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Andhica Shashica Danasa
"ABSTRAK
Penelitian berlokasi di Pabrik Amonia 1A, Industri Pupuk Urea, PT XYZ. Fasilitas ini telah mengimplementasikan beberapa penilaian kinerja, seperti Jam Kerja Selamat dan Program Penilaian Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan dalam Pengelolaan Lingkungan (PROPER). Akan tetapi, penilaian kinerja tersebut belum dapat dijadikan indikator bahwa kedepannya perusahaan tidak akan mengalami Major Accident. Dalam rangka pencegahan dan penanggulangan potensi Major Accident di lingkungan industri, Presiden Republik Indonesia melalui Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan mengeluarkan regulasi dengan Nomor 74 Tahun 2019 tentang Program Kedaruratan Pengelolaan Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun dan/atau Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan penilaian risiko pelepasan dan dispersi amonia dengan skenario Tank Rupture pada tangki penyimpanan amonia dengan kapasitas terbesar. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan berbagai instrumen, meliputi Process Safety Management Checklist, Universal Assessment Instrument, Safety Culture Assessment Checklist, dan Emergency Response Procedure Checklist. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode pembobotan berdasarkan Key Risk Indicator (KRI) dan analisis kepatuhan (prosedur, dokumentasi, dan implementasi), pemodelan konsekuensi (perangkat lunak ALOHA), analisis spasial (perangkat lunak QGIS), dan matriks risiko. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa likelihood yang direpresentasikan oleh Effectiveness of Control (EOC) berada pada tingkat Effective. Sementara, konsekuensi terbesar terjadi pada skenario lubang kebocoran 30 cm di dasar tangki ketika rilis terjadi pada malam hari. Skenario tersebut menghasilkan Zona AEGL-3 (Red Zone) seluas 41,2 km2 serta melingkupi 14 desa. Dalam rangka mengendalikan faktor risiko tersebut, diperlukan pencapaian EOC yang maksimal (High Effective), yaitu dengan upaya mitigasi pada elemen-elemen Process Safety Management (PSM), meliputi Pre-startup Safety Review (PSSR) dan Management of Change (MoC). Tindakan mitigasi tersebut dapat menurunkan tingkat risiko dari Medium to High Risk menjadi Medium Risk, sehingga Residual Risk berada pada Zona ALARP (As Low as Reasonably Practicable).

ABSTRACT
This research is located at Ammonia Plant 1A, Urea Fertilizer Industry, PT XYZ. The facility implements performance measurement programs include, Safety Man Hours and Program Penilaian Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan dalam Pengelolaan Lingkungan (PROPER). Nevertheless, those programs do not guarantee that the facility is free of Major Accident. Considering that the increasing activities of development in various sector particularly industry, the use of hazardous and toxic substances tends to increase the potential of Major Accident. The President of Republic Indonesia decided to stipulate a regulation on hazardous and toxic substances management namely The Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 74-2019. Hence, this study aims to conduct a risk assessment due to ammonia release and dispersion by simulating a worse-case Tank Rupture scenario at the largest capacity storage tank. Data collecting were done by utilizing several instrumentations comprise of Process Safety Management Checklist, Universal Assessment Instrument, Safety Culture Assessment Checklist, and Emergency Response Procedure Checklist. Key Risk Indicator (KRI) and compliance analysis (procedure, documentation, and implementation) are weighted to calculate the likelihood while consequence is simulated by using several tools include, ALOHA and QGIS Software. Risk is determined by using risk matrix. The study shows that the likelihood which represented as an Effectiveness of Control (EOC) is calculated at a level of Effective. Whilst, the worst consequence is forecasted at a 30 cm leakage diameter scenario located at the bottom of the tank with time release is night. The scenario exposes about 41,2 km2 AEGL-3 Zone (Red Zone) and suffering 14 villages. In order to mitigate risk, EOC should be improved by upgrading the quality of Process Safety Management (PSM) elements covering Pre-startup Safety Review (PSSR) and Management of Change (MoC). It is expected by conducting these actions that the calculated risk (Medium to High Risk) can be reduced to be a Medium Risk which is an As Low as Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) Zone.
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2020
T54594
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Novrikasari
"[ABSTRAK
Konsep penanggulangan bencana saat ini adalah paradigma pengurangan risiko.Setiap individu, masyarakat di daerah diperkenalkan dengan berbagai ancaman (hazards) dan kerentanan (vulnerability) yang dimiliki, serta meningkatkan kemampuan (capacity) masyarakat dalam menghadapi setiap ancaman. Sehingga studi ini bertujuan mengkaji model pengendalian risiko dispersi gas amonia.
Disain studi adalah cross sectional. Analisis model pengukuran dan struktural menggunakan comfirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Nilai validitas dan reliabilitas hasil uji kesesuaian/Goodness of Fit (GOF) adalah good fit untuk konstruk dari model.Kuesioner disebarkan secara cluster, terdapat 626 responden (area risiko 0- 2600 meter). Dibagi menjadi 293 responden pada zona dalam (area risiko 0-1300 meter) dan 333 responden zona luar (area risiko >1300-2600 meter).
