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"Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LFP - LiFePO4) adalah salah satu jenis katoda dalam baterai lithium-ion. LFP memiliki struktur olivine yang membuat katoda ini bersifat stabil. Bahan pembentuk LFP tergolong murah dan LFP dapat digunakan untuk jangka panjang berkat cycle rate yang tinggi. Namun, dalam aplikasinya katoda ini memiliki konduktifitas dan kapasitas yang rendah. Dalam penelitian ini, sintesis LFP akan menggunakan metode ball-milling yang dibantu dengan ultrasonic treatment yang akan mengurangi ukuran partikel dan mempercepat penguraian precursor Fe2O3, mengakibatkan peningkatan kapasitas pada siklus tinggi. Penambahan bubuk nikel dengan jumlah 7.5%wt merupakan salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan konduktifitas dan kapasitas LFP yang rendah. Selain itu, penggunaan bubuk nikel juga merupakan opsi yang lebih murah dibandingkan dengan menggunakan bahan aditif lainnya. Penelitian ini akan membandingkan LFP/C, LFP/Ni, dan dua sampel yang sama dengan penambahan metode ultrasonic. Pengamatan SEM dan XRD membuktikan bahwa dengan ultrasonic treatment partikel menjadi lebih halus dan nikel berhasil masuk ke LFP sebagai reinforcing composite.

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Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LFP - LiFePO4) is one type of cathode in a lithium-ion battery. LFP has an olivine structure which makes this a stable cathode. LFP precursors are relatively cheap and LFP can be used for the long term thanks to its high cycle rate due to the olivine structure. However, in its application this cathode has low conductivity and capacity. In this research, LFP synthesis will use a ball-milling method which is assisted by ultrasonic treatment which will reduce particle size and accelerate the dissolution of Fe2O3 precursors, resulting in increased capacity at higher cycles. The addition of 7.5%wt of nickel powder is one way to increase conductivity and low LFP capacity. In addition, the use of nickel powder is also a cheaper alternative compared to using other additives. This study will compare LFP/C, LFP/Ni, and the same two samples with the addition of the ultrasonic method. SEM and XRD observations has proven that ultrasonic treatment has made the particle size become smoother and nickel successfully enters the LFP as a reinforcing composite."

"Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LiFePO4) adalah kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan sumber energi elektrik yang ramah lingkungan. Penambahan Ni komposit dalam baterai berbasis Li-ion dapat meningkatan performa dari baterai LiFePO4. Dalam penelitian ini, LiFePO4 akan disintesis dengan menggunakan Fe2O3, H3PO4, dan LiOH melalui cara solid-state dan dilakukan perlakuan panas yaitu sintering. Setelah itu, prekursor dikompositkan dengan tiga variasi penambahan konten Nikel dalam % berat, yaitu 5, 7 dan 10% melalui metode solid-state dengan ball mill diberi label LFP/5-Ni, LFP/7.5-Ni dan LFP/10-Ni. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan XRD dan SEM untuk mengamati efek penambahan Nikel pada struktur dan morfologi sampel yang dihasilkan.

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Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LiFePO4) is a promising candidate as an environmental friendly electric energy sources. The addition of Nickel composite in Lithium-ion battery based can enhance the performance of LiFePO4 batteries. In this experiment, LiFePO4 was synthesized using Fe2O3, H3PO4, and LiOH by solid-state method and heat treated with sintering process. After that, the precursor were composited with the various Nickel composition, in % wt, 5, 7.5 and 10% with solid-state method by using ball mill and labeled as LFP/5-Ni, LFP/7.5-Ni and LFP/10-Ni respectively. The characterizations were made using XRD and SEM testing. These were performed to observe the effect of Nickel addition on structure and morphology of the resulting samples."

