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"ABSTRAK Objectives: To comparatively evaluate the incidence of apical transportation during calcium hydroxide paste removal using two rotary systems on 40o curved simulated root canal blocks. Methods: Two groups (n 15: Group1, iRace; Group 2, ProTaper) of simulated root canals (40o curvature) were instrumented until working length wasachieved. Stereomicroscopic post instrumentation images were captured, and the final file was inserted into canal to the working length. Calcium hydroxide paste with iodoform was placed until working length was achieved and removed after 7 days using the master apical file with copious irrigation. Stereomicroscopic images were taken after calcium hydroxide paste removal, with the final file inserted until working length was achieved to assess the incidence of apical transportation. Stereomicroscopic images were obtained and superimposed using Adobe Photoshop 8. Results: Mean angle change after rotary instrumentation and calcium hydroxide paste removalwas observed in both groups and was greater in Group 2 than in Group 1. Superimposed images showed greater root canal deviation in Group 2 than in Group 1. Conclusion: Both file systems showed apical transportation upon calcium hydroxide paste removal from simulated curved root canals. A greater angle deviation and apical transportation was recorded with ProTaper."

"[Latar Belakang: Perawatan endodontik regeneratif merupakan perawatan yang bertujuan untuk mencapai kesembuhan biologis yaitu regenerasi jaringan pulpa. Aspek penting dari perawatan ini adalah disinfeksi dengan bahan irigasi dan obat saluran akar. Umumnya, obat saluran akar yang digunakan adalah triple antibiotic paste (TAP), kalsium hidroksida (Ca(OH)2), dan Ledermix®. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini dilakukan untuk dapat mengetahui efek TAP, Ca(OH)2, dan Ledermix® terhadap sel punca mesenkim pulpa (DPSC) Metode: DPSC dikultur dan sel yang positif terhadap STRO-1 melalui uji imunofluoresens, diberi perlakuan kontak langsung dengan TAP, Ca(OH)2, dan Ledermix berkonsentrasi 0.1 mg/ml dan 1 mg/ml. Viabilitas DPSC dihitung dengan uji MTT. Hasil: Viabilitas sel pada kelompok perlakuan menunjukkan penurunan yang bermakna secara statistik, dan yang paling toksik adalah Ledermix. Kesimpulan: Ketiga obat saluran akar dapat menyebabkan penurunan viabilitas sel punca mesenkim pulpa. Namun, obat saluran akar yang memiliki efek paling tidak toksik adalah TAP dan Ca(OH)2. , Background: The goal for regenerative endodontic therapy is biological healing of pulp tissue. The procedure consists of disinfection with irrigants and medicaments. Medicaments that used recently today is triple antibiotic paste (TAP), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), dan Ledermix®. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of TAP, Ca(OH)2, and Ledermix® on viability of dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) Methods: Primary cultures of DPSC taken from immature third molars. DPSC was detected by STRO-1 marker using immunofluorescence assay. Cells were exposed to TAP, Ca(OH)2, and Ledermix® with concentration of 0.1 mg/ml dan 1 mg/ml. Cell viability was analyzed using MTT assay. Results: There were significant differences from the viability of group with medicaments that demonstrated decreased viability compared to controls (P < 0.05). Conclusion: All of the medicaments causes decreased viability on DPSC. Medicaments that have the most toxic effect is Ledermix®. ]"

