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"ABSTRACTThe prevalence of childhood overnutrition is increasing in many parts of the world including Indonesia. National basic health research (RISKESDAS) 2010 showed that over-nutrition in urban children (10.4%) was greater than in rural areas (8.1%). The purpose of this study was to analyse risk factors for overnutrition on elementary students in urban and rural areas in Pekanbaru. This was an observasional analytical study with cross-sectional design. This study involved 137 urban and 113 rural students from six elementary schools in Pekanbaru recruited by quota sampling technique. This study was conducted between April-May 2018. The results showed that the proportions of overweight and obesity in urban Pekanbaru were 16.1% and 16.8% respectively, while in rural areas were 12.4% and 9.7%, respectively. Furthermore, outdoor activity and snacking habit were significant contributors of childhood overnutrition in urban area whereas frequency of main meal was associated with childhood overnutrition in rural area. In conclusion, there was no difference in the incidence of overnutrition among elementary students in urban and rural areas in Pekanbaru. This study indicated that obesity risk factors may be different between urban and rural areas in Pekanbaru."

"Latar belakang: Otitis media efusi adalah penyebab tersering gangguan pendengaran pada anak-anak di negara berkembang. Diagnosis dan penatalaksanaan OME pada anak sering terlambat karena jarang dikeluhkan. OME merupakan penyakit yang memiliki banyak faktor risiko. Salah satu faktor risiko OME yang saat ini banyak dihubungkan dengan kelainan di telinga tengah adalah refluks laringofaring. Tujuan: Mengetahui peran refluks laringofaring sebagai faktor risiko OME pada anak-anak. Metode:Pemeriksaan penapisan 396 anak pada tahap pertama dan 1620 anak pada tahap kedua untuk mencari 46 anak yang masukkategori OME sebagai kelompok kasus, kemudian pemilihan 46 anakkelompok non OME sebagaikontrol secara acak, menyepadankan usia dan jenis kelamin. Pada kedua kelompok dilakukan wawancara, pengisian kuesioner, pemeriksaan THT dan pemeriksaan laring dengan nasofaringoskopi serat lentur untuk mendiagnosis refluks laringofaring. Hasil: Proporsi refluks laringofaring pada kelompok OME lebih tinggi dibandingkan non OME, yaitu sebesar 78,3% dan 52,2%.Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara refluks laringofaring dan OMEdengan nilai odds ratio (OR)3,3 dan interval kepercayaan (IK) 95% antara 1,33 sampai 8,187; p=0,01). Kesimpulan:Refluks laringofaring merupakan faktor risiko yang memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan terjadinya otitis media efusi.

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Background: Otitis media with effusion (OME) is the most cause of hearing impairment in children of developing countries. OME is usually late in diagnosis and management due to the lack of patient’s complaints. OME is a disease that has many risks factor. One of the risk factor in developing OME, that is currently being studied, is its relationship with laryngopharyngeal reflux.

Purpose: To know the role of laryngopharyngeal reflux as a risk factor for OME.

Methods: Examination of the first stage was performed to 396 children and the second stage was performed to 1620 children. Using the exclusion and inclusion criteria, 46 children were accounted as the case group. Forty six children for control group was randomly taken from non OME patients whichmatched with age and sex from the case group. Both groups were treated equally with history taking, questionnaire filling, ENT examination and larynx examination using fiberoptic flexible laryngoscope to diagnose whether there is laryngopharyngeal reflux or not.

Results: The proportional of laryngopharyngeal reflux in OME group is higher compared to non OME group, with 78,3% and 52,2%. There is a significant relationship between laryngopharyngeal reflux and OME with an odds ratio (OR) 3,3 and confidence interval (CI) 95% of 1,33-8,187 (p=0,01).

Conclusion: Laryngopharyngeal reflux is a risk factor that has significant relationship with OME."

