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"ABSTRACTOil palm is an oil plant which is of great importance for both the Thai and the world economies. Oil palm trees have a life span of approximately 20-25 years before a gradual erosion of yield sets in. Oil palm trunk (OPT) is an agricultural residue waste from oil palm re-plantation which is rich in cellulose but utilized ineffectively. One way for OPT utilization is cellulose hydrogel production. In this study, cellulose hydrogel was prepared by dissolving cellulose from OPT with 7% (w/v) of lithium chloride in dimethylacetamide (LiCl/DMAc) to create a porous hydrogel by 1, 3, 5, 8 and 10% (w/v) of (NH4)2SO4 for 3, 5 and 10 minutes. After that, it was found that soaking cellulose hydrogel in 8% (w/v) of (NH4)2SO4 solution for 5 minutes created light-browed cellulose hydrogel with an average Shore A hardness of 41 ± 1.13 and a maximum swelling equal to 90%. The chemical functional group and cross-section morphology of cellulose hydrogel were determined using Attenuated total reflectance - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively."

"This study investigates the enzymatic hydrolysis rate of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Trunk (OPT) sap in terms of the length of saccharification process with the aim to elevate sugar production. Emphasis was placed on the reaction time and addition of supplements such epsom salt (MgSO4) and alanine amino acid (C3H7NO2) to accelerate the efficiency of Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing the enzyme invertase. A whole oil palm trunk was divided into four different sections, upper, middle-1, middle-2 and bottom with separate experiments over 10 days enzymatic reaction period. The highest saccharification rate was shown as 13.47% on the tenth day. This result indicates that the increase in the saccharification rate was positively correlated with the length of hydrolysis. Moreover, the sample with nutrients achieved the highest sugar output, 17.91% on the fourth day of hydrolysis which was 4.44% higher than the hydrolysis rate of the sample without nutrients. In the presence of complex OPT sugars, together with other essential elements, epsom salt and alanine amino acid, S.cerevisiae achieved a higher hydrolysis metabolism to simple sugars as the cells strived to produce energy and regenerated the invertase. Moreover, the upper part of the OPT rendered the highest potential for sugar production with levels of 21.2% with supplements and 15.6% without. From this experimental analysis, a conventional saccharification method was optimized through the addition of nutrients and a prolonged (10 days) hydrolysis process which yielded an increase in sugar production."

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Scrub terdiri atas butiran-butiran kasar sebagai exfoliate berupa partikel microbeads. Namun, keberadaan microbeads ini menjadi permasalahan baru dilingkungan karena sifatnya yang non biodegradable dan hidrofobik. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, telah ditemukan microbeads biodegradable dari selulosa Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) sebagai limbah industri yang belum dimanfaatan secara optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh selulosa asetat dari limbah tandan kosong kelapa sawit yang memiliki karakteristik seperti microbeads polyetilen agar dapat digunakan pada pembuatan scrub. Selulosa dari tandan kosong kelapa sawit diekstraksi melalui proses delignifikasi dan bleaching. Selulosa yang diperoleh selanjutnya diaktifasi dengan asam asetat glasial, diasetilasi dengan katalis (asam sulfat) serta asam asetat anhidrat. Selanjutnya ditambahkan aquades sebagai proses hidrolisa. Selulosa asetat yang diperoleh kemudian dicuci, dikeringkan dalam oven, dihaluskan dan disaring dengan saringan 40 dan 60 mesh. Diperoleh yield selulosa asetat sebesar 85,16%. Analisis awal merupakan analisis penyerapan air dari selulosa dan selulosa asetat dengan hasil yang diperoleh masing-masing sebesar 82,43% dan 24,83%, serta penyerapan minyak masing-masing sebesar 10,34% dan 8,27%. Nilai penyerapan air dan minyak dapat menentukan apakah selulosa asetat dalam scrub dapat digunakan untuk kulit manusia secara umum yang lembab dan berminyak. Dilanjutkan dengan analisis FTIR yang menunjukkan selulosa asetat memiliki gugus fungsi C=O pada panjang gelombang 1737,97 cm^-1. Analisis SEM-EDS menunjukkan permukaan pori selulosa asetat lebih seragam dan distribusi pori lebih merata daripada selulosa serta memiliki komposisi dominan dari karbon (c) dan oksigen (O) sebagai senyawa organik dan ramah lingkungan. Proses selanjutnya, selulosa asetat dengan variabel konsentrasi 1, 3 dan 5 % dicampur pada formula krim scrub. Formula scrub dianalisis secara berkala dengan analisis pH, organoleptis, dan stabilitas. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa selulosa asetat dari limbah tandan kosong kelapa sawit dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti microbeads biodegradabel untuk pembuatan scrub dengan konsentrasi terbaik yaitu 5% karena memiliki pH yang lebih rendah agar dapat menjaga ketahanan kulit terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri dan rangsangan iritasi. Hasil uji stabilitas scrub meliputi angka lempeng total dan kapang khamir yaitu sebesar <10 CFU/gr (angka maksimum yang disyaratkan oleh BPOM sebesar ≤10³ CFU/gr). Produk scrub berupa cairan kental dengan konsentrasi selulosa asetat 5% bermanfaat untuk mempercepat proses scrubing,  mempermudah mengangkat kotoran pada kulit dan sel kulit mati.

