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"ABSTRAKKajian ini menganalisis diplomasi yang dilakukan oleh Indonesia pada kasus penyelamatan sandera di Somalia tahun 2011 yang berujung pada pembayaran uang tebusan. Dengan menggunakan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang berdasarkan pada international negotiation processes dengan sumber data berdasarkan hasil studi kepustakaan dan wawancara dan metode penelitian causal-process tracing, kajian ini menunjukan bahwa dalam penyelamatan sandera di Somalia komponen-komponen mengenai international negotiation processes tidak terpenuhi sebagaimana mestinya. Analisis kajian ini menunjukan bahwa pemerintah terlalu menganggap remeh masalah perompakan, lemahnya sinergi, media yang terlalu membesar-besarkan, hingga keburuburuan tim negosiator dalam menghadapi perompak memiliki dampak yang signifikan sehingga hasil akhir berujung pada pembayaran uang tebusan. Dengan demikian rekomendasi yang bisa diberikan adalah sinergi antar pihak yang terlibat, perencanaan yang matang hingga tidak terburu-buru dalam melakukan langkah.

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ABSTRACTThis study analyzes the diplomacy carried out by Indonesia in the case of rescuing hostages in Somalia in 2011 which ended in ransom payments. By using a qualitative approach based on international negotiation processes with data sources based on the results of literature studies and interviews and causal-process tracing research methods, this study shows that in rescuing hostages in Somalia the components of international negotiation processes are not met as they should. Analysis of this study shows that the government underestimates the problem of piracy, weak synergy, exaggerated media, so that the negotiation team's rush to deal with pirates has a significant impact so that the final result leads to ransom payments. Thus, the recommendations that can be given are the synergy between the parties involved, careful planning so as not to rush in taking steps."

"[Selama ini, TNI Angkatan Laut dalam melaksanakan tugas-tugas pertahanan diluar negeri berdasarkan pada kepentingan misi damai sesuai dengan mandat PBB dan ternyata TNI Angkatan Laut juga memiliki tugas diluar mandat PBB dalam operasi keamanan laut untuk memberikan jaminan keamanan maritim untuk kepentingan pelayaran bagi kapal-kapal dagang berbendera Indonesia di wilayah perairan internasional. Salah satu kontribusi pemerintah Indonesia terhadap jaminan keamanan maritim adalah melibatkan TNI Angkatan Laut dalam pembebasan kapal Sinar Kudus diluar batas yurisdiksi nasional. Dalam tesis ini akan mempertanyakan : 1. Bagaimana peran Militer, Polisionil dan diplomasi TNI Angkatan Laut dalam penanganan keamanan maritim khususnya keamanan maritim internasional, 2. Apa faktor-faktor yang menentukan kepentingan Indonesia dalam melibatkan TNI Angkatan Laut diwilayah perairan internasional, 3. Bagaimana implikasi penanganan keamanan maritim TNI Angkatan Laut terkait pembebasan kapal Sinar Kudus dan kontribusinya dalam perspektif ketahanan nasional. Dalam mengelaborasi permasalahan tersebut digunakan teori ketahanan nasional, keamanan maritim dan konsep universal angkatan laut. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif analisis deskriptif dengan menghimpun data-data primer dan sekunder juga melakukan wawancara mendalam terhadap narasumber. Sementara temuan yang di peroleh dari tesis ini adalah: 1. Bahwa partisipasi TNI Angkatan Laut yang selama ini melaksanakan tugas operasi diluar negeri lebih banyak dilandasi pada permintaan dari otoritas PBB. Sementara konteks dalam penanganan pembebasan sandera kapal Sinar Kudus pemerintah Indonesia melalui TNI Angkatan Laut tanpa menggunakan mandat PBB dan atas dasar kepentingan nasional, 2. Ternyata tugas-tugas TNI Angkatan Laut dapat memungkinkan untuk melakukan operasi ekspedisi jarak jauh dan memungkinkan TNI Angkatan Laut melaksanakan kegiatan ekspedisi jarak jauh sebagai bentuk dari fungsi-fungsi TNI Angkatan Laut yang bersifat internasional sesuai dengan konsep universal Angkatan Laut, 3. Kontribusi yang dilakukan oleh TNI Angkatan Laut dapat memperkuat ketahanan nasional, melalui jaminan keamanan maritim dalam rangka mendukung aktifitas perdagangan melalui laut. Adapun yang disimpulkan dari tesis ini adalah partisipasi TNI Angkatan Laut dalam misi keamanan tidak dibatasi oleh mandat PBB namun dapat dilakukan atas dasar kepentingan pertahanan dan keamanan nasional, meskipun berada diatas kapal berbendera Indonesia dan diluar kedaulatan Indonesia yang berimplementasi menjadi Angkatan Laut kelas dunia.