"Litium-Ferrous-Fosfat, LiFePO4 (LFP) adalah kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan katoda baterai lithium ion. Dalam penelitian ini, LFP akan disintesis dengan menggunakan Fe2O3 melalui cara solid-state dengan bantuan H3PO4 and LiOH•H2O. Setelah itu, nikel akan ditambahkan ke LFP secara komposit. Penambahan konten glukosa sebagai sumber karbon akan dilakukan dengan tiga variasi, 6%, 8% dan 10%. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan XRD dan SEM untuk mengamati efek variasi konten karbon pada struktur dan morfologi sampel yang dihasilkan.

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Lithium-iron-phosphate, LiFePO4 (LFP) is one of promising candidate in development of battery cathode. In this experiment, the LFP will be synthesize using Fe2O3, H3PO4 and LiOH•H2O as precursors through solid-state process. Nickel will be added to the LFP/C to improve the properties of LFP/C. The addition of varies glucose content as a carbon source will be done, 6%, 8% and 10%. Material characterization of the samples will be done by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to observe the effect of glucose content on the material structure and morphology."

"Litium Titanat, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) adalah kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan anoda baterai lithium ion. Dalam penelitian ini, Li4Ti5O12 akan disintesis dengan menggunakan metode solid-state dengan menggunakan komersial TiO2 dan komersial litium hidroksida (LiOH). Setelah itu, komersial bubuk nikel dipanaskan pada suhu 600oC selama 4 jam untuk mendapatkan NiO sebagai logam oksida transisi. Penambahan NiO ke LTO kepada semua sampel sebesar 3%. Tiga variasi penambahan lama waktu proses sintering sebesar 4 jam, 8 jam, 10 jam, diberi label sampel LTO/NiO 3% (4 jam), LTO/NiO 3% (8 jam) and LTO/NiO 3% (10 jam). Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan XRD dan SEM untuk mengamati efek penambahan NiO pada struktur dan morfologi sampel yang dibuat. Hasil karakterisasi sampel menunjukkan bahwa penambahan NiO 3% memiliki konduktivitas lebih baik. Hasil dari tes Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy juga menunjukkan LTO/NiO 3% (4 jam) memiliki konduktivitas terbaik dengan nilai resistansi terkecil

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Lithium titanate, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is a promising candidate as lithium ion battery anode material. In this investigation, Li4Ti5O12 was synthesized with solid-state method by using TiO2 with the help of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and nickel powder as the precursor materials, resulting in LTO. Commercial nickel powder was heated at 600oC for 4 hours to obtain NiO as transition metal oxide. NiO addition to the LTO for all samples is 3% in weight%. Three variations of different sintering holding time for 4 hours, 8 hours and 10 hours labelled as LTO/NiO 3% (4 hours), LTO/NiO 3% (8 hours) and LTO/NiO 3% (10 hours), respectively. The characterizations were made using XRD and SEM testing. These were performed to observe the effect of NiO addition and different holding time on structure and morphology of the resulting samples. The result showed that the addition of NiO will make the samples have better conductivity. According to Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, LTO/NiO 3% (4 hours) also has the best conductivity with the lowest resistivity."

"Litium Ferro Phosphate, LiFePO4 (LFP) adalah kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan katoda baterai lithium ion. Dalam penelitian ini, LFNP/C disintesis dengan metode solid-state dari precursor LFP, Nikel menjadi variasi penambahan konten LFP dalam bentuk doping, yaitu, 6, 7,5 dan 9%, diberi label sampel LFNP/C-Ni6%, LFNP/C-Ni7.5% dan LFNP/C-Ni9%. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan XRD, SEM, EDX, dan MAPPING. Ini dilakukan untuk mengamati efek penambahan Nikel pada struktur, morfologi, dan komposisi sampel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase optimum doping Nikel adalah 7.5% karena telah menunjukan hasil yang memuaskan di performa CV,CD, dan EIS dengan ukuran kristal 76.93 nm. Dalam pengujian cyclic voltametry, konduktivitas dan kapasitas sampel meningkat dan disebabkan oleh penambahan Nikel pada LFP.