 

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The scrub are consist of  coarse particles as exfoliate in the form of microbeads particles. However, the existence of microbeads is a new problem in the environment. Its non-biodegradable and hydrophobic. To overcome this problem, microbeads biodegradable have been found from cellulose Oil Palm Empty Bunches as industrial waste that has not been optimally utilized. This study aims to obtain cellulose acetate from oil palm empty fruit bunch waste which has characteristics such as polyethylene microbeads so that it can be used in scrub formulas. Cellulose from oil palm empty bunches was extracted through a process of delignification and bleaching. Then the product of cellulose was activated with glacial acetic acid, acetylation process were added catalyst (sulfuric acid) and anhydrous acetic acid. After the acetylation process stops, add aquades as hydrolysis process. Then washed the cellulose acetat, dried in an oven, mashed it and filtered with 40 and 60 mesh sieves. The yield of oil palm empty fruit bunches cellulose acetate was 85,16 %. The initial analysis of cellulose and cellulose acetate is the analysis of water and oil absorption with the results of water absorption from cellulose and cellulose acetate is 82,43% and 24,83%, while the absorption of oil from cellulose and cellulose acetate is 10,34% and 8,27 %. The absorption value of water and oil can determine whether cellulose acetate in scrubs can be used for human skin in general that is moist and oily. Followed by the FTIR analysis result shows cellulose acetate has C=O functional group at wavelength 1737,97 cm^-1. Analysis SEM-EDS shows the morphology of cellulose acetate ware more homogeneous and distribution of holes evenly than cellulose and has a dominant composition of carbon (c) and oxygen (O) as organic and biodegradable compounds. The next process, cellulose acetate with variable concentrations of 1, 3 and 5% was mixed in a scrub cream formula. The scrub formula was analyzed periodically by analysis of pH, organoleptic, and stability. From this research, concluded that cellulose acetate from oil palm empty fruit bunch waste can be used as a substitute biodegradable microbeads for making scrub with the best concentration of 5% because it has a lower pH in order to maintain skin resistance to bacterial growth and irritant stimulation. The scrub stability test results includes the total plate count and yeast molds are <10 CFU / gr (the maximum number required by BPOM is ≤10³ CFU / gr).  The scrub products in the form of viscous liquids and have higher cellulose acetate concentrations are useful for accelerating the scrubing process, easier for exfoliate of dirt on skin and dead skin cells.