"Saat ini prevalensi obesitas di Indonesia mengalami peningkatan. Akibat buruk dari obesitas adalah dapat menimbulkan berbagai penyakit kronik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan obesitas pada anak usia sekolah di SD Islam Al-Azhar 14 Semarang. Desain penelitian ini deskriptik analitik dengan cross sectional study. Dengan teknik stratified simple random sampling, didapatkan jumlah sampel 80 responden. Sebagian besar responden adalah laki-laki dengan rata-rata usia 8,55 tahun, dengan latar belakang orangtua bersuku Jawa. Mayoritas kedua orangtua berpendidikan tinggi dan berpenghasilan menengah ke atas. Rata-rata jumlah anak dalam keluarga 2,51 dengan jumlah anak antara satu sampai dengan lima anak dan sebagian besar ibu bekerja. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara IMT ayah (p=0,000) dan IMT ibu (p=0,000), pola makan (p=0,007), kurang aktivitas fisik (p=0,000), dan tingkat sosial ekonomi keluarga (p=0,005) dengan kejadian obesitas pada anak. Faktor yang paling dominan terhadap kejadian obesitas adalah faktor kurang aktivitas fisik.

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Currently, Indonesia is facing obesity problems, and obesity can result in varied chronic diseases. The objectives of this study was to identify the factors affecting obesity among school-age children at Al-Azhar 14 Islamic Elementary School Semarang. A cross-sectional descriptive-analitic and retrospective study was employed and stratified simple random sampling was used to select the respondents. The majority of responden were male with the mean of age was 8.55 years old. Most of the parents were Javanist. Most parents had high educational background and were in the middle society. The mean number of children was 2.51 and most of the mothers were working mothers. There were four factors that had significant association to children obesity, namely the father's BMI (p=0,000) and mother's BMI of mothers (p=0,000), eating pattern (p=0,007), physical activity (p=0,000), and socio-economic level (p=0,005). The dominant factor was physical activity."

"Latar Belakang: Pembelajaran jarak jauh anak sekolah selama pandemi COVID-19 menyebabkan penggunaan perangkat digital sebagai media pembelajaran. Peningkatan pajanan monitor dan aktivitas melihat dekat diduga meningkatkan angka kejadian astenopia. Tujuan: Mendapatkan angka kejadian astenopia subjektif dan menilai faktor yang mempengaruhinya pada anak SMP dan SMA Negeri di Jakarta di era pandemi COVID-19. Metode: Penelitian dengan desain potong lintang menggunakan kuesioner Revised Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) diadaptasi ke dalam Bahasa melalui tahapan validasi. Skoring CISS 16 sebagai batasan keluhan astenopia yang dialami subjek. Hasil: Kuesioner CISS versi Bahasa adalah valid dan reliabel dengan nilai p<0,05 dengan koefisien Cronbach’s ±  sebesar 0,910 dan 0,925. Subjek penelitian sebanyak 901 responden. Angka kejadian astenopia sebesar 36%. Analisis multivariat didapatkan pencahayaan ruangan yang kurang terang di luar PJJ (OR=8,25;p=0,001), durasi screen time >2 jam saat PJJ (OR>3,73;p=0,001), penyakit mata lain (OR=3,72;p=0,002), melakukan aktivitas dekat dengan posisi berbaring (OR=2,45;p=0,014), durasi tidur malam <8 jam (OR=2,29;p<0,001), penggunaan kacamata (OR=2,10;p<0,001), aktivitas dekat menonton film dengan perangkat digital/TV (OR=1,67;p=0,004), dan jarak baca <30 cm saat PJJ (OR=1,47;p=0,016) merupakan faktor risiko independent untuk astenopia pada anak sekolah. Kesimpulan: Kuesioner CISS versi Bahasa merupakan instrumen yang valid dan reliabel untuk mendiagnosis astenopia pada anak sekolah. Angka kejadian astenopia di Jakarta cukup tinggi dengan faktor risiko berupa pencahayaan ruangan kurang terang, durasi daring >2 jam, penyakit mata lain, aktivitas dekat dengan posisi berbaring, durasi tidur malam <8 jam, penggunaan kacamata, aktivitas dekat menonton film dengan perangkat digital/TV, dan jarak baca <30 cm saat PJJ.

