exposed group was 473.13 U / ml and the average serum KL-6 level in the control group was 344.13 U / ml. The difference in serum KL-6 level in the exposed group and the control group no statistically significant difference with a value of p = 0.329.

Conclusion: The difference between serum KL-6 levels in the exposed group compared to the control group was not statistically significant"

"Latar belakang : Debu silika, asbestos dan batu bara berhubungan dengan pneumokoniosis pada pekerja tambang. International Labour Organization (ILO) melaporkan 30-50% pekerja pada negara berkembang terdiagnosis pneumokoniosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi pneumokoniosis pada pekerja tambang kapur di Indonesia.Metode: Studi cross-sectional melibatkan subjek 73 pekerja tambang kapur di Desa Citatah Kabupaten Bandung Barat, Indonesia. Dua kesimpulan yang sama dari tiga pembaca foto yang memiliki sertifikat AIR-Pneumo dengan membaca secara blind dan menggunakan panduan ILO.Hasil: Pneumokoniosis ditemukan pada 11/73 (15,1%). Median umur dari kelompok pneumokoniosis lebih tua dibandingkan kelompok bukan pneumokoniosis (51 [33-63] vs. 37.5 [18-85] umur dalam tahun, p=0.013). Seluruh subjek pada kelompok pneukoniosis bekerja > 6 tahun (p=0.001). Konsentrasi debu tertinggi pada kelompok pneumokoniosis dibandingkan kelompok yang bukan pneumokonisosis (61.41±103.98 vs. 14.92±55.17 mg/m3, p=0.030). Penelitian ini menunjukan lama bekerja dan kadar debu pada tambang merupakan faktor risiko pneumokoniosis walaupun tidak bermakna (OR=14.6, p=0.999 and OR=7.171, p=0.998).Kesimpulan: Proporsi pneumokoniosis pada pekerja tambang kapur pada penelitian ini sebesar 15,1% . Lama bekerja dan kadar debu pada tambang merupakan faktor risiko pneumokoniosis; namun tidak bermakna dalam penelitian ini.

---

Background: Silica, asbestos, and coal dusts correlate with pneumoconiosis in mineworkers. The International Labour Organization (ILO) reported that 30-50% of workers in developing countries were diagnosed with pneumoconiosis. This study aimed to identify pneumoconiosis among limestone workers in Indonesia.Method: This cross-sectional study involved 73 limestone mineworkers from two limestone mining sites in Citatah Village, West Bandung Regency, Indonesia, as the subjects. Two out of three AIR-Pneumo-certified blinded readers decided the conclusive chest x-ray (CXR) report of pneumoconiosis for each subject according to the ILO guidelines.Results: Pneumoconiosis was found in 11/73 (15.1%) subjects. The median age of pneumoconiosis group was older compared to the non-pneumoconiosis group (51 [33-63] vs. 37.5 [18-85] years old, p=0.013). All subjects in the pneumoconiosis group were of >6 years of working duration (p=0.001). The dust concentration was higher at the mining site of the pneumoconiosis group compared to the mining site of the non-pneumoconiosis group (61.41±103.98 vs. 14.92±55.17 mg/m3, p=0.030). This study showed that working duration and mining site dust concentration were risk factors for pneumoconiosis; however, with no significance (OR=14.6, p=0.999 and OR=7.171, p=0.998, respectively).Conclusion: The proportion of pneumoconiosis in limestone mine workers in this study was 15.1%. Working duration and mining site dust concentration were risk factors for pneumoconiosis; however, no significance was found from this study."