Model pengukuran menghasilkan 5 variabel eksogen (kondisi lingkungan, sosial, ekonomi, biologi dan kapasitas) yang saling berhubungan langsung membentuk variabel endogen risiko dispersi gas amonia. Faktor kondisi lingkungan terdiri dari zona bahaya dan jarak rumah ke jalan raya.Faktor sosial yaitu pelatihan dan pekerjaan.Faktor ekonomi yaitu kecukupan akomodasi, pendapatan, asuransi dan pendidikan.Faktor kapasitas yaitu pengetahuan tentang bahaya, pengetahuan tentang peringatan dini, pengetahuan tentang evakuasi dan perilaku tanggap darurat. Faktor biologi yaitu usia> 65 tahun, anggota keluarga dengan penyakit kronis dan anggota keluarga berkebutuhan khusus. Risiko dispersi gas amonia pada rumah tangga area risiko 0-2600 meter ada pengaruh kontribusi dari 47% faktor sosial, 37% faktor ekonomi, 29% faktor kapasitas dan 9% faktor kondisi. Risiko dispersi gas amonia zona dalam (area risiko 0-1300 meter ada pengaruh kontribusi darifaktor sosialberkontribusi 63%, faktor ekonomi 64%, faktor kapasitas 57% dan biologi 2,3%. Selanjutnya risiko dispersi gas amonia pada rumah tangga area risiko >1300-2600 meter ada pengaruh kontribusi dari 2 (dua) faktor yaitu faktor kondisi 99% dan faktor kapasitas (12%).
Penelitian ini menyimpulkan model risiko dispersi gas amonia dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan faktor yang berkontribusi membentuk risiko dispersi gas amonia sehingga dapat menjadi upaya pengendalian dengan memperhatikan faktor yang berkontribusi tersebut. Rekomendasi kepadaPemerintah Daerah untuk menetapkan peta rawan bencana menjadi peraturan daerah yang berkekuatan hukum dan pemberlakuan peraturan tentang tata ruang (daerah pemukiman), standar keselamatan (pemantauan penggunaan teknologi) dan penerapan sanksi terhadap pelanggar. Mengkoordinasi antara Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah
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(SKPD), Dinas Pemadam Kebakaran/ Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah (BPBD), dan dinas terkait untuk evakuasi (akomodasi), kelancaran akses jalur evakuasi. Menyelenggarakan sosialisasi, pendidikan dan pelatihan mengenai kesiapsiagaan bencana dispersi gas amonia kepada masyarakat melalui perkumpulan/organisasi di masyarakat. Rekomendasi kepada perusahaan antara lain : Membuat peta rawan bencana dan Emergency Respon Plan (ERP) baik internal maupun eksternal; Melakukan perawatan dengan inspeksi rutin berbasis risiko untuk memastikan kehandalan peralatan sistem pendingin amonia; Semua pekerja dalam operasional tangki sistem pendingin amonia selalu dilakukan dengan mengikuti Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), peraturan keselamatan, audit keselamatan; Mengingat sifat gas amonia yang tidak berwarna tetapi sangat beracun serta luasan area risiko yang berdampak perlu adanya sensor untuk gas amonia sebagai alat ukur dan monitoring. Selanjutnya rekomendasi kepada masyarakat agar mengembangkan dan berperan aktif dalam desa siaga bencana (kesiapsiagaan bencana berbasis masyarakat);

ABSTRACT
The concept of disaster management nowadays is risk reductionsparadigm. Each individual, residents are introduced to various threats and vulnerabilities owned, as well as increased capacity in facing any threats. This study aims to assess the risk control model of ammonia gas dispersion.
The designstudy was cross sectional using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as the measurement model and structural analysis. Validity and reliability value for Goodness of Fit (GOF) test is good fit for construct of the model. Questionnaires were distributed by cluster, there were626 respondents (risk area 0-2600 meters) divided into 293 and 333 respondents in the inner and outer zones (risk area >1300-2600 meters).
Measurement model produces 5 directly interconnected exogenous variables (environmental, social, economic, biological and capacity condition) to form an endogenous variable risk of ammonia gas dispersion. Environmental conditions consist of danger zone and distance from home to road. Social factors consist of training and job. Economic factors consist of accommodation, salary, assurance and education. Capacity factors consist of hazard knowledge, early warning knowledge, evacuation knowledge and emergency response behavior.Biological factors consist of age >65 year old and family member with chronic disease and disability. The model goodness of fit test result was compatible for RMSEA, CFI, IFI, CN, SRMR, GFI and AGFI. It indicates that the models can describe the ammonia gas dispersion riskformed factors. Social factorscontribute61% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagasdispersion, related toeconomic factors(42%), capacityfactor(36%)andconditionfactor(5.7%). Riskdispersionof ammoniagasin thezoneindicateseconomic factorsaccounted for64% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagas
dispersionincludingsocial(63%), capacity(57%) andbiology(2.3%). While theouterzone ofthe conditionfactor(99%) to be importantin the risk ofammoniagasdispersionandcapacity factor(1%).
