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" Water control and management have been fundamental to the building of human civilisation. In Europe, the regulation of major rivers, the digging of canals and the wetland reclamation schemes from the 16th to 19th centuries, generated new typologies of waterscapes with significant implications for the people who resided within them. This book explores the role of waterways as a form of heritage, culture, and sense of place and the potential of this to underpin the development of cultural tourism. With a multidisciplinary approach across the social sciences and humanities, chapters explore how the control and management of water flows are among some of the most significant human activities to transform the natural environment. Based upon a wealth and breadth of European case studies, the book uncovers the complex relationships that we have with waterways, the ways that they have been represented over recent centuries and the ways in which they continue to be redefined in different cultural contexts. Contributions recognise not only valuable assets of hydrology that are at the core of landscape management, but also more intangible aspects that matter to people, such as their familiarity, affecting what is understood as the fluvial sense of place. This highly original collection will be of interest to those working in Cultural Tourism, Cultural Geography, Heritage Studies, Cultural History, Landscape Studies and Leisure Studies. "

"This book approaches cultural landscape as a driver for societal challenges, economic development, social inclusion, place assessment and heritage conservation. It explores issues stemming from the relation between conservation and emergencies, and identifies descriptive tools for conveying knowledge and generating new expertise, heritage skills, seismic culture and social resilience.The documentation of landscapes, due in part to new technologies, increasingly involves integrated methodologies and graphic outcomes such as Heritage-BIM, advanced 3D modeling, and immersive environments. According to recent UNESCO recommendations, the process of mapping places is a necessary prerequisite for design action, and also includes the emotional and perceptive dimension, so as to represent space through visual thought and produce graphic materials.The chapters presented here will ultimately support efforts to overcome the emergency phase of reconstruction after natural disasters and, by exploring relevant issues in recent studies, will describe emerging tools that can help inspire practices that concern not only agrarian and urban, but also historic urban landscapes. The work also presents planning tools to help preserve the integrity and authenticity of urban heritages."

"Makalah ini membahas tentang lanskap budaya yang terkait dengan kosmologi Hindu di Situs Liangan. Situs Liangan terletak di kaki Gunung Sindoro dan berlatar belakang Hindu. Salah satu studi arkeologi dalam melihat situs arkeologi di kawasan Liangan adalah studi arkeologi permukiman, khususnya melalui pendekatan arkeologi lanskap budaya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk merekonstruksi aktivitas manusia melalui lanskap budaya dan terkait dengan kosmologi Hindu di Situs Liangan. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, Situs Liangan dapat dibagi menjadi empat wilayah dan memiliki ruang lanskap alam berupa dataran tinggi yang dimanfaatkan dan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan masyarakat Liangan di masa lalu. Caranya dengan membentuk teras-teras yang berada di sela-sela dinding teras yang dikeraskan dengan balok-balok batu yang biasa disebut talud. Selain itu, terlihat adanya pembagian konsep kosmologis pada areal yang meliputi pekarangan dan areal di luar pekarangan Situs Liangan.

Kata kunci: Situs Liangan, pemukiman, lanskap budaya, kosmologi Hindu, talud, halaman.

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This paper discusses the cultural landscape associated with Hindu cosmology at the Liangan Site. The Liangan site is located at the foot of Mount Sindoro and has a Hindu background. One of the archaeological studies in looking at archaeological sites in the Liangan area is the study of settlement archeology, particularly through an archaeological approach to cultural landscapes. The purpose of this research is to reconstruct human activities through the cultural landscape and associated with Hindu cosmology in the Liangan Site. The method used is descriptive analysis. Based on the research results, the Liangan Site can be divided into four areas and has natural landscape spaces in the form of highlands that were utilized and adapted to the needs of the Liangan people in the past. You do this by forming terraces that are in between or terrace walls which are hardened with stone blocks which are commonly called talud. Also, it is seen that there is a division of cosmological concepts in the area including the yard and the area outside the Liangan Site yard.

Key words: Liangan site, settlement, cultural landscape, Hindu cosmology, talud, grounds.