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Pneumokoniosis terjadi hampir diseluruh dunia dan merupakan masalah yang mengancam para pekerja semen. Beberapa kelainan serologis dapat ditemukan pada pasien pneumokoniosis. Kadar surfaktan SP-D serum meningkat pada pekerja yang terpajan silika sehingga mungkin dapat dijadikan sebagai penanda hayati untuk diagnosis awal penyakit paru kerja tetapi penelitian ini belum pernah dilakukan di Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross sectionaldengan cara pemilihan sampel secara consecutive sampling pada bulan September 2017- Maret 2018. Jumlah total subjek sebanyak 61 subjek terdiri dari 44 subjek penelitian dan 17 subjek kontrol. Pemeriksaan kadar SP-D menggunakan metode ELISA. Subjek penelitian merupakan pekerja semen pada area produksi dan bahan mentah. Hasil: Pada penelitian ini didapatkan hasil dengan karakteristik total subjek laki-laki 100 dan rerata umur 42.5 tahun, subjek termuda 21 tahun dan subjek tertua 55 tahun, Kelompok IMT normal terbanyak pada subjek penelitian yaitu 21 subjek 47.7 diikuti IMT lebih 14 subjek 2.3 , obesitas 8 subjek 18.2 dan IMT kurang sebanyak 1 subjek 4.6 . Riwayat merokok ditemukan terbanyak bukan perokok 26 subjek 59.1 diikuti perokok sebanyak 12 subjek 27.3 dan bekas perokok 6 subjek 13.6 . Lama pajanan ABSTRACT Background:Pneumoconiosis occurs almost in entire worldwide. Pneumoconiosis has threaten cement workers. Serologic abnormalities has been found in pneumoconiosis. Surfactant Protein D SP-D levels increased in silica exposed workers. Surfactant Protein D SP-D may be useful using biomarkers for early diagnosis of pneumoconiosis but It has not yet been studied in Indonesia. Method:Design of this study was observational with cross sectional.Sampling of cement from exposed workers were done by consecutive sampling. Total subjects were 61, approach population of 44 cement exposed workers from September 2017-March 2018and 17 healthy people as control. Serum level of SP-D was measured by ELISA method.Cement exposed workers are workers in production area and workers in quarry area. Results:This study found that total characteristic subjects were male 100 and mean of age was 42.5 years old, youngest subject was 21 years old and oldest subject was 55 years old. Normal weight group greatest number was found 21 subjects 47.7 , followed by overweight 12 subjects 22.3 , obesitas 8 subjects 18.2 and underweight 1 subject 2.3 . Based on history of smoking, this study found that 26 subjects 59.1 had never smoked,12 subjects 27.3 as smokers and 6 subjects 13.6 as former of smokers. Duration of exposure "

"Hipertensi menjadi masalah kesehatan global yang prevalensinya terus meningkat. Gaya hidup yang tidak sehat menjadi salah satu faktor penyebab tingginya prevalensi hipertensi. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisa hubungan gaya hidup dengan kejadian hipertensi. Penelitian menggunakan desain cross sectional kepada 107 pekerja semen X di Jawa Barat yang diambil dengan teknik convenience sampling di poliklinik pabrik. Proporsi kejadian hipertensi pekerja sebesar 48,1%. Hasil penelitian diperoleh adanya hubungan antara pola makan (p=0,012) dan konsumsi alkohol (p=0,028) dengan kejadian hipertensi. Hasil penelitian menyarankan agar perawat kesehatan kerja melakukan pengendalian hipertensi pekerja dengan melakukan kontrol rutin tekanan darah serta promosi kesehatan modifikasi gaya hidup sehat.

---

Hypertension is a health problem worldwide with increasing prevalence every year. Unhealthy lifestyle is one of the factors caused this increase in hypertension prevalence. This research aims to study the relationship between lifestyle with the incidence of hypertension. This research used cross-sectional design to 107 workers in West Java using convenience sampling technique taken in the clinic at the factory site.

The result showed the incidence of hypertension in workers was 48,1%. There was significant relationship among nutrition (p=0,012) and alcohol consumption (p=0,028) with the incidence of hypertension. The results suggest occupational health nurses to do routine blood pressure control and also health promotion about healthy lifestyle modifications."