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"Perkembangan microbeads sedang marak terjadi di Indonesia, namun microbeads terbuat dari plastik yang tidak dapat terdegradasi sehingga mencemari lingkungan. Oleh karena itu bahan bakunya diganti dengan yang dapat terdegradasi, yaitu selulosa asetat dari tandan kosong kelapa sawit dan daun nangka kering. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan selulosa dan selulosa asetat dari tandan kosong kelapa sawit dan daun nangka kering dengan yield optimum. Selulosa asetat merupakan polimer yang banyak digunakan di industri serat dan plastik. Selulosa asetat dibuat dengan reaksi esterifikasi dari selulosa dan asetat anhidrat. Bahan baku yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tandan kosong kelapa sawit dan daun nangka kering, karena untuk memanfaatkan limbah, tersedia dalam jumlah banyak, dan mempunyai kandungan selulosa yang cukup tinggi. Selulosa dan selulosa asetat dengan yield optimum didapat dengan cara memvariasikan waktu delignifikasi, waktu bleaching, dan waktu asetilasi. Isolasi selulosa dilakukan melalui proses delignifikasi dengan penambahan NaOH dan proses bleaching dengan penambahan H2O2. Didapat yield optimum untuk selulosa tandan kosong kelapa sawit adalah 36,45 , dengan waktu delignifikasi 1,5 jam dan waktu bleaching 30 menit. Sedangkan yield optimum selulosa daun nangka adalah 13,72 , dengan waktu delignifikasi 1 jam dan waktu bleaching 30 menit. Selulosa asetat didapat melalui proses aktivasi selulosa dengan asam asetat glasial, asetilasi dengan asetat anhidrat, dan hidrolisis dengan air. Yield selulosa asetat yang didapat adalah sebesar 81,75 untuk tandan kelapa sawit dan 63,89 untuk daun nangka.

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The development of microbeads is rapidly growing in Indonesia, but microbeads are made of plastic so it cannot be degraded and pollute the environment. Therefore, the raw material is replaced with degradable material, which is cellulose acetate from palm oil bunches and dried jackfruit leaves. The objective of this study was to obtain cellulose and cellulose acetate from empty fruit bunches of palm oil and dried leaves of jackfruit with optimum yield. Cellulose acetate is a natural polymer, that is widely used in various industries, especially fiber and plastics. Cellulose acetate is created by an esterification reaction of cellulose and acetic anhydride.

The raw materials used in this research are empty fruit bunches of palm oil and dried jackfruit leaves, because utilization of waste, available in large quantities, and contain high cellulose. Cellulose and cellulose acetate with optimum yield were obtained by varying delignification time, bleaching time, and acetylation time. Cellulose isolation was performed through a delignification process by adding NaOH and bleaching process by adding H2O2.

The optimum yield for the empty palm oil bunches cellulose was 36.45, with the delignification time of 1.5 hours and the bleaching time of 30 minutes. The optimum yield of jackfruit leaves cellulose was 13.72, with 1 hour delignification time and 30 minutes bleaching time. Cellulose acetate is obtained by cellulose activation process by adding acetic acid glacial, acetylation process with anhydrous acetate, and hydrolysis with water. The yield of cellulose acetate obtained was 81.75 for palm oil bunches and 63.89 for jackfruit leaves."

"Atherosclerosis is a degenerative disease of large and medium arteries which loss their elasticity and the arterial walls are thickened which may cause coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis is related to hyperlipidemia and concentration of serum lipoprotein cholesterol which are influenced by the intake of certain dietary lipids. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), particularly linoleic acid is believed to have a lowering effect, saturated fatty acid (SAFA) increase, and mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) is neutral or has no effect on serum triglyceride that PUFA especially when given ia a large amount besides HDL-c. MUFA seems to have a similar effect as PUFA but without lowering effect on HDL-c. Low LDL-c and high HDL-c levels have positive effect on preventing and curing atherosclerosis and contrary of high LDL-c and low HDL-c.In this study, 60 albino, 2 month old male rats were put in separate cages and divides randomly into 6 groups. Each group received proportionally the first phase diet rich in margarine (40% of total energy) and cholesterol (10% w/w) for 3 months with additional oralforced feeding of proplythiouracil treated with the second phase diet with additional different types of fat source. The control group receieved normal diet. Determination of serum TG, total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c and microscopic pathological examination of the aorta were carried out after treatment with the first and second phase diets.Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences in serum TG, total cholesterol and LDL-c levels, the amount of diet consumed and the body weight changes between the treatment serum TG, total cholesterol and LDL-c as peanut oil. Serum HDL-c appeared not to be influenced by the different types of dietary fat. Pathological examination did not reveal any identifiable atherosclerosis signs in the aorta of the rats."