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Lithium Ferro Phosphate, LiFePO4 (LFP) is a promising candidate as a cathode material for lithium ion batteries. In this study, LFNP / C was synthesized by the solid-state method of the LFP precursors, Nickel became a variation of LFP content addition in the form of doping, namely, 6, 7.5 and 9%, labeled LFNP / C-Ni6% sample, LFNP / C-Ni7.5% and LFNP / C-Ni9%. Characterization was done using XRD, SEM, EDX, and MAPPING. This was done to observe the effect of adding Nickel to the structure, morphology, and composition of the sample. The results showed that the optimum percentage of Nickel doping was 7.5% because it had shown satisfactory results in the performance of CV, CD, and EIS with a crystal size of 76.93 nm. In cyclic voltametry testing, the conductivity and capacity of the sample increases and is caused by the addition of Nickel to LFP."

"Litium Ferro Phosphate, LiFePO4 (LFP) adalah kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan katoda baterai lithium ion. Dalam penelitian ini, LFNP/C disintesis dengan metode solid-state dari precursor LFP, Nikel menjadi variasi penambahan konten LFP dalam bentuk doping, yaitu, 6, 7,5 dan 9%, diberi label sampel LFNP/C-Ni6%, LFNP/C-Ni7.5% dan LFNP/C-Ni9%. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan XRD, SEM, EDX, dan MAPPING. Ini dilakukan untuk mengamati efek penambahan Nikel pada struktur, morfologi, dan komposisi sampel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase optimum doping Nikel adalah 7.5% karena telah menunjukan hasil yang memuaskan di performa CV,CD, dan EIS dengan ukuran kristal 76.93 nm. Dalam pengujian cyclic voltametry, konduktivitas dan kapasitas sampel meningkat dan disebabkan oleh penambahan Nikel pada LFP.

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Lithium Ferro Phosphate, LiFePO4 (LFP) is a promising candidate as a cathode material for lithium ion batteries. In this study, LFNP / C was synthesized by the solid-state method of the LFP precursors, Nickel became a variation of LFP content addition in the form of doping, namely, 6, 7.5 and 9%, labeled LFNP / C-Ni6% sample, LFNP / C-Ni7.5% and LFNP / C-Ni9%. Characterization was done using XRD, SEM, EDX, and MAPPING. This was done to observe the effect of adding Nickel to the structure, morphology, and composition of the sample. The results showed that the optimum percentage of Nickel doping was 7.5% because it had shown satisfactory results in the performance of CV, CD, and EIS with a crystal size of 76.93 nm. In cyclic voltametry testing, the conductivity and capacity of the sample increases and is caused by the addition of Nickel to LFP."