"Pendahuluan: Silikosis adalah penyakit paru interstitial yang diakibatkan oleh proses inflamasi kronik dan fibrosis jaringan paru. Terjadinya perubahan struktur patologik dan timbulnya gangguan fungsi para. TNF-α merupakan salah satu faktor yang berperanan dalam proses inflamasi. Kepekaan tubuh terhadap produksi TNF-α yang dipicu oleh inflamasi kronik, salah satunya, ditentukan oleh variasi genetik gen TNF-α pada posisi -308. Faktor lain yang ikut menentukan respons inflamasi sebagai akibat dan pajanan debu adalah kadar IL-10 yang merupakan sitokin anti-inflamasi, yang dikeluarkan setelah terjadi proses inflamasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan kajian imunogenetik terhadap terjadinya silikosis pada pekerja pabrik semen, dengan mengkaji variasi genetik gen TNF-α pada posisi -308, dan dinamika interaksi sitokin proinflamasi TNF-α dengan sitokin anti-inflamasi IL-10.Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengikutsertakan 6.069 orang yang merupakan pekerja yang sudah bekerja dan terdaftar di bagian personalia pada tanggal 31 Desember 1990, ditambah pekerja yang diterima pada tahun-tahun berikutnya sampai dengan 31 Desember 2003, di salah satu pabrik semen di Jawa Barat. Kontribusi variasi genetik terhadap kerentanan silikosis dilakukan melalui studi prospektif dengan desain tested case control pada 336 pekerja. Diagnosis silikosis menggunakan standar ILO kategori 0/1 atau lebih. Studi laboratoris pemeriksaan gen DNA dilakukan dengan teknik PCR-RFLP, dengan menggunakan enzim Ncol untuk melihat variasi genetik pada posisi -308. Kadar TNF-α dan IL-10 diperiksa dengan menggunakan teknik ELISA. Analisis statistik dengan komputer menggunakan perangkat Stata 7.0. Penilaian peranan faktor-faktor risiko terhadap terjadinya silikosis dan pembuatan model penskoran, dilakukan dengan analisis kesintasan dan analisis multivariat dengan regresi cox.Telitian: Temuan penting dari penelitian ini adalah berikut: (1) di pabrik semen ditemukan silikosis/pneumokoniosis. Insiden kumulatif selama 13 tahun, jika digunakan kriteria ILO kategori >0/1, yaitu 2,899%; jika >1/1, yaitu 2,043%; tidak ditemukan kasus kategori >1/1; dengan densitas insiden, setiap tahun dan 10.000 orang pekerja sekitar 16 orang akan terkena silikosis/pneumokoniosis; (2) foto serial meningkatkan ketelitian diagnosis silikosis/pneumokoniosis; (3) bentuk klinis silikosis/ pneumokoniosis yang ditemukan adalah bentuk simpleks, yang menimbulkan bronkitis kronik simpleks, tanpa disertai sesak napas, tidak berhubungan dengan penyakit tuberkulosis paru, berhubungan dengan penurunan VEP, dan KVP yang lebih cepat; (4) penurunan VEP, (38,38±25,31 ml/thn.) dan KVP (36,76±26,37 ml/thn.) pekerja pabrik semen lebih cepat daripada orang Indonesia normal; (5) proporsi variasi genetik gen TNF-α pada posisi -308 di Indonesia lebih besar pada kasus silikosis (13,45%); (6) rasio TNF-αIL-10 temyata memegang peranan paling penting dalam terjadinya silikosis; TNF-α:IL-10>1 merupakan faktor risiko terhadap terjadinya silikosis di pabrik semen; pekerja dengan rasio >1 berisiko tiga kali lebih sering terjadi silikosis jika dibandingkan dengan yang <1; (7) umur pertama kali masuk kerja merupakan faktor yang ikut berperanan dalam terjadinya silikosis: umur >31 tahun mempunyai risiko dua kali lebih sering terkena silikosis jika dibandingkan dengan umur <31 tahun; (8) rasio TNF-αIL -I0 >I mengakibatkan penurunan fungsi paru KVP lebih cepat jika dibandingkan dengan nilai rasio <1; (9) dari temuan di atas dapat dibuat sistem penskoran untuk melakukan prediksi terjadinya silikosis pada pekerja semen.Simpulan: Mekanisme terjadinya silikosis pada pabrik semen temyata sangat kompleks; terjadi interaksi antara variasi genetik, sistem imun, dan faktor lingkungan. Variasi genetik gen TNF-α pads posisi -308 menyebabkan risiko seseorang mendapatkan silikosis/pneumokoniosis lebih besar daripada orang yang tidak mempunyai variasi genetik tersebut. Rasio TNF-αIL-10 >1 mengakibatkan reaksi inflamasi yang berlebihan dan berakhir dengan fibrosis, kemudian ini akan mempengaruhi terjadinya penurunan fungsi paru yang lebih cepat. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut, terutama analisis cost-benefit, untuk melihat bagaimana temuan ini dapat diterapkan di dalam pengambilan kebijakan di bidang kesehatan kerja. Selain itu, diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai gen, sitokin, dan debu fibrogenik lain yang diduga turut berperanan dalam terjadinya silikosis/pneumokoniosis pada pekerja semen.

