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"ABSTRAKUnder feudalism, besides imploring investiture, tribute is said to be one of the two most typical activities at the core of diplomatic relations between China and the region, in particular, Vietnam and Japan. By using the comparative method and interdisciplinary approach, the author shows that there are many differences between Vietnam and Japan with regards to tribute activity with China during the feudal period. For example, the start and end of China tributary activities with Vietnam and Japan are not the same. The period of Japanese tributary activity was much more loosened than Vietnam. Vietnamese tributary relation was political, while Japan placed economic benefits as the main priority. In particular, the author also proved that although Japan and China had differences in behavior and level of dependence on the tributary activity of Vietnam, both Vietnam and Japan maintained independence and autonomy. Based on the historical, cultural, and geographical characteristics, as well as the position and force correlation of each country in relation to China, this article also explains the causes of these similarities and differences."

"ABSTRAKBased on the generalizations in international researchers views on the relationship between the center and the periphery, the author maps out a theory on the relationship between Vietnam as the periphery and China as the center of East Asia during feudalism. On the basis of the theory of central peripheral relationships and the realities of a diplomatic relationship between Vietnam and China during feudalism, the article proves not only that China considered itself to be the center of East Asia with the role of educating surrounding peripheries, but also that surrounding countries were influenced by Chinese Confucian ideologies. For example, Vietnam also followed the Chinese centric order. Accordingly, acts such as requesting investiture and tribute from Vietnam to the center China were sustained for a long period, although there was no balance in interest between the two countries. In addition to the subordinate tendency of the periphery in relation to the center, there is a centrifugal tendency because of the asymmetry in interest. In the case of the Vietnam China relationship at that time, Vietnams subordinate tendency was relative and superficial, while the centrifugal tendency was mainstream. The author shows that the strong centrifugal tendency led to the transformation of Vietnams position from a Chinese vassal or peripheral state into a center in relationships with smaller countries in Southeast Asia."

"This paper examines China's diplomatic philosophy and its attempts to establish a chinese school of international relation. The diplomatic philosophy expressed by the Chinese leaders can be interpreted "