"[Telah dilakukan peningkatan konduktivitas listrik LiFePO4 dengan metode penambahan material logam nano Cu dan CNTs. Metode ini menjadi pilihan yang menarik karena mudah dan murah dalam proses pembuatannya. Proses sintesis dilakukan dengan mencampur serbuk LiFePO4 (komersil) dengan variasi presentase berat nano tembaga (komersil) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % dan 5 wt. % nano karbon (komersil)kemudian di proses vacuum mixing dan film applicator. Pengujian XRD, SEM dan EDX dilakukan pada serbuk yang diterima untuk mengkonfirmasi fasa, ukuran butir serta ada tidaknya impurities. Hasil XRD dan EDX pada serbuk nano Cu menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi oksidasi dan terbentuk menjadi CuO dan Cu2O, serta ditemukanadanya impurities elemen S sebesar 8.5 wt. %. Komposisi fasa yang dihasilkan dari proses penambahan didapat dari menganalisis pola difraksi XRD menunjukkan bahwa fasa yang terbentuk adalahLiFePO4 namun ditemukan adanya impurities berupa Cu4O3 pada variasi penambahan 80 wt. % LiFePO4, 5 wt. % Cu, 5 wt. % C, dan 10 wt. % PVDF. Konduktivitas listrik diuji material katoda LiFePO4 dengan EIS, dan hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa konduktivitas listrik LiFePO4 meningkat seiiring dengan penambahan nano Cu namun tidak terlalu signifikan (dalam satu orde), hal ini dikarenakan efek oksidasi pada Cu.Pada variasi penambahan nano C dan nano Cu terjadi peningkatan sebesar 3 orde dengan nilai konduktivitas sebesar 8.4 x 10-5 S/cm pada variasi penambahan 80 wt. % LiFePO4, 5 wt. % Cu, 5 wt. % C. Penambahan nano karbon pada LiFePO4 lebih efektif dalam peningkatan konduktivitas dibandingkan dengan penambahan nano Cudikarenakan efek oksidasi pada Cu yang tidak dapat dihindari. Morfologi material katoda dan distribusi nano Cu dan nano karbon dianalisis menggunakan SEM/EDX, menunjukkan material yang dicampur pada variasi penambahan nano Cu cukup homogen, struktur butir spherical, sedangkan pada variasi penambahan nano Cu dannano karbon struktur butir polyhedral dengan ukuran butir berada pada rentang 100- 500 nm. Struktur butir ini mempengaruhi hasil cole plot dimana pada variasi penambahan Cu terbentuk semicircle sedangkan pada penambahan nano C tidak;Improved of Electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 with the method of adding Cu Nano metal material and CNTs has been done. This method is an attractive option because it is easy and inexpensive in the manufacturing process. Synthesis process isdone by mixing the powder LiFePO4 (commercial) with a variation of the percentage by weight of Nano copper (commercial) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % and 5 wt. % CNTs (commercial) and then process in vacuum mixing and film applicator. Testing XRD, SEM and EDX performed on the powder to confirm the phase, grain size and the presence or absence of impurities. Results of XRD and EDX on Nano Cu powder showed that there had been oxidation and formed into CuO and Cu2O, and discovered the existence of impurities elements S of 8.5 wt. %.Phase composition as the result from adding process obtained with analyzing the XRD diffraction pattern showed that the phase formed is LiFePO4 yet found any impurities in the form of Cu4O3 on variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt. %, 5 wt. % Cu, 5 wt. % C, and 10 wt. % PVDF. The electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 cathode material was tested by EIS, and the results showed that the electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 increased with the addition of Nano-Cu but not too significant (still on the same order), this is because the effects of oxidation on Cu. On the addition of Nano C and Nano Cu variation there is an increase of 3 order with conductivity value 8.4 x 10-5 S / cm at variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt.%, 5 wt.% Cu, 5 wt.% C. The addition of CNTs is more effective in LiFePO4 conductivity increase, compared to the additionof Nano-Cu due to the effects of oxidation on Cu are unavoidable. Cathode material morphology and distribution of CNTs and Nano Cu analyzed using SEM / EDX, showed mixed material on the variation of the addition of Nano Cu quite homogenous, spherical grain structure, while the variation of the addition of Nano Cu and CNTs structures polyhedral grains with a grain size in the range 100-500 nm. This affects the grain structure results in a variation of Cole plot where the addition of Cu is formed semicircle, while the addition of Nano C is not.;Improved of Electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 with the method of adding CuNano metal material and CNTs has been done. This method is an attractive optionbecause it is easy and inexpensive in the manufacturing process. Synthesis process isdone by mixing the powder LiFePO4 (commercial) with a variation of the percentageby weight of Nano copper (commercial) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % and 5 wt. % CNTs(commercial) and then process in vacuum mixing and film applicator. Testing XRD,SEM and EDX performed on the powder to confirm the phase, grain size and thepresence or absence of impurities. Results of XRD and EDX on Nano Cu powdershowed that there had been oxidation and formed into CuO and Cu2O, and discoveredthe existence of impurities elements S of 8.5 wt. %.Phase composition as the result from adding process obtained with analyzingthe XRD diffraction pattern showed that the phase formed is LiFePO4 yet found anyimpurities in the form of Cu4O3 on variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt. %, 5 wt. %Cu, 5 wt. % C, and 10 wt. % PVDF. The electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 cathodematerial was tested by EIS, and the results showed that the electrical conductivity ofLiFePO4 increased with the addition of Nano-Cu but not too significant (still on thesame order), this is because the effects of oxidation on Cu. On the addition of Nano Cand Nano Cu variation there is an increase of 3 order with conductivity value 8.4 x 10-5 S / cm at variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt.%, 5 wt.% Cu, 5 wt.% C. The additionof CNTs is more effective in LiFePO4 conductivity increase, compared to the additionof Nano-Cu due to the effects of oxidation on Cu are unavoidable. Cathode materialmorphology and distribution of CNTs and Nano Cu analyzed using SEM / EDX,showed mixed material on the variation of the addition of Nano Cu quite homogenous,spherical grain structure, while the variation of the addition of Nano Cu and CNTsstructures polyhedral grains with a grain size in the range 100-500 nm. This affects thegrain structure results in a variation of Cole plot where the addition of Cu is formedsemicircle, while the addition of Nano C is not., Improved of Electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 with the method of adding CuNano metal material and CNTs has been done. This method is an attractive optionbecause it is easy and inexpensive in the manufacturing process. Synthesis process isdone by mixing the powder LiFePO4 (commercial) with a variation of the percentageby weight of Nano copper (commercial) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % and 5 wt. % CNTs(commercial) and then process in vacuum mixing and film applicator. Testing XRD,SEM and EDX performed on the powder to confirm the phase, grain size and thepresence or absence of impurities. Results of XRD and EDX on Nano Cu powdershowed that there had been oxidation and formed into CuO and Cu2O, and discoveredthe existence of impurities elements S of 8.5 wt. %.Phase composition as the result from adding process obtained with analyzingthe XRD diffraction pattern showed that the phase formed is LiFePO4 yet found anyimpurities in the form of Cu4O3 on variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt. %, 5 wt. %Cu, 5 wt. % C, and 10 wt. % PVDF. The electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 cathodematerial was tested by EIS, and the results showed that the electrical conductivity ofLiFePO4 increased with the addition of Nano-Cu but not too significant (still on thesame order), this is because the effects of oxidation on Cu. On the addition of Nano Cand Nano Cu variation there is an increase of 3 order with conductivity value 8.4 x 10-5 S / cm at variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt.%, 5 wt.% Cu, 5 wt.% C. The additionof CNTs is more effective in LiFePO4 conductivity increase, compared to the additionof Nano-Cu due to the effects of oxidation on Cu are unavoidable. Cathode materialmorphology and distribution of CNTs and Nano Cu analyzed using SEM / EDX,showed mixed material on the variation of the addition of Nano Cu quite homogenous,spherical grain structure, while the variation of the addition of Nano Cu and CNTsstructures polyhedral grains with a grain size in the range 100-500 nm. This affects thegrain structure results in a variation of Cole plot where the addition of Cu is formedsemicircle, while the addition of Nano C is not.]"

