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ABSTRACT

The main energy sources in Indonesia generally still rely on fossil fuels, such as petroleum, coal and natural gas. Biofuel is a solution that can be applied as a substitute for fossil fuels. This research was conducted by simulating the biofuel production process and calculating the amount of carbon dioxide emissions produced. This simulation is done by modeling the hydroprocessing process using Unisim R390.1 by optimizing the operating conditions for each raw material. The Hydrotreatment process was varied at a pressure of 1-5 MPa and a temperature of 250oC - 350oC. shows that palm oil is the most effective in producing bioavtur at a temperature of 300oC and a pressure of 3 MPa, while nyamplung oil is the most effective for producing renewable diesel at a temperature of 300oC and a pressure of 3 MPa. The calculation of the number of emissions from the carbon dioxide life cycle shows that to produce 1 kg of biofuel, 3.82 x 103 kg of CO2 is produced"

"Produksi Bahan Bakar Nabati (BBN) di Indonesia, terutama biodiesel, sudah banyak dilakukan menggunakan bahan baku minyak kelapa sawit. Namun hal tersebut menimbulkan kompetisi dengan kebutuhan pangan. Saat ini mulai dikembangkan pembuatan BBN dengan menggunakan minyak nabati non-pangan, seperti minyak nyamplung. Proses produksi BBN menghasilkan emisi dan dampak lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbandingan besar emisi gas dan dampak lingkungan dari produksi BBN berbasis kelapa sawit dan nyamplung, serta menentukan alternatif bahan baku yang paling ramah lingkungan. Analisis dilakukan dengan metode Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) menggunakan perangkat lunak OpenLCA. Batasan sistem pada penelitian ini adalah cradle to gate yang meliputi tahap pembukaan lahan sampai dengan tahap distribusi produk. Emisi gas yang dihasilkan dalam produksi BBN adalah emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK) berupa CO2 N2O, dan CH4, serta emisi gas polutan berupa CO, NOx, SOx, dan NMVOC. Hasil yang diperoleh menyatakan produksi BBN dengan bahan baku minyak nyamplung merupakan yang paling ramah lingkungan, dengan emisi terbesar adalah CO2 senilai 15129,05 kg CO2/ton BBN dan emisi terkecil adalah N2O senilai 9,3E-06 kg N2O/ton BBN. Potensi dampak lingkungan terbesar yang dihasilkan adalah Global Warming senilai 15647,30 kg CO2 eq, Human Toxicity senilai 50,89 kg 1,4-DB eq, dan Acidification senilai 21,21 kg SO2 eq.

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Biofuel production in Indonesia, especially biodiesel, has been carried out using palm oil as the raw material. However, this has created competition with food needs. Therefore, currently biofuel production is being developed with non-food vegetable oil, such as nyamplung oil. The biofuel production process produces emissions and environmental impacts. This study aims to analyze the comparison of gas emissions and environmental impacts of biofuel production from palm oil and nyamplung oil, and determine the most environmentally friendly raw material. The analysis was conducted using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method with OpenLCA software. The scope in this study is cradle to gate, start from land clearing process until product distribution. Gas emissions produced in biofuel production are GHG emissions in the form of CO2 N2O, and CH4, and pollutant gas emissions in the form of CO, NOx, SOx, and NMVOC. The result showed that biofuel production from nyamplung oil is the most environmentally friendly, with the largest emissions produced is CO2 worth 15129,05 kg CO2/ton biofuel and the smallest is N2O worth 9,30E-06 kg N2O/ton biofuel. The biggest environmental impact produced was Global Warming 15647,30 kg CO2 eq, Human Toxicity 50,89 kg 1.4-DB eq, and Acidification 21,21 kg SO2 eq.

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"This book extends the framework of the climate-energy-land nexus to elucidate political, economic, social, and institutional factors and causal mechanisms that stringent climate targets bring about, rather than mitigate a disproportional heavy burden on the forest sector in Indonesia.