---

Introduction: Silicosis is an interstitial lung disease caused by a chronic inflammation and fibrosis, causing a pathological structural alteration and lung function disorder. TNF-α is one of the factors responsible in inflammation. One factor determining body susceptibility toward TNF-α production stimulated by chronic inflammation is the genetic variation on TNF-α locus -308. The other factor that determines the response toward inflammation caused by mineral dust exposure is the IL-10 level that is the anti-inflammation cytokine secreted after the inflammation. The aim of this study is to analyze the immunogenetic factor on silicosis occurrence among cement factory workers, by examining the genetic variation on TNF-α locus -308, and the dynamic interaction of TNF-α as a pro-inflammation cytokine with the IL-10 as an anti-inflammation cytokine.

Method: This study is conducted with 6,069 workers who were registered in the cement factory during the period of 31 December 1990 to 31 December 2003; the factory is located in West Java province. A prospective study with Nested Case Control design is conducted on 336 workers to test the genetic variation contributed to silicosis susceptibility. Silicosis, is diagnosed by using the criteria 0/1 or higher of ILO standard. To examine the DNA, we use the PCR-RFLP technique using the NcoI enzyme to look at the genetic variation on locus -308. The TNFα and IL-10 levels are measured using the ELISA technique. Statistic analytical computation is using Stata 7.0 software. Silicosis's risk factors assessment and scoring model development are conducted by survival analysis and Cox regression multivariate analysis.

Result: The important findings from this study are: (1) the cumulative pneumoconiosis incidence in cement factory for the thirteen years duration, based on ILO criteria >0/1 is 2.899%; if based on > 1/1 the incidence is 2.043%; case of >1/1 was not found. The Incidence density is 16 silicosis cases per 10,000 workers per year; (2) serial photos taken using the ILO standard, improve the diagnosis; (3) the cases found are simple silicosis, causing simple chronic bronchitis, with no shortness of breath, not related to lung tuberculosis, but related to rapid decline of FEV1 and FVC; (4) FEV1 declining (38.38 ± 25.31 ml/year) and FVC declining (36.76 ± 26.37 ml/year) are faster than the Indonesia normal population; (5) the proportion of the genetic variation on TNF-a on locus -308 in Indonesia is higher on silicosis cases (13.45%), lower than the cases among coal-mining workers in South Africa or underground gold-mining workers in North America; (7) TNF-α IL-10 ratio observably plays a significant role in silicosis; the TNF-α IL-10 ratio >1 is a risk factor in silicosis in cement factory. Workers with the ratio of more than 1 have three times probability of silicosis incidence compared to those with less than 1 ratio; (8) the age when first entering the work force is a factor that plays a role in silicosis: the age of >31 years old has twice the risk to be affected by silicosis compared to those who are less than 31 years old. (7) The ratio of TNF-α IL-10> 1 causes a rapid decline of lung function compare to ratio <1. (8) From the above findings, the scoring system for predicting the silicosis among cement factory workers could be made.

Conclusion: The findings of this study prove that silicosis or pneumoconiosis occurs in cement factories in Indonesia with relatively low incidence, previously the data is not available. The mechanism of silicosis in cement factory is evidently very complex; there is the interaction among genetic variation, immune system, and environmental factors. The genetic variation of TNF-α locus -308 causes the risk factor of an individual is higher compared to others without that genetic variation. This happens due to individuals with the genetic variation on TNF-α locus -308 produces more TNF-αcytokine compared to individuals without that genetic variation, when exposed to mineral dust continuously. Thus, more TNF-α cytokine causes the ratio of TNF-α IL-10 (inflammation and anti-inflammation cytokines) is greater than 1, causing an inflammation over reaction and eventually causing fibrosis, and then this will affect a more rapid decline of lung function. A further study is required to consider how the findings from this study can be applied to the policy making in occupational health area by doing the cost-benefit analysis. Besides that, further study on other genes, cytokines and fibrogenic dust, which might play role in cement workers silicosis/pneumoconiosis, are needed to conduct."