This study concludes dispersion risk modelsof ammonia gas in this study indicate risk factors that contribute to form ammonia gas dispersion to be a control effort by noticing the factors that contribute as following; recommend to the Regional Government to establish hazard maps into a legally binding regional regulations and enforcement of regulations on spatial (residential areas), safety standards (monitoring the use of technology) and the imposition of sanctions against offenders. Coordinate between work units (SKPD), Fire Department / Agency for Disaster Management (BPBD), and related agencies for evacuation (accommodation), the smooth evacuation route access. Organize socialization,
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education and training on disaster preparedness ammonia gas dispersion to the public through associations / organizations in the community. Recommendations to the company include: Creating a hazard map and Emergency Response Plan (ERP) both internally and externally; Perform routine maintenance with risk- based inspections to ensure equipment reliability ammonia refrigeration systems; All workers in the operational tank ammonia cooling system is always done by following the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), safety rules, safety audits; Given the nature of ammonia gas that is colorless but highly toxic as well as the extent of the risk areas that impact the need for a sensor for ammonia gas as a means of measuring and monitoring. Further recommendations to the community are to develop and play an active role in disaster preparedness village (community-based disaster preparedness).;The concept of disaster management nowadays is risk reductionsparadigm. Each individual, residents are introduced to various threats and vulnerabilities owned, as well as increased capacity in facing any threats. This study aims to assess the risk control model of ammonia gas dispersion.
The designstudy was cross sectional using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as the measurement model and structural analysis. Validity and reliability value for Goodness of Fit (GOF) test is good fit for construct of the model. Questionnaires were distributed by cluster, there were626 respondents (risk area 0-2600 meters) divided into 293 and 333 respondents in the inner and outer zones (risk area >1300-2600 meters).
Measurement model produces 5 directly interconnected exogenous variables (environmental, social, economic, biological and capacity condition) to form an endogenous variable risk of ammonia gas dispersion. Environmental conditions consist of danger zone and distance from home to road. Social factors consist of training and job. Economic factors consist of accommodation, salary, assurance and education. Capacity factors consist of hazard knowledge, early warning knowledge, evacuation knowledge and emergency response behavior.Biological factors consist of age >65 year old and family member with chronic disease and disability. The model goodness of fit test result was compatible for RMSEA, CFI, IFI, CN, SRMR, GFI and AGFI. It indicates that the models can describe the ammonia gas dispersion riskformed factors. Social factorscontribute61% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagasdispersion, related toeconomic factors(42%), capacityfactor(36%)andconditionfactor(5.7%). Riskdispersionof ammoniagasin thezoneindicateseconomic factorsaccounted for64% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagas
dispersionincludingsocial(63%), capacity(57%) andbiology(2.3%). While theouterzone ofthe conditionfactor(99%) to be importantin the risk ofammoniagasdispersionandcapacity factor(1%).
This study concludes dispersion risk modelsof ammonia gas in this study indicate risk factors that contribute to form ammonia gas dispersion to be a control effort by noticing the factors that contribute as following; recommend to the Regional Government to establish hazard maps into a legally binding regional regulations and enforcement of regulations on spatial (residential areas), safety standards (monitoring the use of technology) and the imposition of sanctions against offenders. Coordinate between work units (SKPD), Fire Department / Agency for Disaster Management (BPBD), and related agencies for evacuation (accommodation), the smooth evacuation route access. Organize socialization,
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education and training on disaster preparedness ammonia gas dispersion to the public through associations / organizations in the community. Recommendations to the company include: Creating a hazard map and Emergency Response Plan (ERP) both internally and externally; Perform routine maintenance with risk- based inspections to ensure equipment reliability ammonia refrigeration systems; All workers in the operational tank ammonia cooling system is always done by following the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), safety rules, safety audits; Given the nature of ammonia gas that is colorless but highly toxic as well as the extent of the risk areas that impact the need for a sensor for ammonia gas as a means of measuring and monitoring. Further recommendations to the community are to develop and play an active role in disaster preparedness village (community-based disaster preparedness).;The concept of disaster management nowadays is risk reductionsparadigm. Each individual, residents are introduced to various threats and vulnerabilities owned, as well as increased capacity in facing any threats. This study aims to assess the risk control model of ammonia gas dispersion.
The designstudy was cross sectional using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as the measurement model and structural analysis. Validity and reliability value for Goodness of Fit (GOF) test is good fit for construct of the model. Questionnaires were distributed by cluster, there were626 respondents (risk area 0-2600 meters) divided into 293 and 333 respondents in the inner and outer zones (risk area >1300-2600 meters).
Measurement model produces 5 directly interconnected exogenous variables (environmental, social, economic, biological and capacity condition) to form an endogenous variable risk of ammonia gas dispersion. Environmental conditions consist of danger zone and distance from home to road. Social factors consist of training and job. Economic factors consist of accommodation, salary, assurance and education. Capacity factors consist of hazard knowledge, early warning knowledge, evacuation knowledge and emergency response behavior.Biological factors consist of age >65 year old and family member with chronic disease and disability. The model goodness of fit test result was compatible for RMSEA, CFI, IFI, CN, SRMR, GFI and AGFI. It indicates that the models can describe the ammonia gas dispersion riskformed factors. Social factorscontribute61% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagasdispersion, related toeconomic factors(42%), capacityfactor(36%)andconditionfactor(5.7%). Riskdispersionof ammoniagasin thezoneindicateseconomic factorsaccounted for64% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagas
dispersionincludingsocial(63%), capacity(57%) andbiology(2.3%). While theouterzone ofthe conditionfactor(99%) to be importantin the risk ofammoniagasdispersionandcapacity factor(1%).
