Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"This paper gives a brief outline of Persian plural markers from a historical point of view. It starts with an overview of Old Persian nominal inflection, and goes on with the emergence of plural markers in Middle Persian. Then New Persian plural markers, from the early Islamic period to the present, will be discussed. Arabic-based plural suffixes and such phenomena as irregular plurals and double plurals will also be touched upon."

"ペルシア語は紀元前の古代ペルシア語から今日に至るまで楔形文字、パフラヴィー文字、それからアラビア文字といった様々な文字を用いてきた。現在のペルシア語文字は32文字から成っており、うち28 文字はアラビア語に由来し、4文字がペルシア語で独自に作られたものである。語の視覚的な形（表記法）が、これらの文字の組み合わせによって決定される。いずれの語をいずれの文字で書くか、伝統、慣例等の基準によってある程度は決まっており、読み書きの際、単語の「形」を理解することは極めて重要となる。しかし、一部の語の表記法は事実として多様化している。伝統、慣例等に基づき自立語の形成に関しては一定の規則性がある。一方で接辞や前置詞等を自立語と一体で書くか分けるか、あるいはいずれの複合語を一体化させ、また分書するか、といった問題には個人の好み等の要因による偏りが存在する。かかる要因が現代ペルシア語の表記法に統一性を失する結果をもたらしている。表記法の乱れに対処することを目的とするファルハンゲスターネ・ザバーネ・ファールスィー（ペルシア語アカデミー）の規則化の努力にかかわらず、教科書、マスコミ、SNS等において依然として表記法の異同が散見する。本論文では、イランの学校教科書、新聞、雑誌、SNS、あるいは表記法に関する書籍刊行物等を題材に、表記法の主な相違点を取り上げる。マスコミ、SNS、教材や書籍などにおいて、一層のデジタル化が顕著な社会状況を踏まえ、ペルシア語研究、また非ペルシア語母語話者へのペルシア語教育などの観点も含めて表記法のスタンダードを明確化することは、今後取り組むべききわめて重要な課題であると論者は考える。"

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai pemikiran dari Kristeva dan Butler mengenai subjek. Kedua pemikir tersebut menggunakan pendekatan feminis postmodernisme untuk menentang gagasan esensialisme atas identitas. Analisa terhadap pengalaman konkrit ketubuhan diyakini sebagai sebuah sarana emansipatoris yang dapat digunakan untuk mendekonstruksi representasi sosial budaya patriarki. Kristeva dan Butler memiliki titik pijak yang berbeda dalam melihat posisi tubuh dalam pembentukan subjek dan identitas, namun demikian keduanya menawarkan sebuah logika penerimaan terhadap perbedaan. Keduanya mengajukan kritik terhadap subjek modernisme yang meyakini subjek sebagai sebuah pemaknaan yang utuh, tetap dan pasti. Kristeva dan Butler melihat bahwa subjek adalah sebuah pemaknaan yang cair dan berada di dalam proses. Implikasi filosofis dari dua model subjek yang ditawarkan pemikir tersebut adalah membawa tubuh dan hasrat ke dalam diskurusus subjek dan juga menunjukkan bahwa pluralitas subjek adalah kandungan subversif yang mampu membawa peradaban menuju sebuah perubahan ke arah yang toleran.

---

This thesis discusses the idea of Kristeva and Butler on the subject. Both of these thinkers use feminist postmodernism approach that can be used to challenge the essentialism notions of identity. The analysis on concrete body experiences as a tool of emancipatory is believed could be used to deconstruct patriarchal socio- cultural representation. Kristeva and Butler had a different starting point to see the position of the body in the formation of the subject and identity, yet both offer a logic of acceptance on difference. They propose a critique towards subject of modernism that assumed as unified and fixed significance. Kristeva and Butler convinced that the subject is a signification that is fluid and always processing. The philosophical implication from Kristeva and Butler?s thoughts is to bring the body and desires into discourses of subject and shows that plurality of subjects are subversive content which able to direct civilization to be more tolerant."

"This thesis asks what is wrong with legal development in Indonesia? Adat law, forestry law and land law are used as primary vehicle of analysis, because adat law is the oldest form of law existing in Indonesia and is still widely followed especially among the rural population, still the majority of people in Indonesia. Statutes regarding forestry and land are the formal laws which have the most profound effect on adat law communities. The thesis finds, first, that formal law enforcement in Indonesia is disappointing and this has led to a popular mistrust of the formal legal system. Second, it finds most of the population are still unfamiliar with formal legal norms. This is the result of a clash between, on the one hand, the conceptual notions relied upon by Indonesian government in establishing the law (based on assumption that 'the people will follow the law'), and, on the other, those norms central to adat law ('the law will follow people's customs'). This fundamental conflict in grundnorm inevitably leads to disputes in connection with land, particularly in forest areas. These are made worse because rights are not properly enforced and dispute settlement procedures are ineffective. As a result the Indonesian land and forestry law regime is dysfunctional. This has adverse impacts on rural populations, especially adat law communities, in the sense that their land-related rights are weak, ignored or ineffective. The thesis recommends that the formal law-making process should be reformed to better adopt a key element of adat law-making process, that is, public acceptance, through improved consultation and public education. More specifically in relation to land and forestry law, the thesis recommends that formal law expressly acknowledge and protect adat communities and their adat land rights, especially, communal interests in land {ulayat rights). This should be done by new provisions that would: have binding force; allow formal registration of such interests; exclude adat forestland from the definition of state forestland; and acknowledge adat communities as legal persons."