Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"AbstrakOver the past decade, antimalarial drug resistance has rapidly become a major public health problem in South East Asia region including South Sumatra. This study aimed to determine the extent of gene polymorphisms associated with chloroquine resistance (CQR) in P. falciparum isolates from Lahat, Sekayu, Baturaja and Palembang district.Methods: A molecular study was conducted to identify the mutant alleles of the genes associated with the resistance to chloroquine among the isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from South Sumatera. Blood from 25 patients was collected, DNA was isolated, and the sequences of two different genes (Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter/pfcrt and Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance/pfmdr1) were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).Results: This study identified polymorphism in the pfcrt 76-Thr in all isolates and pfmdr1 86-Tyr. These findings may reflect the failure of treatment with the standard dose of chloroquine within the last few years in South Sumatera.Conclusion: PCR-RFLP technique provide a simple and rapid method of detecting polymorphisms in genes that may predict chloroquine resistance (CQR). Although the identification of the polymorphism in the pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes provides a significant indicator of CQR, further studies are needed to determine the role of these polymorphisms in the in vivo and in vitro responses to drug treatment."

"Malaria merupakan salah satu penyakit infeksi mematikan yang disebabkan oleh parasit darah, Plasmodium sp. Setiap tahunnya lebih dari satu juta orang meninggal akibat malaria. Kematian akibat malaria terutama disebabkan oleh resistensi parasit terhadap obat antimalaria. Flamboyan (Delonix regia) telah digunakan sebagai obat tradisional terhadap malaria di Zambia, beberapa negara Afrika lain dan, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas antimalaria pada tikus yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei dan kandungan fitokima kulit batang dan biji Delonix regia. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi eksperimental. Penelitian ini menggunakan ekstrak kulit batang dan biji Delonix regia dalam tiga dosis, yaitu 2,8 mg/20 g mencit; 8,4 mg/20 g mencit; dan 14 mg/20 g mencit. Kloroquin dosis 0,52 mg/20 g mencit digunakan sebagai kontrol positif, sedangkan air digunakan sebagai kontrol negatif. Perlakuan diberikan pada hari ke-0 saat mencit dinyatakan terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Parasitemia diamati sebelum pemberian perlakuan (hari ke-0) dan hari ke-3. Selisih densitas parasit pada Hasil penelitian dan uji statistik dengan One Way ANOVA menunjukkan ekstrak kulit batang dan biji Delonix regia tidak memiliki efek penghambat pertumbuhan Plasmodium berghei yang bermakna jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif (p>0,05).

---

Malaria is one of deadly infectious disease caused by blood parasite; Plasmodium sp. Malaria caused more than one million deaths every year. Deaths caused by malaria were particularly due to the parasite's resistance to malarial drugs. Delonix regia has been used as a traditional medicine against malaria in Zambia, some of African countries, and in Nusa Tenggara Timur. This research was done to understand antimalarial effect of Delonix regia bark and seed in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei and to know their phytochemical substances.

This research used three doses of Delonix regia bark and seed, which were 2,8 mg/20 g mouse; 8,4 mg/20 g mouse; and 14 mg/20 g mouse. Chloroquine 0,52 mg/20 g mouse was used as positive control, whereas water as negative control. The treatments were given at day 0 when the mice have been proven infected by Plasmodium berghei. The observation of parasitemia conducted at day 0 before giving the treatments and day 3. The results and statistical analysis using One Way ANOVA showed Delonix regia bark and seed extract didn't show growth inhibitory effect of Plasmodium berghei compared with negative control."

"ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Sambiloto atau Andrographis panniculata merupakan sebuahtanaman herbal yang memiliki khasiat sebagai antimalaria dengan carameningkatkan kerja antioksidan dalam tubuh. Hati merupakan salah satu tempatterjadinya fase perkembangan Plasmodium pada penyakit malaria. Penelitian inibertujuan untuk menganalisis aktivitas antimalaria dari Ekstrak Etanol Sambiloto(EES) pada mencit yang diiinfeksi Plasmodium berghei secara in vivo melalupengukuran kadar MDA dan aktivitas spesifik katalase jaringan hati.Metode: Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental in vivomenggunakan hewan coba mencit Balb/c. Metode penelitian dilakukan denganmengelompokkan mencit ke dalam empat kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol yangtidak diberi perlakuan, kelompok I yang diinduksi Plasmodium berghei tetapitidak diterapi, kelompok II yang diinduksi Plasmodium berghei dan diberi EES 2mg/kgBB serta kelompok III yang diinduksi Plasmodium berghei dan diberiklorokuin 10 mg/kgBB selama 3 hari. Analisis kadar MDA dilakukan denganmetode Wills dan aktivitas spesifik katalase dengan metode Mates et al.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadi penurunan kadar MDA yang tidaksignifikan pada mencit yang diinfeksi dengan Plasmodium berghei dan diberiekstrak etanol sambiloto (EES) 2 mg/kgBB dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif(66.49 ± 22,92 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/g jaringan hati). Namun pada kelompokyang diberi perlakuan klorokuin juga terlihat penurunan kadar MDA yang tidaksignifikan dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif (67.49 ± 7,04 vs 69.40 ± 11,69nmol/g jaringan hati). Sedangkan aktivitas spesifik katalase kelompok yang diberiEES menunjukkan peningkatan yang tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkandengan kelompok kontrol (2,73 ± 0,59 vs 3,73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg jaringan hati).Begitupula dengan klorokuin yang menunjukkan peningkatan aktivitas spesifikkatalase yang tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol(2,97 ± 1,53 vs 3,73 ± 1.56).Kesimpulan: Pada kelompok dengan pemberian EES 2 mg/kgBB terjadipenurunan kadar MDA serta peningkatan aktivitas spesifik katalase jaringan hatimencit dibandingkan dengan kelompok negatif, tetapi secara statistik tidakbermakna demikian pula dengan kelompok yang diberi klorokuin.

---

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Andrographis panniculata or Sambiloto is a herbal plant that hasantimalarial efficacy by increasing antioxidant in body. Liver is one of the placesfor Plasmodium to develop themselves in malaria. This research aims to analyzethe activity of antimalarial from Sambiloto Ethanol Extract (SEE) in mice whichinfected by Plasmodium berghei in vivo through the measurement of MDA leveland the specific activity of catalase in liver tissue.Method: We used experimental in vivo as the reserach design, using balb/c. Theresearch design is done by grouping the mices into four groups which of theuntreated group, group I-induced by Plasmodium berghei but not treated, groupII-induced Plasmodium berghei and treated with SEE 2 mg/kg Body weight,group III-induced Plasmodium berghei and treated with chloroquine with 10mg/kg Body weight in three days. The MDA level analyze is done by the Willsmethod and the specific activity of catalase with Mates et al method.Result: The research result showed the decrease of MDA level which notsignificant in mice that is infected by Plasmodium berghei and treated by SEE 2mg/ kg BW compared to negative control (66.49 ± 22,92 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/gliver tissue). However, group that is infected by Plasmodium berghei and treatedby chloroquine also showed the decrease of MDA level which not significantcompared the negative control (67.49 ± 7,04 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/g liver tissue).Instead, group which treated by SEE showed the increase in specific activity ofcatalase compared with control (2,73 ± 0,59 vs 3,73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg liver tissue).Similarly with chloroquine group which showed an increase in specific activity ofcatalase were not significantly different compared with the control group (2.97 ±1.53 vs 3.73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg liver tissue).Conclusion: Group that treated with SEE 2 mg/kg Body weight showed decreaseof MDA level and also the increase of catalase specific activity in mice liver tissuecompared negative control, but statistically not significant as well as the groupgiven chloroquine;Introduction: Andrographis panniculata or Sambiloto is a herbal plant that hasantimalarial efficacy by increasing antioxidant in body. Liver is one of the placesfor Plasmodium to develop themselves in malaria. This research aims to analyzethe activity of antimalarial from Sambiloto Ethanol Extract (SEE) in mice whichinfected by Plasmodium berghei in vivo through the measurement of MDA leveland the specific activity of catalase in liver tissue.Method: We used experimental in vivo as the reserach design, using balb/c. Theresearch design is done by grouping the mices into four groups which of theuntreated group, group I-induced by Plasmodium berghei but not treated, groupII-induced Plasmodium berghei and treated with SEE 2 mg/kg Body weight,group III-induced Plasmodium berghei and treated with chloroquine with 10mg/kg Body weight in three days. The MDA level analyze is done by the Willsmethod and the specific activity of catalase with Mates et al method.Result: The research result showed the decrease of MDA level which notsignificant in mice that is infected by Plasmodium berghei and treated by SEE 2mg/ kg BW compared to negative control (66.49 ± 22,92 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/gliver tissue). However, group that is infected by Plasmodium berghei and treatedby chloroquine also showed the decrease of MDA level which not significantcompared the negative control (67.49 ± 7,04 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/g liver tissue).Instead, group which treated by SEE showed the increase in specific activity ofcatalase compared with control (2,73 ± 0,59 vs 3,73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg liver tissue).Similarly with chloroquine group which showed an increase in specific activity ofcatalase were not significantly different compared with the control group (2.97 ±1.53 vs 3.73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg liver tissue).Conclusion: Group that treated with SEE 2 mg/kg Body weight showed decreaseof MDA level and also the increase of catalase specific activity in mice liver tissuecompared negative control, but statistically not significant as well as the groupgiven chloroquine;Introduction: Andrographis panniculata or Sambiloto is a herbal plant that hasantimalarial efficacy by increasing antioxidant in body. Liver is one of the placesfor Plasmodium to develop themselves in malaria. This research aims to analyzethe activity of antimalarial from Sambiloto Ethanol Extract (SEE) in mice whichinfected by Plasmodium berghei in vivo through the measurement of MDA leveland the specific activity of catalase in liver tissue.Method: We used experimental in vivo as the reserach design, using balb/c. Theresearch design is done by grouping the mices into four groups which of theuntreated group, group I-induced by Plasmodium berghei but not treated, groupII-induced Plasmodium berghei and treated with SEE 2 mg/kg Body weight,group III-induced Plasmodium berghei and treated with chloroquine with 10mg/kg Body weight in three days. The MDA level analyze is done by the Willsmethod and the specific activity of catalase with Mates et al method.Result: The research result showed the decrease of MDA level which notsignificant in mice that is infected by Plasmodium berghei and treated by SEE 2mg/ kg BW compared to negative control (66.49 ± 22,92 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/gliver tissue). However, group that is infected by Plasmodium berghei and treatedby chloroquine also showed the decrease of MDA level which not significantcompared the negative control (67.49 ± 7,04 vs 69.40 ± 11,69 nmol/g liver tissue).Instead, group which treated by SEE showed the increase in specific activity ofcatalase compared with control (2,73 ± 0,59 vs 3,73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg liver tissue).Similarly with chloroquine group which showed an increase in specific activity ofcatalase were not significantly different compared with the control group (2.97 ±1.53 vs 3.73 ± 1.56 Unit/mg liver tissue).Conclusion: Group that treated with SEE 2 mg/kg Body weight showed decreaseof MDA level and also the increase of catalase specific activity in mice liver tissuecompared negative control, but statistically not significant as well as the groupgiven chloroquine"

