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"ABSTRAKUsing an optimum dynamic scheduling plan, the formulated problem aimed to maximise daily profitability from an existing 12. 5 MW bagasse-based cogeneration plant with a steam capacity of 125 tonne/ h used for sugar refining. The optimal bagasse feed rate yielded a maximum daily profit of 838.49 USD (base case), about 5.14% higher than the conservative constant feeding bagasse into the existing plant. A sensitivity analysis of daily profit was constructed by perturbating the fuel low heating value (LHV), electricity selling rate of electric utility (p) and cost of electricity generation (c) . The maximum daily profit was insensitive to increases in LHV until this LHV was 11% lower than its base case value, which resulted in a decrease in maximum daily profit by 11%. Excessive moisture in the bagasse and the cost of generating electricity (c) caused lower profits, whereas the price of electricity (p) increased profits."

"Metode Hamiltonian secara langsung digunakan untuk menghitung dinamika internal pada proses milling menggunakan ball-mill, baik keseluruhan gerak mekanik di dalam vial dan efek eksternal lainnya. Dengan merangkum keseluruhan interaksi yang terjadi di dalam sistem ball-mill, diperoleh total Hamiltonian untuk sistem ini. Observable fisisnya diperoleh dengan mengekstrak fungsi partisi. Fungsi partisinya dapat berupa fungsi temperatur maupun fungsi tekanan. Analisa numerik menggunakan metode Monte Carlo telah dilakukan untuk menggambarkan pengaruh ukuran dan jumlah material terhadap energi bebas sistem.

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Hamiltonian method directly applied to calculate internal dynamics, both overall mechanic motions inside the vial and other external effects on milling process, using ball-mill. Total Hamiltonian for the ball-mill system obtained by summarizing overall interactions which are happened in the system. Physical observables are resulted by extracting partition function. The partition function can be represented as a temperature function or pressure function. Numerical analysis using Monte Carlo method has been done to depict the influence of scale and number of materials upon free energy of the system."

"Utilization of paper mill sludge from waste treatment plnt for compost have been proven able to improve the quality of land and crop productivity and also uncontaminate the environment. But to produce the compost on a large scale, industry still not yet implemented it because composting process can take time uo to 3 month. Composting of paper mill sludge by fungi Phanerochaeta chrysosporium, Trichoderma harzianum ad Trichoderma reesei have been done atLaboratory scale. The results showed that composting of paper mill sludge by fungsi Treichoderma harzianum have the highest cellulose degradation. Composting process for 28 day, can reach the quality standard of compost."

"The organic complex compound contained in pulp and paper's mill wastewater such as lignin and cellulose is difficult to be degraded, that causes low biodegradability of aerobic microorganism in high organic loading rate actinated sludge system. Xylanase and cellulase aplication experiment on activated sludge system process had taken in batch process, aimed to enchance organic complex com[pound's biodegradation effectivity. The experiment used a combination of pulping's wastewater (black liquor) and paper's mill waste to have COD+1500 mg/L. The treatment variations are: activated sludge concentrations (MLSS), enzyme dosages, and residence time. Activated sludge concentrations are MLSS 0, 2000, and 4000 mg/L, xylanase and cellulase's dosages are control, 50 and 100 ppm. and residence time are 12, 18, and 24 hours. This experiment yield highest COD reduction of 35,55% in activated sludge with 50 ppm xylanase application, where 50,96% reached with 100 ppm cellulase application, both occurred in MLSS 2000 mg/L and residence time 24 hours. Compared with control whose only reached COD reduction of 31,12 %, xylanase enchanced the reduction 4,43 % when cellulase enhanced 19,84%."