This study concludes dispersion risk modelsof ammonia gas in this study indicate risk factors that contribute to form ammonia gas dispersion to be a control effort by noticing the factors that contribute as following; recommend to the Regional Government to establish hazard maps into a legally binding regional regulations and enforcement of regulations on spatial (residential areas), safety standards (monitoring the use of technology) and the imposition of sanctions against offenders. Coordinate between work units (SKPD), Fire Department / Agency for Disaster Management (BPBD), and related agencies for evacuation (accommodation), the smooth evacuation route access. Organize socialization,
xi
education and training on disaster preparedness ammonia gas dispersion to the public through associations / organizations in the community. Recommendations to the company include: Creating a hazard map and Emergency Response Plan (ERP) both internally and externally; Perform routine maintenance with risk- based inspections to ensure equipment reliability ammonia refrigeration systems; All workers in the operational tank ammonia cooling system is always done by following the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), safety rules, safety audits; Given the nature of ammonia gas that is colorless but highly toxic as well as the extent of the risk areas that impact the need for a sensor for ammonia gas as a means of measuring and monitoring. Further recommendations to the community are to develop and play an active role in disaster preparedness village (community-based disaster preparedness)., The concept of disaster management nowadays is risk reductionsparadigm. Each individual, residents are introduced to various threats and vulnerabilities owned, as well as increased capacity in facing any threats. This study aims to assess the risk control model of ammonia gas dispersion.
The designstudy was cross sectional using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as the measurement model and structural analysis. Validity and reliability value for Goodness of Fit (GOF) test is good fit for construct of the model. Questionnaires were distributed by cluster, there were626 respondents (risk area 0-2600 meters) divided into 293 and 333 respondents in the inner and outer zones (risk area >1300-2600 meters).
Measurement model produces 5 directly interconnected exogenous variables (environmental, social, economic, biological and capacity condition) to form an endogenous variable risk of ammonia gas dispersion. Environmental conditions consist of danger zone and distance from home to road. Social factors consist of training and job. Economic factors consist of accommodation, salary, assurance and education. Capacity factors consist of hazard knowledge, early warning knowledge, evacuation knowledge and emergency response behavior.Biological factors consist of age >65 year old and family member with chronic disease and disability. The model goodness of fit test result was compatible for RMSEA, CFI, IFI, CN, SRMR, GFI and AGFI. It indicates that the models can describe the ammonia gas dispersion riskformed factors. Social factorscontribute61% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagasdispersion, related toeconomic factors(42%), capacityfactor(36%)andconditionfactor(5.7%). Riskdispersionof ammoniagasin thezoneindicateseconomic factorsaccounted for64% of thetotalrisk ofammoniagas
dispersionincludingsocial(63%), capacity(57%) andbiology(2.3%). While theouterzone ofthe conditionfactor(99%) to be importantin the risk ofammoniagasdispersionandcapacity factor(1%).
This study concludes dispersion risk modelsof ammonia gas in this study indicate risk factors that contribute to form ammonia gas dispersion to be a control effort by noticing the factors that contribute as following; recommend to the Regional Government to establish hazard maps into a legally binding regional regulations and enforcement of regulations on spatial (residential areas), safety standards (monitoring the use of technology) and the imposition of sanctions against offenders. Coordinate between work units (SKPD), Fire Department / Agency for Disaster Management (BPBD), and related agencies for evacuation (accommodation), the smooth evacuation route access. Organize socialization,
xi
education and training on disaster preparedness ammonia gas dispersion to the public through associations / organizations in the community. Recommendations to the company include: Creating a hazard map and Emergency Response Plan (ERP) both internally and externally; Perform routine maintenance with risk- based inspections to ensure equipment reliability ammonia refrigeration systems; All workers in the operational tank ammonia cooling system is always done by following the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), safety rules, safety audits; Given the nature of ammonia gas that is colorless but highly toxic as well as the extent of the risk areas that impact the need for a sensor for ammonia gas as a means of measuring and monitoring. Further recommendations to the community are to develop and play an active role in disaster preparedness village (community-based disaster preparedness).]"
2015
D-Pdf
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Haerun
"Merujuk pada ketentuan ILO (International Labour Organizations), perusahaan petrokimia merupakan perusahaan yang dikategorikan sebagai perusahaan dengan risiko Major Hazard. PT Pupuk Kujang melibatkan amonia untuk proses produksinya yang disimpan pada tanki penyimpanan 10000 MT. Meskipun peristiwa kebocoran pada tanki amonia di PT Pupuk Kujang belum pernah terjadi, akan tetapi risiko kebocoran tersebut seluruhya masih tetap ada. Penyimpanan amonia di PT Pupuk Kujang masih menyimpan potensi-potensi terjadinya kerusakan atau gangguan pada proses penyimpanannya yang dapat merusak tanki, sehingga timbul kebocoran amonia dalam jumlah besar. Dengan kemungkinan tersebut PT Pupuk Kujang memerlukan analisis konsekuensi untuk dijadikan landasan perencanaan sistem tanggap darurat jika skenario kebocoran dalam jumlah besar terjadi.