"Batang kelapa sawit merupakan limbah industri kelapa sawit yang melimpah. Salah satu pemanfaatan batang kelapa sawit yaitu untuk bahan campuran pembuatan papan semen. Papan semen berpenguat serat batang kelapa sawit dari penelitian ini ditujukan untuk penyerap suara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi perlakuan awal terbaik terhadap serat batang kelapa sawit atau Oil Palm Trunk Fiber (OPTF) untuk meningkatkan kompatibilitas terbaik dengan bahan semen sehingga dihasilkan papan semen untuk penyerap suara dengan kinerja yang baik. Metode penelitian berfokus pada perlakuan pendahuluan terhadap OPTF, tambahan akselerator (CaCl2 3% dari berat semen) dan komposisinya dengan semen untuk menghasilkan papan semen. Perlakuan awal ini berupa perendaman air dingin pada suhu kamar selama 24 jam (OPTF-2) dan perlakuan karbonisasi hidrotermal pada suhu 130°C selama 4 jam (OPTF-3), serta tanpa perlakuan (OPTF-1). Komposisi serat dan semen yang digunakan yaitu 1 : 2,75; 1 : 3,00 dan 1 : 3,25 (basis berat). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum perlakuan terbaik untuk mendapatkan papan semen berpenguat OPTF dengan tujuan penyerap suara pada penelitian ini adalah perlakuan OPTF-3 dengan komposisi serat dan semen 1 : 2,75. Papan ini optimum digunakan sebagai papan penyerap suara pada frekuensi 4000 Hz. Nilai koefisien absorpsi (α) yang diperoleh sebesar 0,91

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Oil palm trunk is waste from oil palm industry that abundantly available. One of the uses of oil palm trunks is as mixtures to produce mixtures of cement boards. Palm fiber reinforced cement board from this research was intended for sound absorbtion. This study aimed to analyze the best pretreatment of oil palm trunk fiber (OPTF) to improve the best compatibility with cement materials for producing cement boards for good performance of sound absorbtion. The research method focused on the pre-treated OPTF with the addition of accelerator (CaCl2, 3% by weight of cement) and its composition with cement to produce cement board. This pre-treatment involved cold water immersion at room temperature for 24 hours (OPTF-2) and hydrothermal carbonization treatment at 130°C for 4 hours (OPTF-3); as well as fibre without pre-treatment (OPTF-1). The compositions of fiber and cement were 1: 2.75; 1: 3.00 and 1: 3.25 (weight base). In general, the results showed the best cement board with OPTF-3 fibre and cement composition of 1 : 2.75. The OPTF-3 reinforced cement board worked optimally for a sound absorbtion board at the frequency of 4000 Hz. The absorption coefficient (α) obtained is 0.91"

"Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) merupakan limbah hasil pengolahan kelapa sawit yang mengandung lignoselulosa yang terdiri dari 55,75% selulosa, 28,93% hemiselulosa dan 15,32% lignin. Secara kimawi, selulosa terikat dengan hemiselulosa dan lignin sehingga diperlukan delignifikasi untuk memisahkan selulosa dari komponen lignoselulosa lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan α-selulosa dari TKKS melalui proses delignifikasi dengan DES (Deep Eutectic Solvent), mendapatkan informasi mengenai pengaruh pretreatment asam oksalat dan natrium hidroksida, penambahan air, dan penggunaan Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) pada proses delignifikasi. Pelarut DES pada penelitian ini menggunakan Hydrogen Bond Acceptor (HBA), yaitu; kolin klorida (ChCl) dan Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD), yaitu asam laktat, urea, gliserol, dan asam oksalat yang dikombinasikan pada rasio molar HBA dan HBD 1:1, 1:2, dan 1:3. Analisis kuantitatif dilakukan dengan metode Wet Chemistry dan Chesson-Data. Identifikasi α-selulosa dilakukan dengan pengamatan organoleptis, analisis Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar α-selulosa tertinggi, yaitu 89,16% diperoleh dari delignifikasi menggunakan ChCl:asam laktat (1:1) dengan penambahan air 15%. Waktu optimal pada penggunaan UAE adalah 30 menit dengan kadar α-selulosa 92,96%. α-selulosa yang dihasilkan berwarna kuning pucat dengan karakteristik yang mirip dengan standar sehingga TKKS berpotensi untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut sebagai eksipien sediaan farmasi.