"Teknologi pemanfaatan limbah pabrik kertas sangat dibutuhkan dengan meningkatnya produksi limbah yang dapat menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan. Serat selulosa dari limbah pabrik kertas berpotensi sebagai sumber nanofiller nanokristal selulosa (CNC) pada bahan sorben minyak yang dapat digunakan kembali. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi limbah pabrik kertas sebagai nanofiller pada aerogel PVA/CNC/CNT dengan menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) untuk mengetahui gugus fungsi limbah kertas, CNC dan aerogel, UV-Vis Spectroscopy untuk mengetahui solubilitas CNT, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) untuk mengetahui morfologi aerogel, perhitungan densitas dan porositas aerogel, uji kebasahan untuk mengetahui sifat permukaan aerogel, uji penyerapan minyak untuk mengetahui kapasitas penyerapan, dan uji reusability untuk mengetahui kemampuan penggunaan kembali aerogel. Aerogel yang dihasilkan memiliki struktur jaringan berpori dengan densitas 0,0475 g/cm3, porositas 96,64% pada rasio CNC:CNT (20:1), sudut kontak 111,22°. Kapasitas penyerapan minyak aerogel didapatkan sebesar 12,11 g/g dan hanya bisa digunakan sekali pakai. Aerogel PVA/CNC/CNT yang dihasilkan menunjukkan potensi pengolahan limbah pabrik kertas sebagai nanofiller dalam aerogel untuk meningkatkan kapasitas penyerapan minyak.

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The technology of utilizing paper mill sludge is needed due to the rise of waste sludge production which can cause environmental problem. Cellulose fibers from paper mill sludge can be used as a source of nanocrystal cellulose (CNC) nanofillers in reusable oil sorbents. This study aims to determine the potential of paper mill sludge as a nanofiller in PVA/CNC/CNT aerogels using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine the functional groups of paper mill sludge, CNC and aerogels, UV-Vis Spectroscopy to determine the solubility of CNTs, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to determine the morphology of the aerogel, the density and porosity calculation, wettability test to determine the surface properties, oil absorption test to determine the absorption capacity, and reusability test to determine the ability to reuse the aerogel. The resulting aerogel has a porous network structure with a density of 0.0475 g/cm3, 96.64% porosity at a ratio of CNC:CNT (20:1), contact angle of 111.22°. The aerogel’s oil absorption capacity was obtained at 12.11 g/g and could only be used once. The resulting PVA/CNC/CNT aerogels show the potential for paper mill sludge to act as nanofillers in aerogel to increase oil absorption capacity."

"Pada tahun 2002 pemerintah membuat target swasembada gula yang pada awalnya ingin dicapai pada tahun 2009. Meskipun nilai produksi gula Indonesia terus meningkat, hingga pada tahun 2009 target swasembada gula belum juga tercapai, sehingga target tersebut diundur menjadi tahun 2014. Penelitian ini ingin menganalisis produktivitas individu perusahaan gula melalui efisiensi teknis perusahaan. Dengan pendekatan stochastic frontier analysis(SFA penelitian ini juga menganalisis determinan dari efisiensi teknis pada industri gula. Rentang waktu penelitian ini dimulai pada tahun 2002 sampai 2010 dengan menggunakan data panel perusahaan sebanyak 15 perusahaan gula di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi teknis industri gula di Indonesia terus mengalami penurunan. Skor efisiensi pada Industri gula ini pada tahun 2002 berkisar 50%, dan terus menurun hingga pada tahun 2010 mencapai sekitar 29%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa produksi industri gula di Indonesia seharusnya masih bisa ditingkatkan untuk mencapai target swasembada pada Industri gula di Indonesia.

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In 2002 the government made a target of self-sufficiency that was originally to be achieved by 2009. Though the value of Indonesian sugar production continued to increase, until in 2009 target of self-sufficiency has not been achieved, so that the target is postponed to 2014. The Research wants to analyze the productivity of individual sugar company through the company's technical efficiency. With the approach of stochastic frontier analysis (SFA study also analyzes the determinants of technical efficiency in the sugar industry.