Dalam studi ini analisa konsekuensi kebocoran dilakukan dengan menggunakan BREEZE Incident Analyst. Hasil Penelitian menunjukan bahwa terjadinya bahaya dan dampak kebocoran dapat disebabkan oleh kegagalan major dan kegagalan minor yang dianalisa dengan Fault Tree Analysis jarak dispersi terjauh mencapai lebih dari 262.6 m dengan kadar amonia 25 ppm dan 164.6 m untuk kadar 150 ppm dan 116.9 m untuk kadar 750 ppm. Daerah yang berisiko terkena sebaran dispersi amonia dalam berbagai skenario adalah Pabrik Kujang 1A, utility Pabrik Kujang 1B,cooling tower dan refrigerant amonia."
Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 2013
S45564
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Gatot Suhariyono
"ABSTRAK
Fasilitas Produksi Radioisotop di PT. INUKI, PUSPIPTEK Serpong, memproduksi dan memproses I-131 yang dapat terdispersi ke pemukiman penduduk dan lingkungan di sekitar Kawasan Nuklir Serpong (KNS). I-131 secara rutin diproduksi untuk keperluan medis di sejumlah rumah sakit dan farmasi, untuk keperluan domestik dan ekspor. Paparan radiasi I-131 pada manusia dapat mengakibatkan kanker thyroid. Permasalahan produksi I-131 selama ini adalah belum adanya penelitian dan kajian yang mendalam tentang dispersi lepasan udara I-131 radioaktif dari cerobong PT. INUKI pada lingkungan yang mendekati kondisi sebenarnya, serta tidak ada kajian dan penelitian yang mendalam penggunaan software GENII V-2 tentang karakterisasi dispersi lepasan udara radioaktif dari cerobong ke lingkungan terhadap kondisi lapangan sebenarnya. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini perlu dilakukan di daerah ini dalam kondisi normal. Dengan demikian metode penelitiannya yaitu dilakukan pengukuran secara bersamaan di dalam rumah (indoor) dan halaman rumah (outdoor) KNS, di cerobong produksi radioisotop I-131, INUKI, Serpong dan di lingkungan (tanah dan rumput) dengan tiga metode penelitian (langsung, tidak langsung dan pemodelan menggunakan software GENII).
Temuan baru dari penelitian ini adalah pengembangan metode baru pengukuran radioaktif udara di cerobong, penemuan metode baru kalibrasi detektor NaI(Tl) in-situ, validasi data hasil pemodelan dengan software GENII dengan data pengukuran langsung, penemuan waktu tinggal peresapan (adsorption life time) I-131 di dalam charcoal, dan penemuan pengaruh matahari, kelembaban dan hujan terhadap konsentrasi I-131 di udara.

ABSTRACT
The Radioisotope Production Facility at PT. INUKI PUSPIPTEK Serpong produces and processes I-131 that can disperse to settlements (community) and the environment around the Serpong Nuclear Area (SNA). I-131 is produced routinely for medical purposes in hospitals and pharmacies, for both domestic and export. The radiation exposure of I-131 to human can cause thyroid cancer. The problems in I-131 production are so far no research and in-depth assessment of the air dispersion of a I-131 radioactivity released from the PT. INUKI stack to the environment which close to actual conditions. Also there are no studies and in-depth research on the use of the GENII software to characterize air dispersion of released radioactive from the stack to the environment at actual field conditions. Thus, it is important to conduct such a study at this area in normal condition. Then, the methods of the study were to carried out simultaneous measurements of I-131 radioactivity in homes (indoor), at the front yards (outdoor) of SNA, on the stack of the I-131 radioisotope production of INUKI Serpong and at the environment (soil and grass) with three research methods (direct, indirect and using the GENII software).
New findings from this research are the development of new methods of radioactive air measurement in the stack, the discovery of a new method of in-situ calibration of the NaI(Tl) detector, data validation of GENII software with that of direct measurements, discovery of I-131 adsorption life time in charcoal, and discovery of the effect of the sun, humidity and rain to the I-131 concentration in the air.
