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"Global warming, overfishing, and coastal pollution are main drivers of marine ecological changes in developing countries, such as Indonesia. Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) prioritizing the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is the local mitigation to reduce the effects of marine ecological changes. It has been acknowledged that MPAs play important roles in: (1) reducing the effects of global warming via uptaking and storing carbon into sediments, (2) protecting marine lifes via providing suitable habitats and maintining natural behaviors, (3) supporting coastal fisheries via exporting adult fishes and larvae, and (4) reducing the effects of coastal pollution via enhancing water and sediment quality. In order to gain maximum benefits, MPAs should meet four standard criteria: (1) representation, i.e. MPAs should cover all marine ecosystems (e.g. mangroves, seagrass beds, and coral reefs), (2) replication, i.e. MPAs should be established in many sites, (3) geographycally widespread network, i.e. among MPAs should be connected, and (4) self sustaining total area, i.e. MPAs should be large enough to support ecological processes."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis pengaruh kawasan konservasi laut KKL terhadap produksi perikanan tangkap di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi data panel dari 32 provinsi di Indonesia selama periode 2010 ndash; 2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rasio luas KKL/laut secara signifikan berpengaruh positif terhadap produksi perikanan tangkap di Indonesia dengan nilai elastisitas sebesar 0,007. Selain rasio luas KKL/laut, variabel yang secara signifikan berpengaruh positif adalah variabel perahu, rumah tangga perikanan, alat penangkapan ikan, dan trip. Pengaruh rasio luas KKL/laut dan variabel lain yang signifikan bersifat inelastis dengan kondisi skala hasil yang menurun.

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The aim of the research was to analyse the effect Marine Protected Area MPA to capture fisheries in Indonesia. The research method was regression data panel from 32 provinces in Indonesia during 2010 2014. The results show that MPA's size sea ratio gives a significant positive effect to capture fisheries production in Indonesia with elasticity value of 0.007. Beside MPA's wide sea ratio, other variable, namely number of fishing boat, number of fishing household, number of fishing gear and trip, also have the same positive impacts. The MPA's size sea ratio and other variable are inelastic with the decreasing return to scale condition."

"Changes in marine ecology are normal, because the earth is dynamic, and are getting worse and faster since human are involved in their processes, indicating the Anthropocene Era begins. Consequently, three parameters to measure the quality of the earth for living, i.e. climate changes, rate of biodiversity loss, and nitrogen cycles, have been over the maximum thresholds. In general, changes in marine ecology are caused by phenomena that are occuring in global scale e.g. increasing of CO2 emission, global warming, and ocean acidification, regional scale e.g. overfishing, and changes in oceagraphical processes, rain and storm, and local scale e.g. eutrophication, sedimentation, pollution, biological invasions, herbivory, and diseases. Result of reviews shows that major causes of changes in marine ecology in Indonesia may be global warming, overfishing, and coastal pollution. As a result, species richness, abundance, distribution, and community structure of marine ecosystems in Indonesia change significantly."

"Bycatch penyu, hiu, mamalia laut dan burung laut pada perikanan rawai telah tercatat sebagai salah satu faktor utama penyebab turunnya populasi biota laut tersebut di dunia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat bycatch penyu, hiu, mamalia laut dan burung laut dan juga opsi-opsi upaya mitigasinya serta menguji efektifitass circle hook sebagai salah satu teknologi mitigasi bycatch biota-biota laut tersebut pada perikanan rawai tuna Indonesia. Telah dilakukan observasi pada 8.564.858 mata kail dari 5.622 setting pancing rawai tuna Indonesia yang berpangkalan di dua pelabuhan utama armada perikanan rawai tuna Indonesia yaitu Pelabuhan Bitung, Sulawesi Utara dan Pelabuhan Benoa, Bali selama periode Mei 2006 hingga Juni 2014, dan membandingkan circle hook ukuran 16/0 dengan tuna hook berukuran mix (13/0, 14/0 dan 15/0) pada 27 armada rawai tuna yang berpangkalan di pelabuhan Benoa, Bali dan berlokasi tangkap di Samudera Hindia pada tahun 2006 ? 2011 dan 2013 . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai laju pancing (hook rate) per seribu mata kail bycatch hiu di rawai tuna Indonesia sebesar 0,2446, penyu 0,0732, burung laut 0,0030, lumba-lumba 0,0021, dan paus 0,0009. Circle hook layak di terapkan di rawai tuna di Indonesia karena circle hook terbukti efektif untuk mengurangi jumlah bycatch biota laut dilindungi dan terancam punah dan meningkatkan jumlah tangkapan target utama (tuna). Setting dalam dan setting alat tangkap malam hari telah teruji efektif untuk mengurangi bycatch biota laut. Selain itu beberapa praktek mitigasi bycatch lainya telah dibahas dalam penelitian ini.