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Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) is a waste generated from palm oil processing that contains lignocellulosic biomass, which consists of 55.75% cellulose, 28.93% hemicellulose and 15.32% lignin. Chemically, cellulose is bound to hemicellulose and lignin so that delignification is needed to separate cellulose from other lignocellulosic components. This study aims to obtain α-cellulose from OPEFB through the delignification process of DES (Deep Eutectic Solvent), to find out information about the effect of oxalic acid and sodium hydroxide pretreatment, the addition of water, and the use of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). DES solvent in this study used Hydrogen Bond Acceptor (HBA) choline chloride and Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD), namely lactic acid, urea, glycerol, and oxalic acid which would then be combined at 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 molar ratios. Quantitative analysis of α-cellulose content was carried out using Wet Chemistry and Chesson-Data methods. Identification of α-cellulose by organoleptic observation, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results showed that the highest α-cellulose content, which was 89.16%, was obtained from delignification using ChCl:lactic acid (1:1) with 15% water. Furthermore, the optimal time for using UAE was 30 minutes with α-cellulose 92,96%. The resulting α-cellulose has yellow pale color. The identification results showed similar characteristics to the standard so that has the potential to be further developed as pharmaceutical excipients."

"Detergent with composition originated from renewable material are being widely developed to replace detergent that contains LAS (Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate), which is originated from oil and hard to decompose. This undergaduate thesis proposed a detergent based on natural ingredients TiO2 and Palm PAS (Palm Oil- Based Primary Alkyl Sulfate). Palm PAS are able to remove dirt, TiO2 are able to degrade dirt and leftover surfactant. After finding the stable and optimum composition of TiO2 and Palm PAS in deionized water, sodium carbonate was added because in the previous research the formulated detergent has only been tested in deionized water. It is hypothesized that water hardness will decrease the performance of detergent. Hard water used in this research was CaCl2 because it was found widely in the water used for washing. The initial characterization of the solution was done using PSA while most of the absorbance determination was done using Uv-vis spectrometer."

"Karet alam dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku dalam pembuatan ban kendaraan bermotor. Beberapa material seperti carbon black dan silika ditambahkan untuk meningkatkan kekuatan produk karet alam. Namun industri di Indonesia harus mengimpor carbon black dan silika dari luar negeri, kekurangan lainnya adalah memiliki dampak bagi lingkungan karena material tersebut sulit terurai. Material biomassa berupa serat alam tandan kosong kelapa sawit mampu menggantikan carbon black dan silika sebagai produk karet alam. Namun terdapat perbedaan sifat antara karet alam (hidrofobik) dengan serat alam TKKS (hidrofilik). Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan suatu media berupa coupling agent hibrida karet alam selulosa untuk menyatukan karet alam dengan serat TKKS. Pada penelitian ini digunakan variasi coupling agent sebanyak 0, 1, 2 dan 3 phr dan variasi serat TKKS 5, 10 dan 15 phr untuk mengetahui kompatibilitas, morfologi dan temperatur degradasi dari produk komposit karet alam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penggunaan coupling agent dapat meningkatkan kompatibilitas dan temperatur degradasi produk komposit karet alam yang semula 376oC menjadi 388oC pada pemakaian coupling agent sebanyak 3 phr. Sementara penggunaan serat TKKS meningkatkan temperatur degradasi produk komposit karet alam yang semula 382oC menjadi 389oC pada pemakaian serat TKKS sebanyak 15 phr.