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2016
D-Pdf
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Juli Karyanto
"Proses pengolahan gas di Plant SBN adalah sebuah pabrik yang mempunyai bahaya cukup tinggi. Kandungan gas alam yang didalamnya terdapat gas atau matcri pengotor seperti H2O, C02, H28 dan pengotor lainnya akan menyebabkan peralatan cepat mengalami kerusakan (teijadi korosi, penipisan dan retak). I-Iasil dari prosess produksi berupa gas, kondensaie dan sisa air produksi mempunyai tingkat bahaya yang berbeda. Disamping itu apabila gas tersebut bocor atau keluar dan terpapar ierhadap pekerja atau lingkungan dapat berakibat fatal. Penelitian ini berupa penilaian resiko yang bersifat analitis deslcritif dengan melakukan analisa dan perhitungan kemungkinan kegagalan Qorobability offailure-POP) dan tingkat keparahan dari suatu kegagalan (consequence of failure-COD dari suatu kejadian terhadap 6 buah tangki timbnm di Plant SBN dengan mengunakan prinsip standar API 581 qualitative risk assessment berupa label checklist. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan factor proability of failure (POP) dan consequence of failure (COF) disimpulkan bahwa tingkat rcsiko 6 buah tangki timbun yang ada di Plant SBN adalah sebagai berikut: tangki condensate 235-T-101A dan 235-T-101B mempunyai tingkat nesiko "tinggi"; tangki condensate 235-T-201 mempunyai tingkat resiko "medium-tinggi"; tangki diesel fuel 247-T-101, produce water 258-T-101 dan 258-T-201 mempunyai tingkat reslko "rendah". Damage Factor dan Inspection Factor mempakan falctor kontribusi dominan dalam perhimngan kemunglcinan kegagalan sedangkan Chemical Factor, Quantity Factor, Auto Ignition Factor, Pressure Factor, dan Credit Factor (S'cy@ty Protection) merupakan faktor kontribusi dominan dalam perhitungan konsekwensi kegagalan pada ke-6 buah tangki tezsebut selama proses peuilaian resiko.

Gas refinery process at SBN Plant is a plant which contains hazardous material/fluid during its process. Natural gas composition as hydrocarbon contains impurities such as HQO, CO2, H23 and other particles, which may cause equipment damage (including corrosion, thinning or cracking). A product from gas refinery is gas, condensate and produce water which they have difference hazards characteristic. However if there is gas or condensate leaking or exposed to employees or environment, it can lead a worst event. This research is to perform risk assessment using descriptive analysis approach by calculating and analyzing the probability of failure (POF) and consequence of failure (COF) at 6 (six) storage tanks at SBN Plant by using API 581 Standard as qualitative risk assessment approach with checklist table. Results suggested that probability of failure (POF) and consequence of failure (COF) factors are as follows: condensate tanks 235-T-101A and 235-T-101B have risk ranking "high"; condensate tank 235-T-201 has risk ranking "medium-high" (significant risk); diesel fuel tank 247-T-101, produce water tank 258-T-101 and 258-T-201 have risk ranking "low". Damage Factor and Inspection Factor are dominant contributing factors in probability of failure calculation and Chemical Factor, Quantity Factor, Auto Ignition Factor, Pressure Factor, Credit Factor (Safety Protection) are dominant contributing factors for consequences of failure calculation for 6 (six) storage tanks during risk assessment process."
Depok: Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia, 2007
T29150
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Marpaung, Daniel Adieu Manuturi, author
"Salah satu transportasi laut yang dapat memasuki daerah pedalaman dan area terpencil ialah angkutan laut Ro-Ro Roll On-Roll Off. Sarana angkutan laut Ro-Ro dan sejenisnya memiliki teknologi yang mampu memfasilitasi kebutuhan masyarakat, dikarenakan mempunyai draft minimum serta multifungsi. Pola ini dapat dikembangkan dan bersaing dengan transportasi lain, yang dimana memiliki tarif relatif murah dan terjangkau. Adanya berbagai dasar penyebab kecelakaan pada kapal ro-ro ferry menjadikan peraturan terhadap kapal ro-ro ferry semakin diperketat. Jenis kecelakaan dengan frekuensi terbesar adalah tubrukan/kontak di Pelabuhan Penyeberangan Merak ndash; Bakauheni pada periode Januari 2017 ndash; April 2018.
Faktor utama penyebab kecelakaan kapal di Pelabuhan Penyeberangan Merak Bakauheni ialah pengaruh cuaca. Langkah yang bisa dilakukan untuk mengurangi kecelakaan kapal di Pelabuhan Penyeberangan Merak Bakauheni dengan menggunakan metode FSA Formal Safety Assesment terbagi menjadi tiga yakni peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia, pengawasan dalam pelaksanaan peraturan di Pelabuhan Penyeberangan Merak Bakauheni, dan penanganan kecelakaan kapal oleh instansi terkait di pelabuhan. Penilaian risiko ini diharapkan dapat menjadi solusi dalam mengurangi kecelakaan kapal ro-ro ferry dan mencegah konsekuensi yang lebih besar.

One of the sea transportation that can enter the inland and remote areas is the Ro Ro sea transport Roll On Roll Off. Ro Ro sea transport facilities and the like have technology that is able to facilitate the needs of the community, due to having minimum and multifunctional drafts. This pattern can be developed and compete with other transportation, which has relatively cheap and affordable tariff. The existence of various causes of accidents on board Ro Ro Ferry makes the regulation of the Ro Ro Ferry ship increasingly tightened. Type of accident with the largest frequency is the impact contact at the Port Crossing Merak Bakauheni in the period January 2017 April 2018.
The main factor causing ship accidents at Merak Crosswalk Bakauheni is the influence of weather. The steps that can be taken to reduce the ship accident at Merak Bakauheni Crossing by using FSA Formal Safety Assesment method is divided into three namely human resource quality improvement, supervision in the implementation of the regulations at the Merak Bakauheni Crossing Port, and the handling of ship accident by the institution related at the port. This risk assessment is expected to be a solution in reducing Ro Ro Ferry ship accidents and preventing greater consequences.