Timeframe of this study began in 2002 to 2010 by using panel data companies as much as 15 sugar companies in Indonesia. Results showed that technical efficiency in the sugar industry Indonesia continued to decline. Scores efficiency in the sugar industry in 2002 is about 50%, and continued to decline until the year 2010 reached approximately 29%. This suggests that the production of the sugar industry in Indonesia should still be improved in order to achieve the target of self-sufficiency in sugar industry in Indonesia."

"Industri perkebunan adalah sektor industri yang sangat menguntungkan selama masa Hindia Belanda. Di tahun 1830, Pemerintah Hindia Belanda menerapkan sistem tanam paksa, yang mana penduduk lokal diwajibkan untuk menanam tanaman yang telah ditentukan oleh pemerintah, salah satunya adalah tebu. Sejak saat itu gula tebu menjadi komoditas penting di Hindia Belanda. Di tahun 1870, Pemerintah menetapkan undang- undang Agraria yang dapat memberikan peluang kepada pihak swasta untuk berbisnis di Hindia Belanda. Setelah ditetapkan, banyak pabrik gula dibuka di Jawa, dan produksi gula meningkat pesat. Di Tahun 1920-1930an industri gula di Jawa mencapai masa emasnya, dengan 179 pabrik gula yang tersebar dan jumlah produksi hampir 3 juta ton pada tahun 1931. Jumlah ini menjadikan Hindia Belanda sebagai produsen gule terbesar kedua di Dunia di bawah Kuba. Dewasa ini, tidak banyak lagi pabrik gula peninggalan Hindia Belanda yang tersisa. Banyak pabrik gula yang sudah tidak melakukan produksi, ditinggalkan, atau telah beralih fungsi. Dari sedikit pabrik gula yang tersisa, terdapat satu pabrik gula yang masih beroperasi hingga sekarang. Pabrik gula itu adalah Pabrik Gula Mojo di Sragen, Jawa Tengah. Di Pabrik Gula Mojo masih terdapat banyak bangunan dan peninggalan arkeologi industri yang dapat diamati, diantaranya adalah bangunan pabrik, gudang, jalur lori, dan rumah karyawan. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk merekonstruksi proses perjalanan komoditas gula selama masa kolonial, termasuk penanaman, proses manufaktur, dan distribusi. Rekonstruksi pada penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan life history model. Perjalanan gula akan di klasifikasi berdasarkan prosesnya, yaitu persiapan penanaman, masa tanam, masa panen, manufaktur, dan distribusi.

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The plantation industry was a profitable sector during the colonial era. In 1830 Dutch East Indies government applied the Cultivation System which forced local people to plant some plantation that has been set by the government, one of them was sugar cane. Since that time sugar had become an important commodity in Dutch East Indies. In 1870, the Dutch East Indies government passed agrarian regulations that open opportunities for those who want to develop a plantation in the Dutch East Indies. Many sugar factory opened in Java, and sugar production increased rapidly. In the 1920-1930s sugar industry reached its golden ages, with 179 sugar factories established in Java. In 1931, the amount of sugar production in the Netherlands reached almost 3 million tons which made the Dutch East Indies a second-largest sugar producer in the world at that time. However, in the present, there are not many sugar factories that still operate. Many sugar factories have been abandoned and lost. One of the factories that are still operating is Mojo Sugar Factory in Sragen, Central Java. Mojo Sugar Factory still uses a lot of heritage buildings, including the factory, warehouse, rails, and employee houses. This research aims to reconstruct the journey of sugar commodity during the colonial period, including planting, fabrication, and distribution. The reconstruction in this research uses a life history model. The journey of sugar will be classified by the processes, such as planting preparation, planting period, harvest, fabrication, and distribution."