"Latar belakang: Bayamduri (Amaranthus spinosus L.) adalah herbal tradisional yang digunakan untuk pengobatan malaria dan belum banyak data penelitian tentang ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas skizontisidal ekstrak air bayam duri (Amaranthus spinosus L) (EABD) terhadap mencit yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei secara in vivo. Metode: Mencit jantan (galur Balb/c) dengan berat 28-30 g, 7-8 minggu, dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok secara acak, tiap kelompok terdiri atas 5 ekor mencit. Kelompok K: kontrol, Kelompok A: kontrol negatif, 2 Kelompok perlakuan (B dan C). Kelompok B: ekstrak Amaranthus 120 mg/kgBB, 1 kali per hari selama 4 hari. dan kelompok C: klorokuin 10 mg/kgBB sekali sehari selama 3 hari. Seluruh perlakuan diberikan melalui oral. Hasil: Aktivitas skizontisidal darah terlihat pada semua kelompok perlakuan (B dan C), Aktivitas tertinggi terlihat pada kelompok B yaitu 91,20 ± 0,73 %, sedang kelompok C sebesar 88,92 ± 1,10 %. Kedua kelompok berbeda secara bermakna dibandingkan dengan kontrol, p≤0,05, namun kedua kelompok tidak berbeda bermakna satu sama lain, p≥0,05. Terjadi peningkatan berat badan pada kelompok EABD yang hampir sama dengan kelompok kontrol dan lebih besar dibanding kelompok klorokuin (7,6 % vs 7,05% dan 5,48%). Kesimpulan: Ekstrak air bayam duri (Amaranthus spinosus) (EABD) dosis 120 mg/kgBB menunjukkan aktivitas skizontisidal darah yang sama baik dengan pemberian klorokuin 10 mg/kgBB terhadap mencit yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei secara in vivo.

---

Background: Amaranthus spinosus is a traditional herb used for the treatment of malaria, but the information of it?s activity still limited. The aim of this study was to determine the schizonticidal effect of a water extract of Amaranthus spinosus against Plasmodium berghei-infected mice.