"Latar Belakang: Perawatan endodontik regeneratif (ER) adalah perawatan yang dirancang untuk menggantikan struktur gigi yang rusak secara fisiologis. Penggunaan medikamen pada prosedur perawatan ER menggunakan Calcium hydroxide yang telah ditentukan sebagai bahan medikamen utama yang ditetapkan American Association of Endodontik (AAE). Bahan medikamen lainnya seperti Triple antibiotic paste (TAP) juga banyak digunakan pada perawatan ER dalam konsentrasi 1 mg/ml. Tujuan: Mengetahui sitotoksisitas medikamen Ca(OH)2, TAP, dan kombinasi keduanya terhadap sel punca pulpa.Cs) yang telah 80% confluent (telah melalui uji stem cell marker CD 90 98%, CD 105 88,7%, CD 73 94%, LinNeg 0,5%) dan mencapai P3-P4 dilakukan starvation 24 jam,  diberikan perlakuan berupa Ca(OH)2, TAP 0,1 dan 1 mg/ml dan kombinasi Ca(OH)2dan TAP 0,1 dan 1 mg/ml dengan DMEM sebagai kontrol. Pengamatan viabilitas dan sitotoksisitas hDPSCs dengan uji kuantitatif MTT assay dan uji kualitatif pewarnaan DAPI. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan sitotoksisitas kombinasi medikamen Ca(OH)2 + TAP 0,1 mg/ml dan Ca(OH)2 + TAP 1 mg/ml dibandingkan dengan Ca(OH)2, TAP 0,1 mg/ml dan TAP 1 mg/ml terhadap sel punca pulpa. Kesimpulan: Bahan medikamen Ca(OH)2, TAP, dan kombinasi keduanya tidak toksik terhadap sel punca pulpa.

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Background: Regenerative endodontic treatment (ER) is a treatment designed to replace damaged tooth structure physiologically. In regenerative endodontic treatment (ER) procedures, the medicament used is calcium hydroxide, which has been determined as the primary medicament recommended by the American Association of Endodontics (AAE). Another medicament used in ER treatment is Triple antibiotic paste (TAP), typically at a concentration of 1 mg/ml.

Objective: To determine the cytotoxicity of Ca(OH)2, TAP, and their combination on dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs).

Methods: Primary human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs), which have reached 80% confluence (tested for stem cell markers CD90 98%, CD105 88.7%, CD73 94%, LinNeg 0.5%), and have reached passages 3rd to 4th, were subjected to 24-hour starvation. They were then treated with Ca(OH)2, TAP at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/ml, and a combination of Ca(OH)2 and TAP at the same concentrations, with DMEM as the control. The viability and cytotoxicity of hDPSCs were observed using the quantitative MTT assay and qualitative DAPI staining.

Results: There was no significant difference in the cytotoxicity between the combination of Ca(OH)2+ TAP 0.1 mg/ml and Ca(OH2 + TAP 1 mg/ml compared to Ca(OH)2  0.1 mg/ml and TAP 1 mg/ml in dental pulp stem cells.

Conclusion: The medicaments Ca(OH)2, TAP, and their combination are not toxic to dental pulp stem cells."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Residu medikamen kalsium hidroksida yang tertinggal dalam saluran akar dapat memengaruhi kualitas pengisian saluran akar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi dua metode pembersihan medikamen kalsium hidroksida. Metode. Tiga puluh dua premolar rahang bawah dipreparasi dengan ProTaper Next hingga X3. Gigi kemudian diberikan medikamen kalsium hidroksida dan dilakukan pemindaian awal menggunakan Micro-CT. Setelah diinkubasi selama 7 hari pada suhu 37 C, medikamen kalsium hidroksida dibersihkan dengan larutan irigasi yang diaktivasi menggunakan instrumen sonik EDDY trade;, VDW dan menggunakan instrumen ultrasonik Irrisave, Acteon Satelec . Setelah dibersihkan, dilakukan pemindaian kedua dengan Micro-CT untuk mengetahui voume residu kalsium hidroksida. Data kemudian di rekonstruksi dan dianalisis menggunakan perangkat lunak NRecon dan CTAn. Hasil. Kelompok ultrasonik memiliki rerata volume residu kalsium hidroksida yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan kelompok sonik. Namun secara statistik tidak memiliki perbedaan yang bermakna p=0,225 . Kesimpulan. Teknik sonik dan ultrasonik memiliki kemampuan yang sama dalam membersihkan medikamen kalsium hidroksida.