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Bycatch of sea turtles, sharks, marine mammals and seabirds in longline fishery is recorded to be one of the major factors that causes declining populations of those critical species worldwide. This research aims to identify bycatch level of sea turtles, sharks, marine mammals and seabirds as well as to pinpoint the mitigation options and examine the effectiveness of circle hook as one of the bycatch reduction technologies applied in Indonesian tuna longline fisheries. In this study, a total of 8,564,858 hooks were observed from 5,622 gear settings in Indonesian tuna longline fisheries based in two major fishing ports, namely Bitung Fishing Port - North Sulawesi and Benoa Port - Bali from May 2006 to June 2014. The applications of 16/0 circle hook size and mixed tuna hook sizes of 13/0, 14/0 and 15/0 from 2006 to 2011 in 27 tuna longliners based in Benoa - Bali were also compared. Fishing ground of those fleets was mostly in Indian Ocean. The results suggest that hook rate per thousand hooks in Indonesian tuna longline fisheries for shark bycatch is 0.2446, 0.0732 for sea turtle bycatch, 0.0030 for seabird bycatch, 0.0021 for dolphin bycatch and 0.0009 for whale bycatch. Circle hooks are suitable and applicable for Indonesian tuna longline fishery due to circle hooks is proved effective to reduce protected and endangered marine species while still can increased the target catches (tuna). Deep setting system and night setting also proved effective to reduce those bycatch of marine species. Others bycatch mitigation practices has been discussed in this study."

"Pada tahun 2017, COP CBD menetapkan 4 kawasan laut Indonesia sebagai Kawasan Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) yaitu Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion, Raja Ampat and Northern Bird’s Head, Southern Straits of Malacca, dan Upwelling Zone of the Sumatra-Java Coast. Tujuan dari diadopsinya EBSAs adalah untuk berfokus pada upaya pengeloaan dan konservasi ekosistem laut. Penetapan Kawasan EBSAs ini seharusnya disambut baik oleh Pemerintah Indonesia terutama karena komitmennya dalam mensinergikan pengelolaan kawasan laut dengan mengedepankan aspek lingkungan hidup. Namun, pembangunan PLTU di Teluk Sepang yang merupakan kawasan EBSA Upwelling Zone of the Sumatra-Java Coast mendapatkan ijin sehingga terdapat gugatan Warga Teluk Sepang Bengkulu terhadap Gubernur Bengkulu atas pembangunan tersebut. Penelitian dengan metode yuridis normatif ini berkesimpulan bahwa pengelolaan kawasan laut Indonesia yang ditetapkan sebagai kawasan EBSAs diatur melalui PP 32 Tahun 2019 dan PP Nomor 21 Tahun 2021, namun pengaturan pengelolaan kawasan EBSAs tersebut belum memadai. Hingga saat penelitian ini dilakukan, hanya Kawasan EBSA Raja Ampat yang telah memiliki kepastian hukum sebagai kawasan konservasi. Penerapan Kebijakan pengelolaan kawasan laut Indonesia yang ditetapkan sebagai Kawasan EBSAs masih lemah. Putusan Hakim hanya menyandarkan pada kerugian faktual sebagai syarat adanya kepentingan sehingga hakim belum menilai pokok perkara. Apabila hakim mempertimbangkan sampai pada pokok perkara, penelitian ini menyarankan hakim untuk mempertimbangkan EBSA sebagai soft law sebagai dasar pertimbangan hukum dalam memberikan perlindungan terhadap Kawasan EBSA tersebut.

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In 2017, COP CBD designated 4 Indonesian marine areas as Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) namely Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion, Raja Ampat and Northern Bird's Head, Southern Straits of Malacca, and Upwelling Zone of the Sumatra-Java Coast. The adoption of EBSAs is to focus on efforts to manage and conserve marine ecosystems. The determination of the EBSAs area should be welcomed by the Government of Indonesia, especially because of Indonesia’s commitment to synergize the management of marine areas by prioritizing environmental aspects. However, the construction of the PLTU in Sepang Bay, which is in the EBSA Upwelling Zone of the Sumatra-Java Coast area, received a permit so there was a lawsuit from the Bengkulu residents of Sepang Bay against the Bengkulu Governor for the development. By using the normative juridical method, this study concludes that the management of Indonesian marine areas designated as EBSAs was regulated through Government Regulation Number 32 of 2019 and Government Regulation Number 21 of 2021. Management of the EBSAs area through those regulations was not adequate. At the time this study was conducted, only the Raja Ampat EBSA Area had legal certainty as a conservation area. The implementation of policies for managing Indonesian marine areas designated as EBSAs was still weak. The judge's decision only relied on factual losses as a condition of interest so the judge had not assessed the subject matter of the case. This study suggests the judge consider EBSA as a soft law as the basis for legal considerations in providing protection for the EBSA Area when the judge considers getting to the point of the case"

"ABSTRAKStudi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kawasan perlindungan laut(KPL) di Indonesia terhadap kemiskinan. Panel data dari tahun 2006 – 2010 untuktingkat kabupaten, dan dari tahun 2005-2010 untuk tingkat provinsi diestimasidengan metode efek tetap. Indikator kemiskinan yang digunakan adalah P0, P1 danP2. Selain KPL, digunakan juga pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pertumbuhan populasisebagai variabel bebas untuk mengontrol karakteristik wilayah. Hasil estimasimenunjukkan hubungan negatif antara KPL dan kemiskinan untuk hampir semuaindikator kemiskinan dan definisi KPL. Artinya KPL berkontribusi terhadappengentasan kemiskinan. Studi ini juga menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhanekonomi dan pertumbuhan populasi merupakan determinan dari kemiskinan