Methods: Male mice (Balb/c strain) weighing 28-30 g, 7-8 weeks old, were randomly devided into 4 groups of 5 animals each. Group K: controls (nil), Group A: negative controls, and 2 treatment groups (B and C). Group B: Amaranthus 120 mg/kgBW, once per day for 4 days and group C: Chloroquine 10 mg/kgBW, once a day for 3 days. All treatments administrated orally.

Results: Blood schizonticidal activity was seen in all treatment groups, the highest activity was seen in group B ( 91.20 ± 0.73%), and group C was 88.92 ± 1.10%. Both groups were significantly different compared to control, p≤0,05), but there were no different within both group. An increase in body weight in group B are almost the same as group K and greater than group C (7.6% vs 7.05% and 5.48%).

Conclusion: The Amaranthus spinosus water extract (ASWE) at a dose 120 mg/kgBW demonstrated a good blood schizonticidal activity as well as chloroquine against Plasmodium berghei-infected mice."

"Pengobatan merupakan salah satu upaya terapi yang dilakukan oleh dokter atau paramedis terhadap pasien. Penggunaan obat untuk tujuan pengobatan harus didasarkan pada prinsip bahwa secara medis akan memberikan manfaat dan aman bagi pasien. Dalam praktek pengobatan sering ditemui kebiasaan-kebiasaan penggunaan obat yang tidak sesuai dengan prinsip diatas, hal ini disebut dengan penggunaan obat tidak rasional. Dampak penggunaan obat tidak rasional dapat menimbulkan rendahnya mutu pelayanan, meningkatnya biaya kesehatan, dan ketergantungan masyarakat terhadap obat-obat tertentu.Untuk mengurangi praktek penggunaan obat tidak rasional, Pemerintah telah melakukan berbagai upaya melalui proyek kesehatan IV di 5 propinsi termasuk Sumatera Barat dengan melaksanakan pelatihan penggunaan obat secara rasional untuk dokter dan paramedis serta pelatihan supervisi terpadu pengelolaan dan penggunaan obat secara rasional di Puskesmas.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang penggunaan obat tidak rasional dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penggunaan obat tidak rasional untuk penyakit ISPA non Pneumonia di Puskesmas se Kota Solok dengan metoda cross sectional yang diambil secara purpusif.Dari penelitian ini didapatkan proporsi penggunaan obat tidak rasional 26,9%, dimana 64,4% resep ditulis oleh tenaga perawat/bidan dan 35,6% ditulis oleh dokter. Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan beberapa variabel yang secara statistik bermakna (p<0,05) yang berhubungan dengan penggunaan obat tidak rasional yaitu; jenis tenaga, mesa kerja, penetapan diagnosis, sikap terhadap penggunaan obat secara rasional, sikap terhadap pedoman pengobatan, tingkat kecukupan obat dan tingkat pengetahuan pasien/pengantar tentang penggunaan obat. Selanjutnya dari basil analisis multivariate diketahui bahwa faktor sikap tenaga kesehatan terhadap Pedoman Pengobatan dan Penetapan Diagnosis merupakan faktor risiko yang paling dominan.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini disarankan agar Kepala Dinas Kesehatan Kota Solok agar membangun komitmen bersama dengan jajaran yang terlibat langsung pada pelayanan pengobatan di Puskesmas dengari membuat Surat Keputusan sebagai petunjuk pelak,anaan program penggunaan obat secara rasional, melaksanakan sosialisasi berupa penyuluhan yang tepat sasaran dan mengadakan pelatihan yang terprogram tentang pedoman pengobatan dan penggunaan obat secara rasional serta meningkatkan kegiatan monitoring, evaluasi dan suvervisi ke Puskesmas.

---

Factors which have Relationship with Irrational Use of Medicine for Non-Pneumonia ISPA Diseases in Public Health Centers of Solok, West Sumatra, 2001Healing diseases is one therapeutic effort conducted by a doctor or a paramedic towards patients. The use of medicine for healing diseases must be based on the principle that such effort will be useful and safe for patients.

In healing diseases, practices of using medicine are often found not going along with such mentioned above principle, of which it is called as irrational use of medicine. The impact of such irrational use of medicine is that it can cause decrease in service quality, rise in health costs, and public dependence on certain kinds of medicine.

To lessen such practice of irrational use of medicine, the Government has made various efforts through health projects W in five provinces including West Sumatra by way of conducting training of rational use of medicine for doctors and paramedics, and integrated supervision training in administration and rational use of medicine in Public Health Centers.