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ABSTRACTBackground. The residual calcium hydroxide medicinal residue in the root canal can affect the quality of root canal filling. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two methods of cleansing the calcium hydroxide medicaments. Method. Thirty two mandibular premolars were prepared with ProTaper Next to X3. The tooth was then given a calcium hydroxide medicament and an initial scan was performed using Micro CT. after incubation for 7 days at 37 C, the calcium hydroxide medicaments were cleaned with irrigation solution which was activated using sonic instrument EDDY trade , VDW and using ultrasonic instrument Irrisave, Acteon Satelec . After cleaning, a second scan with Micro CT is done to determine the voume of calcium hydroxide residue. The data were then reconstructed and analyzed using NRecon and CTAn software. Results. ultrasonic group had a lower mean residual volume of calcium hydroxide than the sonic group. However, statistically, there was no significant difference p 0,225 . Conclusion. Sonic and ultrasonic techniques have the same ability to clean the calcium hydroxide medicaments."

"Penelitian ini berfokus pada pengendalian sistem yang nonlinear berupa Rotary Inverted Pendulum (RIP) dengan menggunakan salah satu algoritma Reinforcement learning (RL) yaitu algoritma Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) yang disimulasikan pada simulink MATLAB. Algoritma DDPG merupakan algoritma lanjutan dari algoritma Deep Q-Network (DQN) yang dapat diaplikasikan pada sistem yang kontinu. RIP merupakan sistem nonlinier yang populer pada sistem kendali yang bersifat mekanis sehingga permasalahan RIP banyak dikerjakan oleh peneliti dalam bidang sistem kendali dengan berbagai metode pengendalian. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hasil pengendalian dengan algoritma DDPG dan kemudian membandingkannya dengan metode pengendalian lain yang telah dikerjakan oleh peneliti lainnya. Pengendalian yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini yaitu keseimbangan pendulum ketika posisinya berdiri tegak.

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This research focuses on controlling a nonlinear system Rotary Inverted Pendulum (RIP) using one of the Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm which is simulated on simulink MATLAB. DDPG algorithm is an advanced algorithm from the Deep Q-Network (DQN) algorithm which can be applied to continuous systems. RIP is a nonlinear system that is popular in mechanical control systems so that many RIP problems are worked on by researchers in the field of control systems with various control methods. The purpose of this study is to determine the results of control with the DDPG algorithm and then compare it with other control methods that have been used by other researchers. The control carried out in this study is the balance of the pendulum when the posture is standing upright."

"Konversi minyak jelantah sawit menjadi bahan bakar setara diesel melalui reaksi dekarboksilasi dengan pretreatment saponifikasi menggunakan Kalsium Hidroksida telah dilakukan. Pretreatment saponifikasi dan reaksi dekarboksilasi dilakukan dalam reaktor batch yang beroperasi pada tekanan atmosfer. Reaksi saponifikasi dilakukan pada kondisi 200oC dilanjutkan dengan reaksi dekarboksilasi pada kondisi 400-460oC. Variasi yang dilakukan adalah variasi waktu reaksi dekarboksilasi, rasio mol minyak terhadap Kalsium Hidroksida dan temperatur dekarboksilasi. Produk dihitung beratnya kemudian dianalisa dengan menggunakan FTIR dan GC. Produk dengan waktu reaksi dekarboksilasi 90 menit, rasio mol minyak terhadap Kalsium hidroksida 1:4.5 dan temperatur dekarboksilasi 440oC menghasilkan konversi terbesar yaitu 31.58% dengan komposisi parafin setara diesel sebesar 17.13%. Selain parafin ditemukan adanya senyawa olefin, naften, keton dan aldehid dalam produk yang dihasilkan.