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ABSTRACTThe main purpose of this study is to examine whether marine protected areas(MPAs) in Indonesia have an impact on poverty alleviation. It takes municipalityand province as unit of analysis, and employs a panel data set from 2006 to 2010for municipality level and from 2005 to 2010 for province level. In the estimation,there are 294 municipalities and 33 provinces are involved. The fixed effect modelis employed in order to control for regional and municipality characteristics. Asoutcome variables different measures of poverty are considered and comparedsuch as the poverty headcount index, the poverty gap, and the poverty severity.The primary independent variable is MPAs, which is defined using differentdefinitions such as the share of MPAs, an indicator for the presence of MPAs, andthe absolute size of MPAs. Population growth and GRDP growth are the otherindependent variables which control for regional socioeconomic characteristics.The results show a significant impact of MPAs on poverty reduction. It isdemonstrated by the negative relationship between MPAs and the povertymeasures for almost all indicators of poverty and MPA definition. On average,protection of marine areas gives contribution on poverty alleviation. BeyondMPAs, this paper also confirms existing findings about poverty dynamics.Characteristics of the region, economic growth and population growth determinepoverty considerably. Regarding economic growth, the poorer the area the moredesirable the formation of an MPA."

"In Indonesia, overexploitation of marine resource, specifically on fisheries sector, is accompanied with destructive fishing behavior and Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) fishing activities. These problems cause Indonesia to suffer loss amounting to around $20 million per year. Indonesia is committed to implement sustainable marine resource and fisheries management by establishing Marine Protected Areas (MPA) reaching to 30 hectares by the end of 2030. Yet, there is no recent empirical study concerning the impact of MPA establishment in Indonesia to the overfishing condition. This research is aimed to answer the question. We employ Schaefer and Fox model to measure the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) as the basis to calculate overfishing index. Overfishing comparison analysis is done by mean difference t-test and panel data regression. Given limitation of data, MPA, regency and Fisheries Management Area (Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan/WPP) level of data to obtain robust data. We found that, using mean difference t-test, overfishing index in MPA is lower compared to overfishing in level of regency and WPP. Panel data regression result also support our previous finding as MPA establishment has negative and significant impact to overfishing index. Other factors affecting overfishing level are the amount of total and sustainable effort. Our findings indicate that Indonesia is managing its MPA in the right way. Therefore, it is reasonable for government to expand MPA area in Indonesia in realizing the commitment of establishing 30 ha of MPA."

"There are many empiric supports states that mareine protected area (MPA) will improve and restore ecological condition including composition increcement either of age or size of fish stock and higher level stock for restoring habitat...."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis evaluasi dampak MPA untuk memahami perubahan dan kemajuan implementasi kebijakan. Penelitian terdahulu menyebutkan bahwa penetapan MPA merupakan suatu upaya untuk konservasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga lokasi MPA dan kabupatennya Kabupaten Kepulauan Anambas, Kabupaten Padang Pariaman dan Kabupaten Berau dan kabupaten yang bukan lokasi MPA di Provinsi Kepulauan Riau, Sumatera Barat dan Kalimantan Timur untuk analisis mean difference, serta sebanyak 22 kabupaten MPA dan Non MPA tahun 2006-2016 untuk analisis regresi.Hasil analisis CPUE dengan mean difference antara MPA dan kabupaten tempat MPA berada dan analisis dengan membandingkan tingkat CPUE antara kabupaten dengan MPA dan kabupaten tanpa MPA menghasilkan mean CPUE di lokasi MPA yang berbeda signifikan dibandingkan dengan kabupaten tempat MPA. Mean CPUE juga menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda signifikan pada kabupaten yang merupakan lokasi MPA dibandingkan dengan kabupaten yang tidak memiliki MPA. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa penetapan MPA akan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap CPUE. Dimana penetapan MPA di kabupaten akan meningkatkan CPUE.

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This study analyzes the MPA impact evaluation to understand the changes and progress of policy implementation. Previous research has suggested that MPA determination is an attempt to conserve. This study used three MPA and district locations Anambas Islands District, Padang Pariaman and Berau Districts and non MPA districts in Riau Islands Province, West Sumatra and East Kalimantan for mean difference analysis, as well as 22 MPA and Non MPA districts of the year 2006 2016 for regression analysis.The result of CPUE analysis with mean difference between MPA and district where MPA is located and analysis by comparing CPUE level between districts with MPA and districts without MPA produces CPUE mean in MPA location which is significantly different compared to district where MPA. Mean CPUE also shows significantly different results in districts that are the location of MPA compared to districts that do not have MPA. The result of regression analysis shows that the determination of MPA will have a significant effect on CPUE. Where the determination of MPA in the district will increase CPUE."