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Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2018
S-Pdf
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Rossy Setiawinanda
"Untuk meningkatkan efektifitas penggunaan pupuk pada media tanam, dilakukan modifikasi terhadap pupuk sehingga menjadi pupuk lepas lambat. Dalam penelitian ini, pupuk NPK yang disintesis mengandung urea, amonium dihidrogen fosfat, dan kalium dihidrogen fosfat. Enkapsulasi pupuk NPK menggunakan hidrogel semi interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) berbasis kitosan dan polistirena dilakukan dengan metode in situ loading dan post loading. Komposisi hidrogel kitosan-polistirena semi-IPN yang digunakan terdiri dari kitosan : stirena yaitu 80:20 dan menggunakan agen pengikat silang 5% asetaldehid 0,1 M. Karakterisasi pembentukan hidrogel kitosan-polistirena semi-IPN dan hidrogel kitosan dilakukan menggunakan spektorfotometri Fourier Tramsform Infrared (FTIR) dan mikroskop stereo. Uji pendahuluan seperti rasio sweliing dan derajat ikat silang juga diselidiki. Efisiensi laoding pupuk NPK dengan metode in situ loading mencapai 92.96% lebih besar daripada metode post loading yaitu 48.91% diukur dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Studi pelepasan pupuk NPK dari matriks hidrogel kitosan-polistirena semi-IPN dilakukan secara gravimetric dan spektrofotometri. Hasil uji pelepasan pupuk NPK yang terenkapsulasi dalam matriks hidrogel secara in situ loading lebih rendah dibandingkan secara post loading. Sifat lepas lambat dan kemampuan retensi air yang baik menunjukkan bahwa hidrogel kitosan-polistirena semi-IPN terenkapsulasi NPK berpotensi untuk aplikasi di bidang pertanian sebagai material pembawa pupuk.

To improve the effectiveness of the use of fertilizer in the planting medium, the modification of the fertilizer was conducted to achieve a slow-release fertilizer. In this study, NPK fertilizer which contain urea, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate was prepared. Encapsulation of NPK fertilizer using the semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) and polystyrene-based chitosan hydrogels was conducted using in situ loading and post-loading. The semi-IPN chitosan-polystyrene hydrogels were composed of chitosan: styrene monomer with 80:20 ratio and 5% acetaldehyde 0.1 M has been used as crosslinking agent. Characterization of semi-IPN chitosan-polystyrene hydrogels and chitosan hydrogels has been done using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and stereo microscope. Preliminary test such as sweliing ratio and the degree of crosslinking was also investigated. Efficiency Laoding NPK fertilizer with in situ loading method was found to be 92.96% which was greater than the post-loading method which 48.91% . the efficiency loading wasmeasured by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Study of NPK fertilizer release from the chitosan hydrogel matrix semi-IPN-polystyrene was determined by gravimetric and spectrophotometric methods. Release of NPK fertilizer encapsulated within a hydrogel matrix by in situ loading was found to be lower than in post loading. Slow-release property and good water retention capability indicates that the chitosan-polystyrene hydrogel semi-IPN encapsulated NPK has apotential for applications in agriculture as a fertilizer carrier material."
Depok: Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Indonesia, 2016
S65383
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Rekha Putra Atarita
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Coal mill merupakan salah satu unit produksi pada pabrik semen yang bertujuan untuk menggiling batubara hingga halus untuk kemudian digunakan sebagai bahan bakar. Proses yang terjadi didalam coal mill ini memiliki risiko terjadinya ledakan seperti yang terjadi di beberapa pabrik semen di Indonesia pada tahun 2015. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran deviasi dan risiko, tingkat kemungkinan dan konsekuensi, tingkat risiko dan pengendalian risiko pada unit coal mill pabrik semen PT. X. Desain penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan cara brainstorming bersama tim SHE dan process engineer. Identifikasi risiko yang dilakukan menggunakan teknik HAZOP dan penilaian risiko menggunakan analisis semi kuantitatif. Dari hasil penilaian risiko unit coal mill, terdapat risiko ledakan yaitu pada node inlet hot gas, outlet coal mill, inlet bag house, bag house dan fine coal bin. Tingkat risiko setelah terpasang sistem pengaman (safeguard) yang masuk ke dalam kategori risiko tinggi yang membutuhkan pengendalian terdapat pada node fine coal bin, bag house, inlet bag house dan outlet coal mill. Tindakan pengendalian yang perlu untuk dilakukan terhadap setiap node dapat dikelompokkan atas pengendalian yang terkoneksi dengan CCR (central control room) dan pengendalian yang dilakukan secara manual tanpa terkoneksi dengan CCR (central control room).