Assessing climate, energy, agricultural, forest, and transmigration policies, and REDD+ and biochar solutions through a multidisciplinary approach, ranging from biological, agricultural, technological, economic, and institutional lenses, the book identifies the political-economic and socio-technical regimes that cause the crosssectoral transfer of responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions to palm-oil-based biofuel, imposing an excess burden on the forest sector and accelerating indirect land-use change. It also proposes possible countermeasures for agricultural and forest sectors, reconfirming that technical applications and integrated policymaking should trigger the socioeconomic changes that will make transformative change happen in Indonesia.

As an analysis of the success, or otherwise, of stringent climate targets, policies, and technological and non-technological measures on the reduction of greenhouse gases, this book will be of great interest to students and scholars in the fields of environment & sustainability, Asian studies, energy, environment and agriculture, forestry, and agriculture & environmental sciences. It will also appeal to practitioners and policymakers tackling net-zero emissions and land and forest governance."

"Peningkatan global warming akibat bahan bakar fosil mendorong penggunaan bahan bakar nabati (BBN) atau biofuel, seperti biogasoline, bioavtur, bioLPG, dan renewable diesel sebagai alternatif dari bahan bakar fosil untuk kehidupan sehari-hari. BBN bersifat lebih ramah lingkungan dan ketersediaan bahan bakunya melimpah di Indonesia, seperti minyak kelapa sawit sebagai minyak nabati pangan dan minyak kemiri sunan sebagai minyak nabati non-pangan yang memiliki produktivitas tertinggi dibandingkan minyak nabati lainnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis tahapan daur hidup produksi BBN yang menghasilkan dampak lingkungan dan menentukan skenario alternatif bahan baku pada produksi BBN yang berdampak paling minimum. Metode yang digunakan adalah Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), dengan lingkup cradle-to-gate yang meliputi tahap pembukaan lahan, perkebunan, ekstraksi minyak, sintesis BBN, dan transportasi distribusi. Software OpenLCA dengan database Bioenergiedat digunakan dalam menganalisis dampak lingkungan dalam memproduksi 1 ton BBN. Alternatif bahan baku yang digunakan adalah buah sawit dan buah kemiri sunan hasil perkebunan serta minyak sawit dan minyak kemiri sunan dari pemasok minyak. Analisis ditinjau dari aspek emisi, yaitu CO2, CH4, N2O, CO, NOx, SOx, dan NMVOCs, serta aspek dampak terendah yang dihasilkan dari produksi BBN dengan keempat alternatif bahan baku. Minyak kemiri sunan merupakan bahan baku yang paling ramah lingkungan dengan emisi terendah, dimana CO2 (18859.45 kg) dan NOx (42.41 kg) adalah emisi dengan nilai tertinggi. Potensi dampak lingkungan tertinggi dari produksi BBN dengan minyak kemiri sunan adalah global warming potential (GWP) (16400.4 kg CO2 eq/ton BBN), Human toxicity (50.9 kg 1,4-DB eq/ton BBN), dan acidification (21.21 kg SO2 eq/ton BBN). Kontribusi dampak terbesar adalah tahapan sintesis BBN dengan persentase lebih dari 50% di setiap kategori dampak yang sebagian besar disebabkan oleh penggunaan diesel. Solusi yang direkomendasikan dalam mengurangi dampak terhadap lingkungan adalah dengan pengalihan penggunaan diesel menjadi renewable diesel sebagai bahan bakar pada produksi BBN.