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Background: Schoolchildren's distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to digital devices as learning media.

Increased exposure to monitors and near-vision activities is thought to increase asthenopia incidence. Obtain the incidence of

subjective asthenopia and assess the factors that influence Jakarta's junior high and high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: A cross-sectional design study using the Revised Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) questionnaire was adapted

into Indonesian through a validation stage. CISS score 16 as a limitation of asthenopia complaints experienced by the subject.

Result: Indonesian version of the CISS questionnaire is valid and reliable with p-value <0.05 with Cronbach's coefficient of 0.910 and 0.925,

respectively. The research subjects were 901 respondents. The incidence of asthenopia is 36%. Multivariate analysis showed that the room

lighting was not bright when distance learning (OR=8.25; p=0.001), screen time duration >2 hours during distance learning (OR>3.73;p=0.001),

other eye diseases (OR=3 ,72;p=0,002), doing activities close to the lying position (OR=2,45;p=0,014), sleep duration <8 hours

(OR=2,29;p<0,001), wearing glasses (OR=2 ,10;p<0.001), close activity watching movies with digital devices/TV (OR=1.67;p=0.004), and

reading distance <30 cm during distance learning (OR=1.47;p=0.016) were independent risk factors for asthenopia in schoolchildren.

Conclusion: Indonesian version of the CISS questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for diagnosing asthenopia in school children.

The incidence of asthenopia in Jakarta is relatively high with risk factors in the form of poor lighting, online duration >2 hours, other eye

diseases, activities close to lying down, sleep duration <8 hours, use of glasses, close activities watching movies with digital devices/ TV,

and reading distance <30 cm during distance learning."

"Gizi lebih merupakan bentuk malnutrisi (gizi tidak seimbang) yang timbul dari asupan gizi berlebihan yang menyebabkan penumpukan lemak tubuh sehingga mengganggu kesehatan. Gizi lebih pada anak merupakan salah satu masalah Kesehatan yang berdampak negatif jangka panjang bagi anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian gizi lebih pada balita 6-59 bulan di Kepulauan Riau. Penelitian Cross Sectional ini menggunakan data SSGI (Survey Status Gizi Indonesia) 2021 dengan total responden 2809 balita setelah memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Data analisis menggunakan uji chi-square pada analisis bivariat dan uji regresi logistik ganda pada analisis multivariat. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada tahun 2023 yang menunjukkan terdapat 5,9% balita yang mengalami gizi lebih. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat tiga variabel yang secara signifikan berhubungan dengan kejadian gizi lebih pada anak usia 6-59 bulan, yaitu umur, berat lahir, dan status pekerjaan ibu. Analisis multivariat ditemukan bahwa status pekerjaan ibu merupakan faktor dominan dari gizi lebih pada balita 6-59 bulan di Kepulauan Riau berdasarkan analisis SSGI 2021 dengan p-value 0,015 dan OR 1,466 (CI 95%: 1,063 – 2,021). Saran yang dapat diberikan berdasarkan penelitian untuk instansi kesehatan, diharapkan dapat melakukan program pencegahan dan penanggulangan obesitas dengan menggunakan pendekatan promosi, pencegahan, dan rehabilitasi terkait gizi seimbang dan perilaku makan sehat. Selain itu, juga dapat berupaya untuk membangun fasilitas penitipan anak yang aman dan sehat di lingkungan kerja untuk mendukung ibu bekerja dalam memberikan perawatan yang baik kepada anak.