"Telah dilakukan sintesis katoda LiFePO4 dengan penambahan variasi Vanadium sebagai bahan aditif. Dalam penelitian ini bubuk LiFePO4 dibuat dengan LiOH, NH4H2PO4, dan FeSO4.7H2O sesuai stoikiometri melalui proses hidrotermal. Pada tahapan berikutnya, dilakukan pencampuran pelarut dan bubuk H4NO3V sebagai variasi dari katoda aktif bahan dan karbon hitam sebanyak 4% wt. Selanjutnya dilakukan proses hidrotermal untuk membentuk LiFePO4 murni dengan warna abu-abu terang. Setelah proses sintering, didapatkan hasil berwarna abu-abu gelap sebagai karakteristik partikel LiFePO4. Bahan katoda LiFePO4 murni disintesis pada suhu 180 °C dalam autoclave dengan waktu penahanan selama 20 jam dan selanjutnya disintering 750 °C dengan penahanan selama 4 jam. Hasil sintesis dikarakterisasi menggunakan analisis termal (STA), difraksi sinar-X (XRD), mikroskop elektron (SEM), dan sifat listrik melalui spektroskopi impendansi (EIS). Hasilnya memperlihatkan bahwa temperatur pembentukan LiFePO4 dari uji STA adalah antara 653,8 – 750,0 °C. Hasil XRD menunjukkan LiFePO4 memiliki struktur olivin dengan grup ruang ortorombik, sementara hasil SEM menunjukkan bahwa LiFePO4 berbentuk bulat dan teraglomerasi. Hasil uji EIS menghasilkan nilai impedansi atau hambatan sebesar 158 Ω untuk LiFePO4 murni hasil sintesis dan 59 Ω untuk LiFePO4 dengan doping vanadium 5%.