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Increased global warming due to fossil fuels encourage the use of biofuels, such as biogasoline, bioavtur, bioLPG, and renewable diesel as an alternative to fossil fuels for daily life. Biofuel is more environmentally friendly and high availability of raw materials in Indonesia, such as palm oil as edible vegetable oil and blanco airy shaw oil as non-edible vegetable oil which has the highest productivity compared to other vegetable oils. This study was conducted to analyze the emissions and environmental impacts caused by the life cycle of biofuel production. Also, to determine which raw material produce the least emissions and impacts from biofuel production process. The method used is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), with a cradle-to-gate scope that includes the stages of land clearing, plantation, oil extraction, biofuel synthesis, and transportation distribution. OpenLCA software with Bioenergiedat database is used in analyzing environmental impacts in producing 1 ton of biofuel. Alternatives of raw material used are palm fresh fruit bunches and blanco airy shar fruit from plantation, and also palm oil and blanco airy shaw oil. The analysis is examined from the aspect of emissions, namely CO2, CH4, N2O, CO, NOx, SOx, and NMVOCs, as well as the lowest impact aspects resulting from biofuel production with the four alternatives of raw material. The result is blanco airy shaw oil turns out to be the most environmentally friendly raw material with the lowest emissions, where CO2 (18859.45 kg) and NOx (42.41 kg) have the highest emission values. The highest potential environmental impact of biofuel production using blanco airy shaw oil is global warming potential (GWP) (16400.4 kg CO2 eq/ton BBN), Human toxicity (50.9 kg 1.4-DB eq/ton BBN), and acidification (21.21 kg SO2 eq/ton BBN). The biggest impact contribution is the synthesis of biofuel process with a percentage of more than 50% in each impact category, which is mostly caused by the use of diesel fuel. The recommended solution to reduce the impact on the environment is by diverting the use of diesel to renewable diesel as fuel in biofuel production."

"Mikroemulsi adalah suatu sistem yang terdiri dari campuran minyak, air, surfaktan, dan / atau kosurfkatkan. Sistem ini bersifat jernih dan stabil secara termodinamik. Mikroemulsi menjadi salah satu pilihan sebagai alternatif dalam memformulasikan obat yang kelarutannya buruk. Minyak nabati seperti minyak kelapa sawit dan virgin coconut oil (VCO) dapat digunakan sebagai pembawa pada mikroemulsi, karena minyak tersebut memiliki keunggulan diantaranya adalah dapat didaur ulang, tidak mudah terbakar, ramah lingkungan, bersifat tidak toksik, serta mudah didapatkan. Berdasarkan literatur yang sudah ada, komposisi surfaktan, cara pembuatan, dan jenis minyak mempengaruhi sifat fisikokimia dari mikroemulsi. VCO menghasilkan ukuran partikel mikroemulsi yang lebih kecil dibandingan dengan minyak kelapa sawit. Namun, pada stabilitas kimia dari mikroemulsi, minyak kelapa sawit lebih unggul dibandingkan dengan VCO. Hasil yang optimum mungkin didapatkan dengan menambahkan konsentrasi surfaktan pada mikroemulsi minyak kelapa sawit dan antioksidan pada mikroemulsi VCO.

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Microemulsion is a system that consisting of a mixture of oil, water, surfactants, and / or cosurfactants. This system is clear and thermodinamically stable. A microemulsion is an option as an alternative for the formulation of drugs with poor solubility. Vegetable oils such as palm oil and virgin coconut oil (VCO) can be used as carriers for microemulsions, because these oils have advantages such as being recyclable, non-flammable, environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and easy to get. Based on the existing literature, the composition of the surfactant, the process of making the microemulsion, and the type of oil gave some differences in the physicochemical properties of the microemulsion. VCO produced smaller microemulsion particle sizes compared to palm oil. However, in the chemical stability of microemulsions, palm oil gave better result compared to VCO. The optimum result might be reached by increasing surfactant concentration on palm oil microemulsion and antioxidant on VCO microemulsion."

"Sejak tahun 2006, Indonesia merupakan negara penghasil minyak kelapa sawit terbesar di dunia. Perkembangan industri minyak kelapa sawit yang meliputi perluasan lahan bukan tanpa halangan. Pembukaan lahan baru selalu bertentangan dengan isu lingkungan hidup. Dalam penelitian sebelumnya di Malaysia, pembukaan lahan kelapa sawit baru berimplikasi negatif terhadap produksi minyak kelapa sawit dalam jangka panjang. Tesis ini membahas tentang hubungan antara luas lahan tanam, harga minyak kelapa sawit dan produksi minyak kelapa sawit di Indonesia dengan pendekatan kuantitatif menggunakan data tahunan yang meliputi luas lahan tanam, harga dan produksi minyak kelapa sawit Indonesia dari tahun 1980-2014. Data tersebut diperoleh dari Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan. Model yang digunakan adalah vector error correction model. Empat tahap analisis dalam penelitian ini meliputi uji stasioneritas, uji kointegrasi Johansen, VECM dan kausalitas Granger. Hasil dari penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa luas lahan tanam dan harga berpengaruh positif pada produksi dalam jangka panjang. Dalam jangka pendek, luas lahan tanam dan harga berpengaruh negatif terhadap produksi. Melalui kausalitas Granger terlihat bahwa luas area perkebunan memicu produksi dan produksi memicu harga. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya, peneliti menganjurkan agar melibatkan variabel-variabel lain yang terkait seperti ekspor minyak kelapa sawit, harga minyak kelapa sawit dunia dan harga barang substitusi.