"Tren produksi semen secara global maupun dalam negeri mengalami kenaikan setiap tahunnya. Faktanya industri semen berperan menyumbang emisi karbon global sebesar 5% Selain pencemaran udara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis aspek sosial ekonomi (tingkat kesehatan, penerapan keselamatan kerja dan upah karyawan), menganalisis dampak lingkungan (global warming potential dan abiotic depletion) dan menyusun konsep pengelolaan lingkungan industri semen. Tingkat kesehatan, penerapan keselamatan kerja dan upah karyawan dianalisis dengan metode statistik deskriptif, sedangkan global warming potential dan abiotic depletion dianalisis menggunakan metode Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Upah pekerja yang diberikan tergolong cukup sesuai dengan beban kerja yang diberikan; tingkat kesehatan pekerja tergolong sehat; penerapan Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja (K3) tergolong baik dan Dampak lingkungan berupa Global Warming Potential (GWP) dan penurunan abiotik (Fossil Fuel) sebesar 965,55 kg CO2 eq/Ton semen dan 2.467,10 MJ setiap ton semen. Kesimpulannya adalah perlu adanya upaya melakukan kegiatan efisiensi energi dengan menutup false air yang pada unit kiln dan menggunakan bahan bakar alternatif.

---

The trend of cement production globally and domestically has increased every year. The fact is that the cement industry plays a role in contributing to global carbon emissions by 5% besides air pollution. The purpose of this study was to analyze socio-economic aspects (level of health, application of work safety and employee wages), analyze environmental impacts (global warming potential and abiotic depletion) and develop environmental management concepts for the cement industry. The level of health, implementation of work safety and employee wages were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, while global warming potential and abiotic depletion were analyzed using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. The results of the study show that the wages given to workers are classified as sufficient in accordance with the workload given; the level of workers' health is classified as healthy; the implementation of Occupational Health and Safety (K3) is classified as good and the environmental impacts are in the form of Global Warming Potential (GWP) and reduction of abiotic (Fossil Fuel) of 965.55 kg CO2 eq/tonne of cement and 2,467.10 MJ per tonne of cement. The conclusion is that efforts are needed to carry out energy efficiency activities by closing the false water in the kiln unit and using alternative fuels."

"Latar Belakang: Pemajanan terhadap PM2,5 di lingkungan telah diketahui berperan terhadap efek kesehatan manusia, terutama menyebabkan penurunan fungsi paru.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara konsentrasi PM2,5 terhadap penurunan fungsi paru pada karyawan Pabrik Bogor PT. X, tahun 2017.Metode: Studi cross-sectional dilaksanakan di area produksi Plant 1 dan Plant 2, area tambang, dan area kantor pada Pabrik Bogor PT. X. 76 karyawan tetap terpilih secara purposive sebagai sampel dalam penelitian ini. Pengukuran PM2,5 dan faktor-faktor lingkungan dilakukan secara indoor dan outdoor disesuaikan dengan area tersebut. Dilakukan pengukuran fungsi paru secara spirometri, dan pengukuran konsentrasi PM2,5 menggunakan Haz-Dust dan MiniVol Air Sampler. Data lainnya diperoleh dari wawancara menggunakan kuesioner. Analisis secara bivariat dengan metode chi-square, dan analisis multivariat dengan metode regresi logistik ganda. Hasil: Secara bivariat dengan penurunan fungsi paru, hanya ditemukan hubungan signifikan antara penggunaan APD dan penurunan fungsi paru p=0,030; OR: 4,688; CI: 1,174-18,721. PM2,5 meningkatkan risiko sebesar 3,3 kali CI: 0,657-16,902. Faktor lainnya yang meningkatkan risiko antara lain usia OR: 1,8; CI: 0,207-15,687, status gizi OR: 5,143; CI: 0,614-43,103, derajat berat merokok OR: 1,64; CI: 0,431-6,236, dan kebiasaan berolahraga OR: 4,2; CI: 0,499-35,340. Ditemukan fenomena Healthy Worker Effect pada penelitian ini, dengan adanya risiko pada kelompok masa kerja 35 g/m3 memiliki risiko sebesar 2,094 lebih tinggi untuk mengalami penurunan fungsi paru setelah dikontrol oleh variabel-variabel confouding yaitu penggunaan APD, masa kerja, usia, dan status gizi. Saran: Perlu diadakan penelitian lanjutan dengan pendekatan Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan untuk melihat estimasi risiko berdasarkan asupan.