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Overnutrition is a form of malnutrition arising from excessive nutrient intake, leading to the accumulation of body fat that disrupts health. Overnutrition in children is a long-term health issue with negative impacts. This study aims to identify factors associated with the occurrence of overnutrition among children aged 6-59 months in Kepulauan Riau. This Cross-Sectional study utilized data from the Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey (SSGI) in 2021, with a total of 2809 toddler respondents meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria. Chi-square tests were employed in bivariate analysis, and multiple logistic regression tests were used in multivariate analysis. The study, conducted in 2023, revealed that 5.9% of toddlers experienced overnutrition. Research findings indicate three variables significantly associated with overnutrition incidents in children aged 6-59 months: age, birth weight, and maternal employment status. Multivariate analysis identified maternal employment status as the dominant factor in overnutrition among toddlers in the Riau Islands, according to SSGI 2021 analysis, with a p-value of 0.015 and OR 1.466 (95% CI: 1.063 – 2.021). Recommendations based on the research suggest that health institutions implement preventive and intervention programs against obesity, focusing on balanced nutrition promotion, prevention, and rehabilitation of healthy eating behaviors. Additionally, efforts can be made to establish safe and healthy childcare facilities in the workplace environment to support working mothers in providing proper care for their children."

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor risiko makanan dan minuman jajanan pada anak sekolah dasar di Kabupaten Sukabumi tahun 2012. Data sekunder yang digunakan bersumber dari data BBTKL-PP Jakarta. Dari hasil uji statistik yang dilakukan menemukan hubungan yang bermakna antara cuci tangan dan kebersihan pribadi dengan hasil uji bakteriologis E. coli serta cuci tangan dengan hasil uji bakteriologis Bacillus cereus (p<0,05). Akhirnya disarankan bahwa masih perlu dilakukan penyuluhan pentingnya PHBS (Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat) serta CTPS (Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun) bagi komunitas sekolah (guru, murid dan pedagang jajanan di sekolah), pemberdayaan UKS (Usaha Kesehatan Sekolah) dan penyediaan fasilitas sanitasi di sekolah-sekolah, terutama tempat cuci tangan dan alat makan.

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The research is aimed to know risk factor snacks food and drinks on children elementary school in Sukabumi Distric year 2012. The data was used from BBTKL – PP Jakarta. The resulted from statistical test founded relationship meaningfully between hand wash and personal hygiene with bacteriologis E. Coli test result and hand wash with bacteriologis Bacillus cereus (p<0,05) test result. Finally, that sugested need to do counseling of Clean and Healthy Living Behavior, and Washing Hand Wearing Soap for school comunity ( teacher, children, and school food traders), School Healthy Unit Empowerment, and provision of sanitation fasility in schools, especially washbowl and cutlery."

"Pneumonia pada balita di Indonesia masih merupakan masalah kesehatan utama. Hal ini terlihat dengan tingginya angka morbiditas dan mortalitas pneumonia. Salah satu satu upaya untuk menurunkannya adalah dengan mengetahui faktor risiko yang menyebabkan terjadinya pneumonia.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian pneumonia pada anak balita di rumah sakit. Desain yang digunakan adalah cross sectional dengan 138 sampel.Hasil penelitian dengan regresi logistik didapatkan 4 faktor risiko yang berhubungan significant yaitu usia balita, riwayat pemberian ASI, status gizi balita dan kebiasaan merokok keluarga. Kegiatan edukasi kepada orang tua balita tentang beberapa faktor tersebut perlu ditingkatkan untuk mencegah terjadinya pneumonia.

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Pneumonia in children under five in Indonesia is still a major health problem. This can be seen in the high rates of morbidity and mortality of pneumonia. One of the efforts to lower it is by knowing the risk factors that cause pneumonia.

This study aims to determine the risk factors associated with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in hospital. The study uses cross sectional design with 138 samples.

The results obtained with logistic regression show four significant risk factors: children under five, history of breastfeeding, nutritional status of children and family smoking habits. Promotion and awareness campaign on these factors should be conducted to prevent pneumonia."