"Dicanangkannya target swasembada gula untuk tahun 2014 mengharuskan industri gula di Indonesia untuk meningkatkan produksinya. Namun, kondisi industri gula yang beberapa dekade terakhir ini mengalami penurunan produktifitas menimbulkan ancaman bagi tercapainya target swasembada gula tersebut. Maka dari itu, dilakukan suatu analisis mengenai produktifitas dengan menggunakan pendekatan total factor productivity (TFP) melalui pengaplikasian metode growth accounting beserta analisis mengenai determinan yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan TFP dengan menggunakan pengolahan data panel.Dari hasil analisis ditemukan bahwa memang keadaan industri gula di Indonesia pada periode penelitian 1993-2011 mengalami penurunan produktifitas akibat dari macetnya adopsi teknologi yang membuat suatu proses produksi menjadi lebih produktif. Selain itu, sesuai dengan sifat industri gula di Indonesia yang bersifat capital intensive, variabel yang signfikan mempengaruhi terjadinya perubahan teknologi : investasi mesin dan pemakaian listrik (kwh).

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The establishment of sugar self-sufficiency target for 2014 requires sugar industry in Indonesia to boost its production. However, for the last few decades sugar industry in Indonesia is experiencing decreased in productivity that pose a threat to the achievement of self-sufficiency target. This paper analyzes productivity in sugar industry by using the approach of total factor productivity (TFP) through the application of growth accounting methods as well as an analysis of determinants that affect TFP growth using panel data methods.From the analysis, it was found that during 1993-2011 sugar industry in Indonesia experiencing a decreased in productivity as a results from lack of technology adoption that makes production process more productive. In addition, to the nature of sugar industry in Indonesia which is capital intensive, there are two variables that significant affecting the change of technology : machinery investment and electricity (kwh)."

"Permintaan gula di Indonesia meningkat setiap tahunnya seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah penduduk dan pertumbuhan industri makanan dan minuman, dengan asumsi proyeksi pertumbuhan penduduk sekitar 1,25 persen dan pertumbuhan industri makanan dan minuman sebesar 5-7 persen. per tahun. Semakin tinggi permintaan, maka semakin tinggi kapasitas produksi, maka logistik semakin dituntut untuk dapat meningkatkan kecepatan tanpa mengabaikan ketepatan untuk meningkatkan kapasitas pengiriman. Penelitian ini membahas tentang usulan perbaikan proses muat produk pada perusahaan gula rafinasi dalam mengantisipasi perubahan permintaan di masa depan. Kemudian fokus mengoptimalkan waktu proses pada aktivitas proses muat produk dengan penerapan metode E-Kanban dengan QR Code dan ECRS. Aliran proses aktivitas muat produk digambarkan dengan value stream mapping (VSM) dan model aliran disimulasikan menggunakan perangkat lunak Flexsim untuk dapat mengetahui kemampuan banyaknya penanganan truk pada proses muat produk. Peramalan dilakukan untuk mengetahui perubahan permintaan pengiriman di masa depan. Penerapan metode-metode tersebut pada penelitian ini dapat mereduksi waktu proses VA pada aktivitas administrasi sebanyak 33 menit. Mereduksi waktu VA pada aktivitas fisik sebanyak 8,9 menit dan mengurangi waktu NVA sebanyak 24 menit. Hasil penelitian juga dapat meningkatkan kemampuan banyaknya memproses truk setiap harinya.

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The demand for sugar in Indonesia increases every year along with the increase in population and the growth of the food and beverage industry, assuming a projected population growth of around 1.25 percent and a food and beverage industry growth of 5-7 percent per year. The higher the demand, the higher the production capacity, so logistics is increasingly required to be able to increase speed without neglecting accuracy to increase delivery capacity. This research discusses the proposed improvements to the product loading process at a refined sugar company in anticipation of future demand changes. Then focus on optimizing the process time in the product loading process activity by applying the E-Kanban method with QR Code and ECRS. The process flow of product loading activities is described by value stream mapping (VSM) and the flow model is simulated using Flexsim software to be able to determine the ability of the number of truck handling in the product loading process. Forecasting is done to determine changes in future delivery demand. The application of these methods in this study can reduce the VA process time in administrative activities by 33 minutes. Reducing VA time in physical activities by 8.9 minutes and reducing NVA time by 24 minutes. The results of the study can also increase the ability to process many trucks every day."