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During this time, the Indonesia Navy in carrying out duties overseas defense based on the interests of peace missions in accordance with the UN mandate, and it turns out the Indonesia Navy also has a duty beyond the UN mandate in marine security operations to provide maritime security for the benefit of the cruise ships Indonesian trade flag in international waters. One of the Indonesian government's contribution to maritime security is involved in the liberation of the Indonesia Navy ship Sinar Kudus beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. In this thesis would question: 1. How does the role of military, constabulary and diplomacy the Indonesia Navy for maritime security, especially in the handling of international maritime security, 2. What are the factors that determine interest in engaging the Indonesian Navy in the region of international waters, 3. How implications handling the Indonesia Navy maritime security-related release of the ship Sinar Kudus and its contribution to national security perspective.In theory used to elaborate the issue of national security, maritime security and naval universal concept. The research method used is descriptive qualitative analysis by collecting primary data and secondary also conducted in-depth interviews of the informant. While the findings of this thesis in perole is: 1. Whereas the participation of the Indonesia Navy who had been carrying out tasks more overseas operations based on a request from the United Nations authority. While the context of the handling of the hostage ship Sinar Kudus, Indonesian government through the Indonesia Navy without using a UN mandate and on the basis of national interest, 2. Turns tasks can allow the Indonesia Navy to conduct expeditionary operations remotely and allows the Indonesia Navy conducts expeditions as a form of remote functions the Navy that is international in accordance with the concept of universal Navy, 3. Contributions are made by the Indonesia Navy to strengthen national defense, maritime security through in order to support trading activities by sea. As inferred from this thesis is the Navy's participation in security missions are not restricted by UN mandate, but can be done on the basis of the interests of national defense and security, despite being above and beyond Indonesian-flagged vessels Indonesian sovereignty implementation into world class navy ;During this time, the Indonesia Navy in carrying out duties overseas defense based on the interests of peace missions in accordance with the UN mandate, and it turns out the Indonesia Navy also has a duty beyond the UN mandate in marine security operations to provide maritime security for the benefit of the cruise ships Indonesian trade flag in international waters. One of the Indonesian government's contribution to maritime security is involved in the liberation of the Indonesia Navy ship Sinar Kudus beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. In this thesis would question: 1. How does the role of military, constabulary and diplomacy the Indonesia Navy for maritime security, especially in the handling of international maritime security, 2. What are the factors that determine interest in engaging the Indonesian Navy in the region of international waters, 3. How implications handling the Indonesia Navy maritime security-related release of the ship Sinar Kudus and its contribution to national security perspective.In theory used to elaborate the issue of national security, maritime security and naval universal concept. The research method used is descriptive qualitative analysis by collecting primary data and secondary also conducted in-depth interviews of the informant. While the findings of this thesis in perole is: 1. Whereas the participation of the Indonesia Navy who had been carrying out tasks more overseas operations based on a request from the United Nations authority. While the context of the handling of the hostage ship Sinar Kudus, Indonesian government through the Indonesia Navy without using a UN mandate and on the basis of national interest, 2. Turns tasks can allow the Indonesia Navy to conduct expeditionary operations remotely and allows the Indonesia Navy conducts expeditions as a form of remote functions the Navy that is international in accordance with the concept of universal Navy, 3. Contributions are made by the Indonesia Navy to strengthen national defense, maritime security through in order to support trading activities by sea. As inferred from this thesis is the Navy's participation in security missions are not restricted by UN mandate, but can be done on the basis of the interests of national defense and security, despite being above and beyond Indonesian-flagged vessels Indonesian sovereignty implementation into world class navy ;During this time, the Indonesia Navy in carrying out duties overseas defense based on the interests of peace missions in accordance with the UN mandate, and it turns out the Indonesia Navy also has a duty beyond the UN mandate in marine security operations to provide maritime security for the benefit of the cruise ships Indonesian trade flag in international waters. One of the Indonesian government's contribution to maritime security is involved in the liberation of the Indonesia Navy ship Sinar Kudus beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. In this thesis would question: 1. How does the role of military, constabulary and diplomacy the Indonesia Navy for maritime security, especially in the handling of international maritime security, 2. What are the factors that determine interest in engaging the Indonesian Navy in the region of international waters, 3. How implications handling the Indonesia Navy maritime security-related release of the ship Sinar Kudus and its contribution to national security perspective.In theory used to elaborate the issue of national security, maritime security and naval universal concept. The research method used is descriptive qualitative analysis by collecting