This research has the objective to obtain information about irrational use of medicine and factors which have relationship with irrational use of medicine for ISPA Non-Pneumonia Diseases in Public Health Centers of Solok by applying cross-sectional methods which is taken as purposively.

From this research the proportion of irrational use of medicine indicate 26.9 % in which 64.4 % of the prescriptions are written by nurses and 35.6 % by doctors. The outcomes of bivariat analysis shows that some variables are statistically significant (p<0.05) which has relationship with irrational use of medicine, i.e. types of labors, period of work, diagnosis determination, attitudes to rational use of medicine, attitudes to healing procedure, rates of medicine adequacy and knowledge levels of patients / introduction to use of medicine. Furthermore, from the outcomes of multivariate analysis, it is learnt that the factor of paramedics' attitudes towards Healing Procedure and Diagnosis Determination constitute factor of risk which is the most dominant.

Based on this research it is suggested that Head of Health Institution of Solok establish common commitment with the line-ups who involve directly in healing services in Public Health Center by issuing a decree as the manual of conducting program of rational use of medicine, carry out socialization in the form of effective counseling, provide programmed trainings regarding healing procedure and rational use of medicine, and increase such activities as monitoring, making evaluations and supervising in Public Health Centers."

"ABSTRAKTugas akhir mi membahas Masaiah Inventory Dmnamisdengan Resiko dan sistim Q untuk pengendalian persedmaan Dananaimsa ABC yang dipakam untuk penggeiompokan itemsTheory tersebut diatas akan dmterapkan pada penyediaan bahanbaku di perusahaan obat PT Takeda Indonesia"

"AbstrakHeart failure has become a public health problem with increasing incidence and prevalence. Many patients first came to the primary care and managed by general practitioner. Accurate diagnosis is essential to provide good management of heart failure. However, symptoms and signs alone are often neither sufficient nor specific to confirm the diagnosis. Some studies show that heart failure patients are still incorrectly diagnosed and inadequately treated, despite the availability of current guidelines. Inadequacy of facilities is the main obstacle in diagnosing and managing heart failure, especially in developing countries like Indonesia. The medications recommended for treating heart failure are still under-prescribed. This review discuss about the challenges of diagnosis and management of heart failure in primary care."

"Indonesia is facing challenge of medicines prices. Many people complaining about high price of medicines. Several efforts have been done by the government, hovewer access people to the medicines is still a big issue...."

"ABSTRAKSengatan Panas (heat stroke) merupakan kondisi emergensi yang menjadi salah satu penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortabilitas selama melakukan haji saat musim panas. Banyaknya jemaah haji yang berusia lanjut dengan berbagai komorbid, suhu yang tinggi (bisa lebih dari 45°C), dan aktivitas fisik yang berat selama prosesi haji merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya sengatan panas. Heat Stroke dapat dicegah apabila kita dapat mengenali sedini mungkin apa saja tanda dan gejala perjalanan penyakit serta mengetahui siapa saja atau kondisi apa saja yang mempengaruhi kejadian sengatan panas. Metode penelitian merupakan studi potong lintang dengan metode consecutive sampling pada jemaah haji Indonesia tahun 2016 yang menderita sengatan panas di Arafah dan Mina. Diagnosis sengatan panas (heat stroke dan heat exhaustion) ditegakkan secara klinis dengan kriteria: 1. demam/hiperpireksia, 2. kulit pucat/kulit kering, 3. penurunan kesadaran/kebingungan, dan 4. tidak ada tanda-tanda infeksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebanyak 41 jemaah haji Indonesia menderita sengatan panas, terdiri dari 16 jemaah heat stroke serta 25 jemaah heat exhaustion. Mayoritas subjek berjenis kelamin laki-laki sebesar 63,4%. Usia >70 tahun mengalami sengatan panas terbanyak yaitu 29,3%. Sebanyak 14,6% komorbid diabetes mellitus dab 12,2% memiliki hipertensi. Sengatan panas 78% terjadi di Arafah dan 22% terjadi di Mina. Dari seluruh jemaah yang menderita sengatan panas, sebanyak 68,3% sembuh dan 29,3% dirawat. Kesimpulannya usia lebih dari 70 tahun terbanyak mengalami kejadian sengatan panas. Komorbid seperti diabetes mellitus dan hipertensi merupakan kejadian terbanyak sengatan panas. Sebagian besar Jemaah terkena snegatan panas adalah di Arafah. "