Coal mill is one of the production units at cement plant that aims to grind the coal until smooth and then used as fuel. The process that occurs in the coal mill has a risk of explosion as happened in some cement plants in Indonesia in 2015. The purpose of this study is to describe the deviation and risk, the level of probability and consequence, the level of risk and also the risk control in the coal mill unit, cement plant PT. X. The design of this research is qualitative descriptive, by means of brainstorming with the team consist of SHE and process engineers. Risk identification is done using the HAZOP and risk assessment techniques using semi-quantitative analysis. Results of the risk assessment in coal mill, there is a risk of explosion that is on the node of hot gas inlet, outlet coal mill, inlet bag house, bag house and fine coal bin. The level of risk after the safeguards have been istalled, that goes into the high risk category requiring additional controls are at the node of fine coal bin, bag house, bag house inlet and outlet coal mill. Required control on each node can be classified by the control connected with CCR (central control room) and control is conducted manually without connected to CCR (central control room).

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Depok: Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia, 2016
S-pdf
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Ida Rosida, supervisor
Depok: Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia, 2010
S26631
UI - Skripsi Open  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Suharyono
"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keunggulan dan keterbatasan dalam menilai risiko yang ada di Floating Storage and Offloading Unit (FSO) X PT ABC dengan metode Bow-Tie Analysis yang bersumber dari data hasil analisis HAZOP, selanjutnya dilakukan analisis kajian terhadap metode HAZOP dan Bow-Tie sehingga diketahui keterbatasan dan keunggulan masing-masing metode.
Hasil yang diperoleh akan dijadikan rekomendasi dalam manajemen risiko di PT ABC. Penelitian dilakukan pada unit cargo oil loading system FSO X pada deviasi/top event yaitu no/less flow dan corrosion/erosion selama Januari?Juli 2015. Parameter yang digunakan adalah parameter yang ada pada metode HAZOP dan Metode Bow-Tie.
Hasil penilaian risiko pada cargo oil loading system disajikan dalam bentuk worksheet kerja HAZOP dan Bow-Tie diagram. Keunggulan HAZOP diantaranya adalah HAZOP memiliki kelebihan dalam penggunaan guide word untuk memandu evaluasi deviasi desain dan kecukupan safeguard; ruang lingkup spesifik dalam hal identifikasi risiko terkait desain proses dimana analisis dilakukan berdasarkan P&ID; tidak memerlukan software khusus dalam pengerjaanya.
Keterbatasan yang dimiliki HAZOP adalah penyajian data dalam bentuk worksheet sehingga membutuhkan pemahaman lanjutan; ketidakmampuan dalam menggambarkan skenario risiko maupun mitigasinya. Keunggulan bow-tie diantaranya kemudahan dalam memahami hasil analisis karena tergambarkan dalam visual diagram; kemampuan memprediksi tingkat preventive atas penyebab (proaktif) dan tingkat mitigasi dari konsekuensi risiko yang ditimbulkan (reaktif); kemampuan analisis hingga tingkat/level risiko; dan kemampuan dalam menggambarkan perkembangan dan mitigasi risiko.
Adapun keterbatasan bow-tie adalah tidak spesifik mengkaji hazard terkait operasional/desain proses; diperlukan software khusus yang relatif cukup mahal sehingga penggunaannya menjadi terbatas. Dalam hal pemilihan metode risk assessment, pemilihan metode risk assessment sebaiknya disesuaikan dengan tujuan utama dari fasilitas yang akan dinilai. Pada penelitian penilaian risiko di Floating Storage and Offloading Unit (FSO) X PT ABC dengan penggunaan metode HAZOP yang berfokus pada evaluasi kecukupan safety devices suatu instalasi, sehingga perlu dilengkapi dengaan Bow-Tie Analysis agar tingkat risiko dan mitigasi tergambarkan dan terprediksi.

The purpose of this study is to compare HAZOP and Bow-tie analysis method to determine the advantages and limitations of the method in assessing the risks that exist in the Floating Storage and Offloading unit (FSO) X PT ABC.
The results obtained will be recommended in risk management at PT ABC. The study was conducted on a unit of oil cargo loading system FSO X on deviation/top event no/less flow and corrosion/erosion during January to July 2015. The parameters used are the parameters that exist in the HAZOP and Bow-Tie method.
The results of the risk assessment on oil cargo loading system are presented in the form of HAZOP worksheet and Bow-Tie diagrams. The advantages of HAZOP including the use of guidance word; specific in terms of identification of risk associated design process based on P&ID; and it doesn?t require any special software.
The HAZOP limitations including the used of worksheet that requires an advanced understanding;and it can?t describing risk scenarios and mitigation. Bow-tie advantages including the results of the analysis as illustrated in the visual diagram so it?s easy to understand; the ability to predict the level of preventive action (proactive) and level of mitigation of the consequences (reactive); analytical skills up to the level of risk; and the ability to describe the development and mitigation of risk.
The limitations of bow-tie is not specifically assess the hazard related to operational/design process; and it required special software, so the use of the method is limited. When we want to conduct the risk assessment, it should be adjusted with the primary purpose of the facility is to be assessed. In the risk assessment study on the Floating Storage and Offloading unit (FSO) X PT ABC, the use of HAZOP method only focuses on the evaluation of the adequacy the installation of safety devices, to get more comprehensive result that can predict the risk level and risk mitigation we also need another method such as Bow-Tie Analysis.
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Depok: Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia, 2015
T43630
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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