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"Merupakan segmen dari lingkungan bersejarah yaitu Kompleks Kawasan Gedung Sate yang menjadi tempat representatif untuk melakukan berbagai macam aktivitas budaya masyarakat. Wujud yang paling nyata dari proses budaya tersebut yaitu munculnya beragam budaya populer di ruang terbuka Lapangan Gasibu dan Koridor Taman MPRJB. Wujud budaya populer itu diantaranya adalah : kegiatan festival dan kesenian, aktivitas olah raga, kegiatan perkumpulan komunitas, dan pasar kaget. Namun, kondisi ini menyebabkan terjadinya problema yang dilematis pada perwajahan lingkungan menyangkut ide awal dan kenyataan yang ada sekarang. Untuk mencegah semakin memburuknya kondisi, maka diperlukan sebuah upaya untuk membentuk sebuah pusat budaya sebagai ruang yang representatif agar aktivitas berkebudayaan itu mendapatkan ruang yang memadai. Perancangan pusat budaya tersebut adalah di daerah Sekeloa dan Koridor Taman Monumen. Bertujuan untuk mewujudkan gagasan membuat garis lurus (sumbu imajiner) Gedung Sate ke Gunung Tangkuban Perahu. Konsep perancangan dirumuskan berdasarkan pendekatan cultural landscape. Cultural landscape dapat menjadi tolak ukur untuk menilai dan membangun lingkungan tempat tinggal; sarana untuk mengatasi perbedaan antara lingkungan bersejarah dan lingkungan dengan segala pengembangan barunya; sarana yang mengakomodasi segala bentuk budaya yang berkembang. Metode penelusuran sejarah dan survey digunakan untuk menemukan pembentuk cultural landscape yang paling menonjol pada kawasan, yaitu berupa : nilai historis kawasan, beragam budaya, dan keunikan kondisi geografis kawasan tersebut yang menjadikan kawasan ini berpotensi menjadi sebuah kawasan wisata sejarah, pendidikan, budaya, dan kuliner. Dengan demikian, pemahaman cultural landscape dapat dijadikan sebagai pedoman dalam pengaturan kuantitas dan kualitas unsur-unsur yang berhubungan dengan pembentukan dan penataan Kawasan Penggal Koridor dan Simpul Aksis Kawasan Gedung Sate ini, guna melestarikan dan mengembangkan kawasan tersebut agar tidak kehilangan identitas historis dan budayanya. Penataan dengan pendekatan cultural landscape diwujudkan dengan menggunakan prinsip desain Ekologikal Demokrasi, yang mengkaji manusia, alam, budaya, dan warisan bangunan bersejarah sebagai satu kesatuan pembentuk citra dan identitas tempat.

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Corridor Segment Area and Kompleks Gedung Sate Axis Node is a part of the historic environment which is became the representative to perform a wide variety of cultural activities. The most obvious manifestation of the cultural process is the emergence of the variety popular culture in Gasibu Field and Corridor Segment Area. Manifestation popular culture that include : festivals and arts activities, sports activities, community association activities, and Pasar Kaget. However, this condition causes dilemma problems in the typographical arrangement environmental regarding the initial idea be compared with the fact now. To prevent worsening of the condition, it would require an effort to establish a cultural center as a representative space in order to the culture activity get the comfortable space. The design of the cultural center is in the Sekeloa area and Corridor Segment Area. Aimed to realize the idea of making a straight line (the imaginary axis) from Gedung Sate to Tangkuban Perahu Mount. The concept design was formulated based on the cultural landscape approach. Cultural landscape can be a benchmark for assessing and building living environments; means to resolve differences between the historic environment and the environment with all the new development; facilities that accommodate all forms of culture that flourished. History research and survey methods used to discover the cultural landscape forming the most prominent in the region, which are : the historical value of the area, diversity of culture, and the unique of geographical conditions area, that made this area could potentially become a tourist destination, like history tourism, education tourism, culture tourism, and culinary tourism. Thereby, understanding the cultural landscape can be used as a guide to arrangements the quantity and quality of the elements involved in the formation and structuring Corridor Segment Area and Kompleks Gedung Sate Axis Node, to preserve and develop the area in order not lose the historical and cultural identity. Arrangement of the cultural landscape approach is realized by using ecological democracy design principles, which examines the human, natural, cultural, historic and heritage buildings as a whole forming the image and identity of the place."