---

Background: It has been known that the exposure of PM2,5 has various health effects, including an impaired lung function.

Objective: To examine the relationship between PM2,5 exposure with lung function impairment on workers of PT. X's Bogor Plant, 2017.

Methods: A cross sectional study in the production area, quarry area, and office of PT. X's Bogor Plant. 76 employees purposively included as research samples. PM2,5 and environmental factors measured in indoor and outdoor, adjusted by the area's characteristics. The condition of lung function acquired by spirometry test, and the concentration of PM2,5 obtained by using Haz Dust and MiniVol Air Sampler.

Results: Bivariate analysis only shows the usage of PPE as the variable that significantly related with lung function impairment p 0,030 OR 4,688 CI 1,174 18,721. PM2,5 concentration increase the risk 3,3 times CI 0,657 16,902. Covariate factors which increases the risk are age OR 1,8 CI 0,207 15,687, Body Mass Index BMI OR 5,143 CI 0,614 43,103 smoking habit as in Brinkman Index BI OR 1,64 CI 0,431 6,236, and exercise habits OR 4,2 CI 0,499 35,340. The Healthy Worker Effect phenomenon is found on this research, marked by there is a higher risk on workers categorized has been working 35 g m3 have 2,094 times higher to experience lung function impairment, after being controlled by confounding variables the usage of PPE, years of work, age, and BMI.

Suggestion: In the future, it is strongly recommended to do further research with Environmental Health Risk Analysis approach to estimate the risk."

"ABSTRAKRuang lingkup dan cara penelitian : Pemaparan panas di lingkungan kerja dapatmenimbulkan berbagai keluhan dan gangguan kesehatan. Salah satu keluhan yang ditemukan adalah kram otot, yang diduga erat hubungannya dengan penurunan kadar natrium serum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapat data tersebut agar dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai salah satu upaya pencegahan sebelum terjadinya keluhan atau gangguan kesehatan. Penelitian dilakukan secara kuasi eksperimental dengan menggunakan " non randomized controlled group pre-test post-test design" . Untuk melihat tingginya tingkat pemaparan panas di lingkungan kerja digunakan nilai "heat stress index" ; sedangkan untuk melihat pengaruhnya terhadap tenaga kerja yang terpapar dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner, pengamatan, pengukuran dan pemeriksaan kadar natrium dalam serum secara laboratoris (sebelum dan sesudah bekerja) serta kadar natrium dalam keringat.Hasil dan kesimpulan : Tingkat pemaparan panas di lingkungan kerja PT BDJ telah melampaui batas yang diperkenankan. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap 98 subyek yang terpapar panas dan 44 subyek yang tidak terpapar menemukan adanya kecenderungan untuk menurunnya kadar natrium serum serta timbulnya keluhan kram otot pada subyek yang terpapar panas dengan uji statistik yang bermakna. Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap penurunan kadar natrium serum adalah jenis sarapan pagi yang di konsumsi, luas permukaan tubuh serta besarnya kehilangan natrium melalui keringat.;Serum Sodium Level Of Workers Exposed To Heat At A Steel Melting Plant PT. BDJScope and method: Heat exposure has led to many symptoms and health problems. Muscle cramps as one of these symptoms is reportedly strongly Associated with reduced sodium levels in serum.

---

ABSTRACT

Scope and method: Heat exposure has led to many symptoms and health problems. Muscle cramps as one of these symptoms is reportedly strongly Associated with reduced sodium levels in serum.

The purpose of this quasi experimental study, using a randomized controlled group pre-test post-test design, is to asses the nature of serum sodium level of workers exposed to a hot climate in the working environment. It is hoped that results-of this study will be helpful in the strategic planning of early preventive measures.

Heat exposure level in the working environment was measured by using the "heat stress index?. Questioners, physical examinations and quantitative measurements of sodium levels in serum and in sweat; have been used to evaluate health status. Measurement of serum sodium levels was performed before and after work.