primary data and secondary also conducted in-depth interviews of the informant. While the findings of this thesis in perole is: 1. Whereas the participation of the Indonesia Navy who had been carrying out tasks more overseas operations based on a request from the United Nations authority. While the context of the handling of the hostage ship Sinar Kudus, Indonesian government through the Indonesia Navy without using a UN mandate and on the basis of national interest, 2. Turns tasks can allow the Indonesia Navy to conduct expeditionary operations remotely and allows the Indonesia Navy conducts expeditions as a form of remote functions the Navy that is international in accordance with the concept of universal Navy, 3. Contributions are made by the Indonesia Navy to strengthen national defense, maritime security through in order to support trading activities by sea. As inferred from this thesis is the Navy's participation in security missions are not restricted by UN mandate, but can be done on the basis of the interests of national defense and security, despite being above and beyond Indonesian-flagged vessels Indonesian sovereignty implementation into world class navy ;During this time, the Indonesia Navy in carrying out duties overseas defense based on the interests of peace missions in accordance with the UN mandate, and it turns out the Indonesia Navy also has a duty beyond the UN mandate in marine security operations to provide maritime security for the benefit of the cruise ships Indonesian trade flag in international waters. One of the Indonesian government's contribution to maritime security is involved in the liberation of the Indonesia Navy ship Sinar Kudus beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. In this thesis would question: 1. How does the role of military, constabulary and diplomacy the Indonesia Navy for maritime security, especially in the handling of international maritime security, 2. What are the factors that determine interest in engaging the Indonesian Navy in the region of international waters, 3. How implications handling the Indonesia Navy maritime security-related release of the ship Sinar Kudus and its contribution to national security perspective.In theory used to elaborate the issue of national security, maritime security and naval universal concept. The research method used is descriptive qualitative analysis by collecting primary data and secondary also conducted in-depth interviews of the informant. While the findings of this thesis in perole is: 1. Whereas the participation of the Indonesia Navy who had been carrying out tasks more overseas operations based on a request from the United Nations authority. While the context of the handling of the hostage ship Sinar Kudus, Indonesian government through the Indonesia Navy without using a UN mandate and on the basis of national interest, 2. Turns tasks can allow the Indonesia Navy to conduct expeditionary operations remotely and allows the Indonesia Navy conducts expeditions as a form of remote functions the Navy that is international in accordance with the concept of universal Navy, 3. Contributions are made by the Indonesia Navy to strengthen national defense, maritime security through in order to support trading activities by sea. As inferred from this thesis is the Navy's participation in security missions are not restricted by UN mandate, but can be done on the basis of the interests of national defense and security, despite being above and beyond Indonesian-flagged vessels Indonesian sovereignty implementation into world class navy ;During this time, the Indonesia Navy in carrying out duties overseas defense based on the interests of peace missions in accordance with the UN mandate, and it turns out the Indonesia Navy also has a duty beyond the UN mandate in marine security operations to provide maritime security for the benefit of the cruise ships Indonesian trade flag in international waters. One of the Indonesian government's contribution to maritime security is involved in the liberation of the Indonesia Navy ship Sinar Kudus beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. In this thesis would question: 1. How does the role of military, constabulary and diplomacy the Indonesia Navy for maritime security, especially in the handling of international maritime security, 2. What are the factors that determine interest in engaging the Indonesian Navy in the region of international waters, 3. How implications handling the Indonesia Navy maritime security-related release of the ship Sinar Kudus and its contribution to national security perspective.In theory used to elaborate the issue of national security, maritime security and naval universal concept. The research method used is descriptive qualitative analysis by collecting primary data and secondary also conducted in-depth interviews of the informant. While the findings of this thesis in perole is: 1. Whereas the participation of the Indonesia Navy who had been carrying out tasks more overseas operations based on a request from the United Nations authority. While the context of the handling of the hostage ship Sinar Kudus, Indonesian government through the Indonesia Navy without using a UN mandate and on the basis of national interest, 2. Turns tasks can allow the Indonesia Navy to conduct expeditionary operations remotely and allows the Indonesia Navy conducts expeditions as a form of remote functions the Navy that is international in accordance with the concept of universal Navy, 3. Contributions are made by the Indonesia Navy to strengthen national defense, maritime security through in order to support trading activities by sea. As inferred from this thesis is the Navy's participation in security missions are not restricted by UN mandate, but can be done on the basis of the interests of national defense and security, despite being above and beyond Indonesian-flagged vessels Indonesian sovereignty implementation into world class navy., During this time, the Indonesia Navy in carrying out duties overseas defense