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Vanadium-doped LiFePO4 used as cathode for lithium ion battery has been suscessfully synthesized. In this work, LiFePO4 was synthesizwed from LiOH, NH4H2PO4, and FeSO4.7H2O at stoichiometric amount through a hydrothermal method. Vanadium was added in the forms of H4NO3V powder at concentration variations and 4% wt carbon black. The hydrothermal process has been successfully carried out to form a pure LiFePO4 with a light gray color. After the sintering process, a dark gray powder as the characteristics of LiFePO4 particles were obtain. Pure LiFePO4 was synthesized at 180 °C in an autoclave for 20 hours and was sintered at 750 °C for 4 hours. The craharacterization includes thermal analysis (STA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscope (SEM), and electrical impendance spectroscopy (EIS). The STA results showed that LiFePO4 formation temperature is at 653.8 – 750.0 °C. The XRD results showed LiFePO4 are having olivine structure with orthorhombic space group, whereas the SEM results showed that LiFePO4 has round shape with agglomerated microstructure. EIS test results showed impedance of 158 Ω for pure LiFePO4 and 59 Ω for LiFePO4 doped 5% vanadium."

"Telah dilakukan proses sintesis metode hidrotermal untuk membuat katoda LiFePO4 dengan variasi penambahan unsur vanadium dan pelapisan dengan dua jenis sumber karbon. Pada penelitian ini, pembuatan material aktif LiFePO4 diawali dengan pencampuran bahan-bahan dasar LiOH, NH4H2PO4, dan FeSO4.7H2O sesuai stoikiometri. Setelah proses sintesis, dilakukan penambahan unsur vanadium yang berasal dari bubuk H4NO3V sebagai variasi dari material aktif katoda dan dua jenis sumber karbon, yaitu karbon aktif dari bambu dan karbon hitam masing-masing sebanyak 2 wt. Bahan-bahan tersebut dicampur dengan menggunakan ball-mill dan selanjutnya dilakukan karakterisasi analisis termal dengan STA untuk menentukan temperatur sintering. Hasilnya memperlihatkan bahwa temperatur pembentukan LiFePO4 adalah sekitar 639°C. Kemudian dilakukan proses sintering selama 4 jam dan setelahnya dilakukan karakterisasi dengan menggunakan difraksi sinar-X XRD dan mikroskop elektron SEM. Hasil karakterisasi dengan XRD menunjukkan bahwa fasa LiFePO4/V/C terbentuk struktur olivin, sementara hasil SEM LiFePO4/V/C menunjukkan persebaran yang cukup merata serta ukuran partikel yang lebih kecil dan beberapa teraglomerat. Dilanjutkan dengan proses pembuatan baterai dari bahan sintesis dan diuji melalui spektroskopi impedansi EIS untuk menunjukkan konduktivitas. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pelapisan karbon pada material aktif meningkatkan konduktivitas yang cukup tinggi, namun saat penambahan vanadium konduktivitas menurun drastis.