"Tesis ini mengeksplorasi bagaimana perbedaan persepsi antara dua budaya, yang dikenal sebagai cultural distance, mempengaruhi pilihan kepemilikan Perusahaan Multinasional (MNE) dalam lanskap bisnis di Indonesia. Berbeda dengan penelitian-penelitian umum yang umumnya berkonsentrasi pada negara-negara maju, penelitian ini berfokus pada pasar negara berkembang—Indonesia—yang dikenal dengan struktur dan dinamika pasarnya yang khas. Dengan menggunakan Transaction Cost Theory (TCT) sebagai kerangka teori, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis 804 transaksi penanaman modal asing yang terjadi pada tahun 1997 hingga 2003. Menggunakan analisis regresi, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi hubungan antara cultural distance, tingkat pertumbuhan PDB (sebagai faktor moderasi), industri perusahaan, dan tingkat kepemilikan di kalangan perusahaan multinasional di Indonesia. Bertentangan dengan asumsi yang ada, temuan dari tesis ini secara mengejutkan menunjukkan kurangnya pengaruh yang signifikan dari cultural distance, industri perusahaan, dan tingkat pertumbuhan PDB terhadap tingkat kepemilikan, yang menunjukkan berkurangnya dampak cultural distance terhadap keputusan kepemilikan dalam konteks Indonesia. Hal ini bertentangan dengan paradigma tradisional dan menekankan telah berkembangnya faktor-faktor penentu keputusan kepemilikan perusahaan multinasional di Indonesia. Meskipun berkontribusi terhadap wacana mengenai faktor-faktor penentu kepemilikan di Indonesia, hasil-hasil yang tidak terduga ini menggarisbawahi rumitnya memahami faktor-faktor tersebut dan lantas merekomendasikan pendekatan yang kontekstual dan dengan variabel yang lebih beragam. Terlebih dari itu, penelitian ini menyerukan evaluasi ulang atas ketergantungan pada cultural distance saja, dan mendesak pendekatan yang lebih holistik dalam merumuskan strategi bisnis internasional. Upaya penelitian di masa depan harus mengeksplorasi variabel-variabel alternatif dan beragam perspektif untuk menguraikan dinamika kompleks yang menentukan pilihan kepemilikan dalam lanskap bisnis global, memberikan wawasan yang sangat berharga bagi perusahaan multinasional yang menavigasi pasar internasional.

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This thesis explores how the perceived differences between two cultures, known as cultural distance, influence Multinational Enterprises' (MNEs) ownership choices in Indonesia's business landscape. Unlike prevalent research that predominantly concentrates on developed economies, this study focuses on an emerging market—Indonesia—recognized for its distinctive market structure and dynamics. Utilizing Transaction Cost Theory (TCT) as the theoretical framework, the research aims to analyze 804 foreign investment transactions occurring from 1997 to 2003. Through regression analysis, this study explores the relationship between cultural distance, GDP growth rate (as a moderating factor), firm industry, and ownership levels among MNEs in Indonesia. Contrary to established assumptions, the findings surprisingly reveal a lack of significant influence of cultural distance, firm industry, and GDP growth rate on ownership levels, indicating a diminishing impact of cultural distance on ownership decisions in the Indonesian context. This challenges traditional paradigms and emphasizes the evolving nature of determinants governing MNEs' ownership decisions in Indonesia. While contributing to the discourse on ownership determinants in Indonesia, these unexpected results underscore the intricate nature of such factors and advocate for a contextual, multifaceted approach. More importantly, this research calls for a reevaluation of reliance on cultural distance alone, urging a more holistic approach in formulating international business strategies. Future research endeavors must explore alternative variables and diverse perspectives to decipher the complex dynamics dictating ownership choices in the global business landscape, providing invaluable insights for MNEs navigating international markets."