based on the interests of peace missions in accordance with the UN mandate, and

it turns out the Indonesia Navy also has a duty beyond the UN mandate in marine

security operations to provide maritime security for the benefit of the cruise ships

Indonesian trade flag in international waters. One of the Indonesian government's

contribution to maritime security is involved in the liberation of the Indonesia

Navy ship Sinar Kudus beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. In this thesis

would question: 1. How does the role of military, constabulary and diplomacy the

Indonesia Navy for maritime security, especially in the handling of international

maritime security, 2. What are the factors that determine interest in engaging the

Indonesian Navy in the region of international waters, 3. How implications

handling the Indonesia Navy maritime security-related release of the ship Sinar

Kudus and its contribution to national security perspective.In theory used to

elaborate the issue of national security, maritime security and naval universal

concept. The research method used is descriptive qualitative analysis by collecting

primary data and secondary also conducted in-depth interviews of the informant.

While the findings of this thesis in perole is: 1. Whereas the participation of the

Indonesia Navy who had been carrying out tasks more overseas operations based

on a request from the United Nations authority. While the context of the handling

of the hostage ship Sinar Kudus, Indonesian government through the Indonesia

Navy without using a UN mandate and on the basis of national interest, 2. Turns

tasks can allow the Indonesia Navy to conduct expeditionary operations remotely

and allows the Indonesia Navy conducts expeditions as a form of remote functions

the Navy that is international in accordance with the concept of universal Navy, 3.

Contributions are made by the Indonesia Navy to strengthen national defense,

maritime security through in order to support trading activities by sea. As inferred

from this thesis is the Navy's participation in security missions are not restricted

by UN mandate, but can be done on the basis of the interests of national defense

and security, despite being above and beyond Indonesian-flagged vessels

Indonesian sovereignty implementation into world class navy ]"

"Kajian ini berusaha menganalisis peran aktor individu dalam negosiasi pembebasan sandera (hostage crisis negotiation) pada kasus penculikan dua wartawan Indonesia bernama Meutya Hafid dan Budiyanto oleh Faksi Tentara Mujahidin Irak tahun 2005. Dengan menggunakan teori Interpersonal Communication dan Negotiation, kerangka The Legitimacy Issue dan Relational Development serta metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deduktif. Kajian ini berusaha menjelaskan keberhasilan negosiasi pembebasan sandera oleh aktor individu yakni mantan Presiden RI ke-empat K.H Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur). Keberhasilan ini dipengaruhi oleh faktor kemampuan komunikasi interpersonal Gus Dur sebagai negosiator. Analisis kajian ini menunjukkan upaya negosiasi pembebasan sandera oleh Gus Dur yang memiliki kapabilitas lebih dalam negosiasi dengan membangun relasi dan legitimasi terhadap penyandera. Dengan demikian upaya operasi negosiasi pembebasan sandera kasus dua wartawan nasional Indonesia berhasil dibebaskan.

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This study attempts to analyse the role of individual actors in hostage crisis negotiations in the kidnapping case of two Indonesian journalists named Meutya Hafid and Budiyanto by the Iraqi Mujahideen Army Faction in 2005. Using the theory of Interpersonal Communication and Negotiation, the framework of The Legitimacy Issue and Relational Development and qualitative research methods with a deductive approach. This study seeks to explain the success of the negotiation for the release of hostages by individual actors, He is the fourth former President of the Republic of Indonesia, KH Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur). This success was influenced by Gus Dur's interpersonal communication skills as a negotiator. The analysis of this study shows that Gus Dur's efforts to negotiate the release of hostages are more capable in negotiating by building relationships and legitimacy against the hostages. Thus, the negotiation operation for the release of the hostages in the case of two Indonesian national journalists was successfully released"