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Synthesis of hydrothermal methods has been made to prepare LiFePO4 cathodes with variations in the addition of vanadium elements and coatings with two types of carbon sources. In this study, the preparation of LiFePO4 beguns with the precursor of LiOH, NH4H2PO4, and FeSO4.7H2O according to stoichiometry. After the synthesized, the addition of vanadium elements from H4NO3V powder as a variation of the cathode active material and two types of carbon sources, the activated carbon from bamboo and carbon black respectively 2 wt. The materials were mixed using a ball mill and subsequently characterized the thermal analysis with STA to determine the sintering temperature. The result shows that LiFePO4 formation temperature is at 639°C. Then sintering process is done for 4 hours and afterwards characterization is done by using X ray diffraction XRD and electron microscope SEM.

The result of characterization with XRD shows that LiFePO4 V C phase formed olivine structure, while the SEM result of LiFePO4 V C shows fairly even distribution and smaller particle size and some agglomerated microstructure. The batteries were prepared from the as synthesized materials and was tested using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS to show the conductivity. The results show that carbon coating on the active material increases the high conductivity, while the addition of vanadium conductivity decreases dramatically."

"Jenis baterai yang banyak dipakai saat ini, yaitu baterai ion litium. LTO merupakan material anoda yang menjanjikan karena memiliki siklus yang stabil, kapabilitas tinggi, dan aman dengan elektrolit konvensional. Alasan lain yang menjadikan LTO sebagai material yang menjanjikan untuk digunakan sebagai baterai ion litium yaitu karena memiliki sifat interkalasi dan deinterkalasi ion litium yang baik dan juga mobilitas ion litium yang luar biasa. Untuk meningkatkan kembali performa dari LTO demi memenuhi kebutuhan media penyimpan energi yang tinggi maka pada penelitian kali ini dilakukan doping pada LTO dengan co-doping Mg dan Mn dengan penambahan cerasperse sebagai zat pendispersi pada saat sintesis material aktif. Dispersan cerasperse (Ammonium Polycarbonate) bisa digunakan untuk mendispersikan partikel dan juga menghindari terjadinya agregasi. Dispersan memiliki peran positif terhadap penyebaran material aktif pada elektroda. Ketika penyebaran material aktif merata maka akan meningkatkan performa dari baterai. Metode untuk pencampuran prekursor sintesis awal dilakukan dengan metode solid-state dan dibantu dengan proses sonikasi. Variasi pada penambahan cerasperse yaitu sebesar 0%, 2,5%, 5%, dan 7,5%. Dari hasil pengujian SEM EDS menunjukkan bahwa penambahan cerasperse sebanyak 7,5% bisa mengurangi terjadinya aglomerasi dan meningkatkan persebaran partikel pada serbuk LTO/MgMn. Pada penambahan cerasperse sebanyak 7,5% juga terjadi peningkatan konduktifitas dari baterai berdasarkan pengujian EIS tetapi kapasitas spesifik yang dihasilkan buruk berdasarkan pengujian CV dan CD.

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The lithium ion battery is the sort of battery that is most frequently used nowadays. LTO is a guaranteed anode material because it has a stable cycle, high capability, and is safe with conventional electrolytes. Another reason that makes LTO a promising material for use in lithium ion batteries is that it has good lithium ion intercalation and deintercalation properties as well as the outstanding mobility of lithium ions. To improve the performance of LTO in order to meet the need for high energy storage media, in this study, LTO was doped with Mg and Mn co-doping with the addition of cerasperse as a dispersing agent during the synthesis of active materials. Dispersants like Cerasperse (Ammonium Polycarbonate) can be employed to spread particles out while also preventing agglomeration. Dispersants have a positive role in the dispersion of the active matter on the electrodes. When the active material is evenly distributed, it will improve the performance of the battery. The method for mixing the precursors of the initial synthesis was carried out by the solid-state method and assisted by the sonication process. Variations in the addition of cerasperse are 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. From the results of the SEM EDS test, it was shown that the addition of 7.5% cerasperse could reduce the occurrence of agglomeration and increase the distribution of particles in LTO/MgMn powder. According to EIS tests, the battery's conductivity increased at a cerasperse addition of 7.5 %, however the specific capacity produced was poor based on chargedischarge."