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"ABSTRACTFamilies of the missing often have no facts to clarify whether their loved one is alive or dead, or if dead, where the remains are located. Such loss is called ambiguous loss, and those suffering from it will usually resist change and will continue to hope that the missing person will return. As this article will endeavour to explain, our goal as professionals working with the families of the missing is to help them shift to another way of thinking that allows them to live well despite ambiguous loss. To do this, we must acknowledge that the source of suffering the ambiguity lies outside the family. The article offers a psychosocial model with six guidelines focusing on meaning, mastery, identity, ambivalence, attachment, and finding new hope."

"ABSTRACTIn the last thirty years, tens of thousands of Sri Lankans have experienced enforced disappearances of family members. In 2016, many members of such families came before the Consultation Task Force on Reconciliation Mechanisms, which was mandated to gather views on how people thought the transitional justice mechanisms should be designed, how they should be established and how they should function. This process allowed the families to share their experiences and to outline what they saw as important in shaping the transitional justice mechanisms. This article surveys the complex nature of their distress and psychosocial needs, as expressed by them during the consultations. It proposes that transitional justice mechanisms should be designed to protect their psychosocial well-being, address their complex psychosocial needs, and provide them with support and protection before, during and after their engagement in the mechanisms."

"Masalah perceraian merupakan isu yang tidak habis untuk diperbincangkan, hal ini dikarenakan terus meningkatnya angka perceraian setiap tahunnya. Dampak perceraian salah satunya adalah perkembangan pembentukkan peran jender pada anak yang berkaitan dengan pola asuh orangtua. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran karakteristik sifat peran jender androgini pada dewasa muda dari keluarga bercerai. Partisipan penelitian ini merupakan dewasa muda, sejumlah 104 partisipan. Karakteristik sifat androgini diukur dengan alat ukur Bem Sex Roles Inventory yang dikembangkan oleh Bem (1974). Hasil utama penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas partisipan penelitian ini yang merupakan dewasa muda dari keluarga bercerai memiliki karakteristik sifat androgini, atau dengan kata lain tingkat karakteristik sifat androgini yang dimiliki oleh partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah tinggi. Berdasarkan hasil analisa tambahan penelitian, terdapat perbedaan mean skor karakteristik sifat androgini antara usia partisipan pada saat ini dan jenis kelamin partisipan.

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Divorce is an issue to be discussed, this is due to the increasing number of divorces each year. Impact of the divorce on children one of them is the development of gender roles that related to the way of parenting. This study aimed to look at the picture of the androgyny gender role's trait of young adults from divorced families. Participants of this study are young adults, with the amounts of 104 participants. Androgyny trait was measured by Bem Sex Roles Inventory developed by Bem (1974).

The main results of this study indicate that the majority of the study participants who are young adults from divorced families do have the androgyny trait, or in other words the level of androgyny trait possessed by the participants in this study was high. Based on the results of the study, there were differences in the androgyny trait's mean score between the current age category and the sex of participants."

"The Strong African American Families Program, a universal preventive intervention to deter alcohol use among rural African American adolescents, was evaluated in a cluster-randomized prevention trial. This 7-week family skills training program is based on a contextual model in which intervention effects on youth protective factors lead to changes in alcohol use. African American 11-year-olds and their primary caregivers from 9 rural communities (N = 332 families) were randomly selected for study participation. Communities were randomized to prevention and control conditions. Intent-to-treat analyses indicated that fewer prevention than control adolescents initiated alcohol use; those who did evinced slower increases in use over time. Intervention-induced changes in youth protective factors mediated the effect of group assignment on long-term changes in use."

"The present study expands on focal research by Zajonc (1965) and Cottrell (1972) and aims to replicate audience effects in terms of an evaluation apprehension model using an independent measures experiment design. Forty university students were allocated to either an audience or no audience condition, completing both a time-based task and a short survey afterwards. Participants were measured on the time spent on completing the task as well as their self- reported evaluation apprehension. The results showed a significant difference in the time needed for participants to complete the task between the two conditions. Participants spent more time on the task in the no audience condition. Furthermore, the evaluation apprehension of participants in the audience condition did not differ significantly from those in the no audience condition. These findings only partly replicate audience effects but do not suggest evaluation apprehension as the mechanism behind it.

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Penelitian ini melanjutkan kajian utama oleh Zajonc (1965) dan Cottrell (1972) dengan tujuan mereplikasi pengaruh audiens dengan kerangka kerja evaluation apprehension dengan menggunakan desain studi independent-measures. Empat puluh mahasiswa dialokasikan ke dalam dua kondisi, yaitu antara kondisi dengan audiens dan tanpa audiens, dengan menyelesaikan sebuah tugas berbasis waktu dan sebuah survei pendek setelahnya. Partisipan diukur pada waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk menyelesaikan tugas ini dan juga pada laporan evaluation apprehension mereka sendiri. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan signifikan pada waktu yang dibutuhkan partisipan untuk menyelesaikan tugas di antara kedua kondisi. Partisipan membutuhkan waktu lebih banyak pada kondisi tanpa audiens. Selain itu, evaluation apprehension partisipan dalam kondisi dengan audiens tidak berbeda secara signifikan dari mereka yang berada dalam kondisi tanpa audiens. Penemuan ini mereplikasi adanya pengaruh audiens tapi tidak mengindikasi adanya sebuah mekanisme evaluation apprehension di baliknya."

"The impact of early therapeutic alliance was examined in 100 clients receiving either individual cognitive- behavioral therapy (CBT) or family therapy for adolescent substance abuse. Observational ratings of adolescent alliance in CBT and adolescent and parent alliance in family therapy were used to predict treatment retention (in CBT only) and outcome (drug use, externalizing, and internalizing symptoms in both conditions) at post and 6-month follow-up. There were no alliance effects in CBT. In family therapy, stronger parent alliance predicted declines in drug use and externalizing. Adolescents with weak early alliances that subsequently improved by midtreatment showed significantly greater reductions in externalizing than adolescents whose alliances declined. Results underscore the need for ongoing developmental calibration of intervention theory and practice for adolescent clinical populations."

"Using data from the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment for Depression Collaborative Research Program, the authors examined the impact on treatment outcome of the patient's perception of the quality of the therapeutic relationship and contribution to the therapeutic alliance. Shared variance with early clinical improvement was removed from these relationship measures. Multilevel modeling demonstrated that a perceived positive therapeutic relationship early in treatment predicted more rapid decline in maladjustment subsequent to the relationship assessment. This effect occurred equally across all 4 treatment conditions. A positive early therapeutic relationship also predicted better adjustment throughout the 18-month follow-up as well as development of greater enhanced adaptive capacities (EAC). Controlling a wide range of patient characteristics did not eliminate the effects of the therapeutic relationship on rate of improvement during treatment and on EAC. Thus, independent of type of treatment and early clinical improvement, the therapeutic relationship contributes directly to positive therapeutic outcome."