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"ABSTRACTIn recent years, Western scholars who study the experience of the transition of young democratic countries have found that the traditional clientelism has not disappeared during the process of democratization, but rather it has changed form or even consolidated in some young democratic countries. The independence of the bureaucracies, the way political parties and the state system integrating special interests, and the party election strategy or competition among parties all may affect the articulation of the special interest within clientelism. This article examines the incumbent experience of several heads of the DPP in more than 20-year reign of the Tainan city (county) through the public resources to draw on supporters and attract voters, and then to infer the development patterns and potential problems of Taiwan's grassroots democratic transition. Roughly speaking, Tainan city (county) has different DPP heads in reign for more than 20 years, and they had gradually developed more delicate clientelistic linkages with supporters and grassroots voters, from Tainan County magistrate Chen Tangshan starting to coopt Kuomintang traditional factions through the ruling resources and then building clientelist relationship, later on different heads of counties and cities absorbing political support through the ruling resources, but also through a number of clientelist policies to stabilize the linkage with the voters, so that the DPP electorate in Tainan city (county) is becoming more and more stable. This paper examines the experiences of Taiwan's local clientelist transformation through a case study, and makes some generalizations about the possible problems occurred within the process."

"In the past decade, skyrocketing housing prices and low wages forced Taiwanese citizens to focus on income redistribution issues, in addition to preexisting economic issues. However, current literature primarily focuses on the relationship between economic issues and evaluations on democratic institutions, rarely taking into account public opinion of income distribution. By using the Wave 4 and Wave 5 Asian Barometer Survey, this paper suggests that income redistribution issues are as important as economic issues to Taiwanese people when evaluating the performance of democratic institutions. Primarily, satisfaction with democracy declines when the Taiwanese perceive unfair income distribution. On the other hand, Taiwanese citizens are more likely to support democracy when they perceive unfair income distribution, although this positive relationship is not stable. Income distribution and democratic support may have a negative relationship in various years. Economic evolutions remain significant, but the effect of retrospective economic evaluation becomes insignificant when adding partisanship and prospective economic evaluation into models."

"The paper discusses direct elections of local government leaders that have contributed to the corruption in Indonesia and focuses on the quality of electoral process. This study aimed at identifying the contribution of direct elections of local leaders on corrupt practices in Indonesia. It applied a quantitative research method and involved 85 provincial, district and city areas as samples in the Indonesian islands of Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Papua. The study proves that direct local elections have significant effects on corruption committed by the heads of district government. Both process and quality of direct local elections has jointly demonstrated a meaningful and significant effect on the corruption by local leaders. Thus, the better quality and process will immediately lower the corruption rate. In contrast, the lower quality and process will contribute to a higher corruption rate. Partially, the influence of the local election process is more powerful than the quality of direct local elections, since direct local election process requires the government to spend a vast amount of funding on the preparation, implementation, validation an the inauguration of the elect local government leaders. This study only involved 85 areas that have organized direct local elections. A further study should be expanded to more sample areas in order to collect more data that can complete the current research findings."

"This paper is the fruit of a joint effort by the members of our ACWH center, with the purpose of introducing the common and otherwise methods of tobacco smuggling , and the current system in which to curb such criminal activities in Taiwan...."