"Telah dilakukan pengukuran koefisien atenuasi dan koefisien penguatan berkas pada sinar-X LINAC 6MV dan 10 MV pada medium air, akrilik dan aluminium. Pengukuran selain pada lapangan terbuka (3 x 3 cm pada 100 cm) juga dilakukan pada berkas dengan aksesori tray dan filter wedge 60° yang sering digunakan pada penyinaran radioterapi. Berkas sempit 6 MV dan 10MV diperoleh dengan kolimator tambahan berdiameter 1.5 cm dengan ketebalan 20 cm Cerrobend sebelum detector. Untuk detektor digunakan mini phantom ( 2 x 2 x 6 cm) sesuai standar TRS 398 untuk pengukuran berkas foton energi tinggi di udara dan Bilik Ionisasi Farmer 0.6 cc. Jarak dari fokus ke detektor 173,3 cm.Diperoleh dengan mmembandingkan referensi 8 bahwa nilai koefisien atenuasi μ dan koefisien penguatan η untuk medium air pada sinar-x 6 MV 0.0473 cm-1 dan 0.0014 cm-1 dari linac SL 75 dan 0.0488 cm-1 dan 0.0021 cm-1 dari linac SL 25 . Dari dua pasangan nilai tersebut dapat dilihat bahwa nilai μ dan η untuk sinar-x 6 MV dari satu linac berbeda dari linac yang lain. Perbedaan tersebut dimungkinkan karena adanya perbedaan material maupun geometri flattening filter masing-masing alat sebagai suatu yang unik. Juga diperoleh perbedaan nilai μ dan η untuk berkas sinar-x 6 MV dengan filter wedge 600 dengan nilai 0.0437.

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Have been measured attenuation coefficient and beam-hardening coefficient on 6 MV and 10 MV X-ray LINAC in water, acrilyc and Alloy. Measurement at open beam (3x3 cm at 100 cm) also at tray beam and wedge 60 beam ° while used oncology radiation. Narrow beam 6 MV and 10 MV with additional collimator 1,5 cm with cerrobend 20cm thickness to detector. Minifantom (2 x 2 x 6 cm) has been used for detector with TRS 398 high photon energy standard of measurement in air and 0,6 cc Farmer ionization chamber . Distance focus to detector is 173,3 cm.Combine with reference 8 attenuation coefficientμ and beam-hardening coefficient η in water for 6 MV X-Ray 0.0473 cm-1 and 0.0014 cm-1 for linac SL 75 and 0.0488 cm-1 and 0.0021 cm-1 from linac SL 25 . From double value can be read at 6 MV X-Ray from one Linac is difference with others. Difference is happen because there is material difference also geometri flattening filter and be unique. Also difference at μ dan η value to X-Ray 6MV with filter wedge 600. 0.0437 cm-1 and 0.009 cm-1 for SL75 and 0.0432 cm-1 and 0.0014 cm-1 for SL25."

"Telah dilakukan pengukuran faktor keluaran (OF) berkas sinar-X 6 MV dan 10 MV untuk lapangan bujur sangkar dan persegi panjang produksi linac varian 2100C. Ukuran lapangan yang digunakan berkisar dari 4x4 cm2 sampai 30x30 cm2 . Pengukuran dilakukan pada kedalaman efektif pengukuran 5,2 cm dan 10,2 cm dengan SSD 100 cm. Pada lapangan persegi panjang nilai OF didapatkan dengan metode pengukuran langsung dan kalkulasi dengan metode Sterlling. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan hasil OF keduanya memiliki perbedaan yang sangat kecil untuk kedua berkas energi sinar-X pada masing-masing bentuk lapangan. Nilai OF mengalami kenaikan seiring meningkatnya ukuran lapangan yang digunakan. Penentuan nilai OF dengan menggunakan metode Sterllling dan pengukuran langsung pada lapangan persegi panjang juga tidak berbeda secara signifikan. Kata kunci : faktor keluaran, lapangan bujur sangkar, lapangan persegi panjang, sinar-X 6 MV dan 10 MV.

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The measurement has been performed to know the output factors (OF) of 6 MV and 10 MV X-ray beams for square and rectangular fields. The field size used for the measurement range between from 4x4 cm2 to 30x30 cm2. The measurement were done at effective depths of 5,2 cm and 10,2 cm with SSD 100 cm. On the rectangular field, OF was obtained by direct measurement method and calculated by Sterlling method. The results of measurement showed that both OF’s results have very small differences for both energies on each field shape. The OF’s values increase along with the field size increase. The OF values determined by using calculated Sterlling method and direct measurement on rectangular field do not show significant differences."