Result and conclusions: Heat exposure level in the working environment exceeded the threshold limit value. Data from 98 workers of the exposed group compared to data from 44 workers of control group, revealed a definitive trend of reduced serum sodium levels of workers from the exposed group. Muscle cramps was significantly associated with reduced sodium levels in serum. Factors associated with reduced serum sodium levels are type of food consumed for breakfast, body measurements and sodium loss through sweat."

"Particulate matter merupakan salah satu kontaminan udara yang dihasilkan oleh industri semen. Pajanan jangka panjang ataupun jangka pendek PM2,5 mengakibatkan efek kesehatan, salah satunya gangguan fungsi pernapasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan konsentrasi pajanan personal PM2,5 dan efek akut pernapasan subyektif pada pekerja patrol bagian produksi di industri semen PT X, tahun 2016. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain deskriptif . Pengukuran konsentrasi PM2,5 menggunakan Leland Legacy Pump dan Sioutas Cascade Impactor selama 8 jam kerja pada patroler area reklamer, raw mill, firing, finish mill, dan packhouse. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata konsentrasi pajanan personal PM2,5 pada patroler industri semen PT X adalah 1495,651 µg/m3 dan konsentrasi pajanan PM2,5 tertinggi terdapat pada area packhouse. Seluruh patroler mengalami efek akut pernapasan subyektif, dengan keluhan tertinggi sakit tenggorokan dan bersin (64,7%).

---

Particulate matter is one of the air contaminant produced by cement industry. Health effect that caused by long term or short term of PM2,5 exposure lead to respiratory diseases. This study purposes to describe personal exposure concentrations of particulate matter (PM2,5) and percentage subjective acute respiratory effects on production patrol workers at PT X cement industry 2016. This research is a quantitative descriptive study by measuring the concentration of PM2,5 using personal sampling equipment such as Leland Legacy Pump and Sioutas Cascade Impactor during work hours on patrol reklamer, raw mill, firing, finish mill, and pack house work area. The result shown that the average personal exposure concentration of PM2,5 on patrol workers in PT X cement industry amounted to 1495,651 µg/m3 with the highest area of exposure in the pack house work area. All of patrol workers experienced the subjective acute respiratory effects with the highest effect are sore throat and sneezing (64,7%)."

"Kombinasi dari faktor lingkungan kerja, faktor pekerjaan, faktor pakaian, serta faktor karakteristik individu dapat menyebabkan tekanan panas (heat stress) bagi pekerja water blasting dan AFR di area preheater industri semen PT.X. Tekanan panas memiliki potensi untuk menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan (heat related disorders) yang diawali respon fisiologis tubuh (heat strain) berupa gejala yang dirasakan secara subjektif oleh responden. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasional dengan pendekatan cross-sectional.Dari hasil penelitian ini diketahui bahwa terdapat 24 pekerja (100%) water blasting dan 19 pekerja AFR (52,8%) mengalami tekanan panas. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 7 keluhan yang dirasakan oleh >50% responden yaitu banyak mengeluarkan keringat (100%), merasa cepat haus (100%), kulit terasa panas (83,3%), merasa cepat lelah (66,7%), lemas (66,7%), tidak nyaman (65%), dan merasa pusing atau berkunang-kunang (51,7%). Berdasarkan hal tersebut, perlu dilakukan pengendalian baik secara teknis, administratif, maupun personal untuk meminimalisasi keluhan dan risiko kesehatan akibat tekanan panas.

---

The combination of environment and work factor, clothing, and individual's characteristic could generate heat stress for water blasting and AFR workers at preheater industry cement PT.X. Heat stress has the potential to cause heat related disorders which started with physiological responses (heat strain) manifested in workers`s subjective complaints. This study used observational method with cross sectional study design.

This study showed that 24 water blasting workers (100%) and 19 AFR workers (52,8%) experienced heat stress. The study also showed that seven complaints felt by >50% are sweating (100%), feeling thirsty gradually (100%), skin feels hot (83,3%), feeling tired (66,7%), limp (66,7%), feel uncomfortable while working (65%) and dizziness (51,7%). Therefore, effort such as engineering control, administrative control, and personal protective equipment are needed to minimize the subjective complaints and adverse health effect of heat stress."