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Since 2006, Indonesia is the biggest palm oil producer in the world. Palm oil industry advancement which includes clearing is not without a hitch. Clearing is always contradict with environmental issues. In a previous study in Malaysia, increasing total area planted have negative implication towards palm oil production. This thesis examines the relationship between total area planted, palm oil price and palm oil production in Indonesia using quantitative approach with annual data of Indonesian total area planted, palm oil price and production from 1980 to 2014. The data obtained from Directorate-General of Plantation. The model used in this research is vector error correction model. Four stages of analyses which are involved are stationerity test, Johansen cointegration test, VECM and Granger causality. The findings showed that total area planted and palm oil price have positive effect on palm oil production in the long run. In the short run, total area planted and palm oil price have negative impact on palm oil production. Granger Causality shown that total area planted triggers production and production triggers price. For future studies, researcher recommends to include other related variables such as palm oil export, palm oil world price and substitute price."

"Sebagian besar kebutuhan energi di dunia masih dipenuhi oleh bahan bakar fossil yang turut menjadi salah satu penyumbang terbesar emisi karbon di dunia. Hal ini mendorong pemerintah untuk meningkatkan kapasitas bahan bakar nabati atau biofuel sebagai alternatif bahan bakar fossil. Dalam mengantisipasi penurunan daya dukung lingkungan sebagai efek peningkatan aktivitas industri termasuk industri biofuel, penerapan konsep industri hijau diperlukan sebagai upaya peningkatan efisiensi produksi yang selaras dengan kelestarian lingkungan hidup. Pada penelitian ini, optimasi reaksi produksi biofuel yaitu hydroprocess dianalisa dengan pendekatan industri hijau yang dilihat dari aspek efisiensi bahan baku, yield dari produk, konsumsi bahan bakar dan emisi karbon menggunakan metode AHP untuk mengambil keputusan variasi yang optimal. Optimasi reaksi dilakukan menggunakan simulator Unisim dengan memvariasikan tekanan operasi pada 10-50 barr dan suhu operasi pada 250-350◦C untuk minyak nabati pangan dan non-pangan dengan tingkat produktivitas tinggi di Indonesia. Hasil yang diperoleh menyatakan komposisi minyak nabati mempengaruhi efektifitas proses. Minyak kemiri sunan pada suhu 290◦C dan tekanan 40 barr menjadi kondisi yang optimal dengan konversi sebesar 99% yang menghasilkan yield renewable diesel tinggi untuk memberikan efektifitas konsumsi bahan bakar. Emisi karbon yang dihasilkan adalah yang terendah sebesar 13,024,281 kg CO2/tahun dengan jejak karbon terbesar terletak pada produksi renewable diesel.

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Majority of the world’s source of energy still being fulfilled by fossil fuels that has became one of the largest contributors of carbon emission. Hence, ways of increasing biofuels have been created. To minimize environmental effects due to the increasing activity of industries, including biofuel industry, the green industry concept should be applied. There are several ways to produce biofuel, such as hydroprocess reaction that is consist of two steps, hydrodeoxygenation and hydrocracking and will result in variety of biofuels that have the closest chracteristics towards fossil fuels.In this research, optimization of hdroprocess reaction is analyzed through green industry approach with some criterias which are efficiency of raw material, yield, energy usage and carbon emission derived from the process through AHP method to decide the optimum condition. It is done by using unisim simulator by varying the operating temperature of 250-350◦C and operating pressure of 10-50 barr for edible and non- edible oil as the raw materials. The result showed that non-edible oil at 290◦C and 40 barr as the optimal process with conversion rate of 99%. The carbon emission is at 13,024,281 kg CO2/year."