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Natural rubber used as raw material in the manufacture of tires. Carbon black and silica are added to improve the strength of natural rubber products. Industry in Indonesia must import carbon black and silica, another disadvantage is carbon black and silica difficult to decompose, so the environment has an impact. Biomass material form of natural fiber empty fruit bunch can replace carbon black and silica as natural rubber products. But there are differences in the nature between natural rubber (hydrophobic) and natural fiber TKKS (hydrophilic). Therefore cellulose natural rubber hybrid coupling agent needed to connect natural rubber with OPEFB fiber. In this study used variations of coupling agent 0, 1, 2 and 3 phr and variations in OPEFB fiber 5, 10, 15 phr to determine compatibility, morphology and degradation temperature of natural rubber composite products. The results showed that the use of coupling agents can improve compatibility and the degradation temperature of natural rubber composite products from 376oC to 388oC in the use of 3 phr coupling agents. While the use of OPEFB fiber increases the degradation temperature of natural rubber composite products from 382oC to 389oC on the use of 15 phr TKKS fibers."

"Indonesia merupakan negara dengan produksi karet terbesar kedua didunia. Bahan baku karet paling banyak digunakan umumnya pada industri otomotif khususnya aplikasi ban kendaraan. Ban diharuskan memiliki sifat mekanik yang tinggi pada aplikasinya. Penambahan pengisi umum dipakai untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik pada aplikasi kompon ban. Pengisi yang umum dipakai ialah karbon hitam dan silika namun terkendala pada biaya yang mahal pada material tersebut. Serat Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit(TKKS) berpotensi menjadi salah satu pengisi alternatif. Namun, Sifat permukaan serat TKKS yang sangat polar menjadi kendala dalam kompatibilitasnya terhadap karet alam yang non polar sehingga diperlukan coupling agent dalam aplikasinya. Hibrida karet alam-selulosa dapat menjadi agen pengikat antara karet alam dengan serat TKKS. Akan tetapi dalam pemrosesan karet setiap zat yang ditambahkan akan mempengaruhi proses vulkanisasi. Investigasi perilaku alir dari proses vulkanisasi dan kompatibilitas karet alam-serat TKKS yang ditambahkan coupling agent karet alam selulosa telah dilakukan. Hasil menunjukan penambahan coupling agent meningkatkan absorpsi ikatan hidrogen O-H serta menurunkan fiber pull-out dan meningkatkan distribusi dan dispersi serat. Perilaku alir menunjukan peningkatan torsi maksimum serta penurunan waktu scorch dan waktu optimal pematangan serta didapatkan optimum pada pemakaian suhu vulkanisasi 150°C dan coupling agent karet alam-selulosa sebesar 2 phr. Nilai konstanta laju reaksi menunjukkan kenaikan serta energi aktivasi mengalami penurunan terhadap temperatur dan komposisi coupling agent karet alam-selulosa.

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Indonesia is the second largest natural rubber producer in the world. Raw material of natural rubber found most of its application in automotive industries espesially the main material of vehicle tires. The tires require good mechanical properties in its application. Addition of filler is a common method to enhance the mechanical strength in rubber mostly utilizing carbon black and silica. Another alternative is by using oil palm empty fruit bunch(OPEFB) as the filler. However, OPEFB has a polar characteristic on its surface, thus reducing its compatibilty with natural rubber significantly. Natural rubber-cellulose hybrid shows possibility to be utilized. However, in processing rubber, each added substance will affect the vulcanization process. Investigation of flow behavior of the vulcanization process and compatibility of natural rubber-fiber OPEFB which was added to the narutral rubber grafted cellulose coupling agent was carried out. The results show that the addition of coupling agents increases the absorption of O-H hydrogen bonds and lowers fiber pull-out and increases fiber dispersion. Flow behavior showed an increase in maximum torque and a decrease in scorch time and optimal maturation time and was obtained optimum at the use of 150°C vulcanization temperature and latex-cellulose coupling agent of 2 phr. The value of the reaction rate constant increase and the activation energy decreases with temperature and the composition of the latex-cellulose coupling agent."