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Conversion of used palm cooking oil into diesel like fuel via decarboxylation reaction by pretreatment saponification using Calcium Hydroxide has been done. Saponification Pretreatment and decarboxylation reactions carried out in a batch reactor operating at atmospheric pressure. Saponification reaction carried out under 200oC followed by decarboxylation reaction at 400-460oC conditions. The research variation consist of decarboxylation reaction time, oil to Calcium Hydroxide mole ratio and decarboxylation temperature. The liquid product mass was measured and then analyzed using FTIR and GC. Products with decarboxylation reaction time of 90 minutes, oil to calcium hydroxide mole ratio 1:4.5 and decarboxylation temperature of 440oC produces the largest conversion of 31.58% with paraffin composition 17.13%. In addition to the compounds also found olefin, naphtene, ketones and aldehydes in the resulting products."

"Penelitian ini merupakan rangkaian dari proses pengolahan bijih nikel laterit hingga menjadi produk antara yakni mixed hydroxide precipitate (MHP) menggunakan proses hidrometalurgi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi kandungan pengotor utama besi dan pengotor lainnya serta meningkatkan efisiensi kandungan elemen berharga seperti nikel dan kobalt. Sampel awal yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berbentuk pregnant leach solution (PLS). Selanjutnya, PLS akan dilakukan proses multistage iron removal dengan menggunakan kalsium karbonat (CaCO₃) dengan kadar 25% w/w, 15% w/w, dan 12,5% w/w pada masing-masing tahap. Kemudian sampel dipanaskan pada temperatur 90^oC selama 2, 1,5, dan 1 jam pada setiap tahap. Kemudian, penelitian dilanjutkan dengan melakukan presipitasi MHP pada sampel yang telah melewati multistage iron removal. Proses presipitasi MHP dilakukan dengan menggunakan reagen natrium hidroksida (NaOH) dengan konsentrasi 2,5M. Presipitasi dilakukan hingga mencapai pH 9 lalu dilanjutkan dengan pemanasan pada temperatur 90^oC selama 1 jam. Pada penelitian ini, ditemukan beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan tidak meningkatnya kadar nikel secara signifikan sehingga belum terbentuk produk yang diinginkan. Faktor tersebut diantaranya kadar pengotor lain seperti sulfur dan mangan yang masih cukup tinggi, ageing time yang terlalu lama, kecepatan titrasi yang terlalu tinggi, dan tingkat kejenuhan sampel yang tinggi. Hasil dari proses multistage iron removal menunjukkan bahwa terjadi pengurangan kandungan besi hingga 92% melalui pengujian ICP OES. Sementara itu, pada proses presipitasi MHP dihasilkan nikel dengan kandungan mencapai 18,83%.

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This research is a series of processing of lateritic nickel ore to become an intermediate product, namely mixed hydroxide precipitate (MHP) using a hydrometallurgical process. This research aims to reduce the content of the main impurities iron and other impurities and increase the efficiency of the content of valuable elements such as nickel and cobalt. The initial sample used in this study was in the form of pregnant leach solution (PLS). Furthermore, PLS will be carried out a multistage iron removal process using calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) with levels of 25% w/w, 15% w/w, and 12.5% w/w at each stage. Then the samples were heated at 90^oC for 2, 1.5, and 1 hour at each stage. Then, the research was continued by conducting MHP precipitation on samples that had undergone multistage iron removal. The MHP precipitation process was carried out using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) reagent with a concentration of 2.5M. Precipitation was carried out until it reached pH 9 and then followed by heating at 90^oC for 1 hour. In this study, several factors were found that caused the nickel content not to increase significantly so that the desired product had not been formed. These factors include the levels of other impurities such as sulfur and manganese which are still quite high, the aging time is too long, the titration speed is too high, and the sample saturation level is high. The results of the multistage iron removal process show that there is a reduction in the iron content of up to 92% through the ICP OES test. Meanwhile, the MHP precipitation process produces nickel with a content of up to 18.83%."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 62-68An inadequate endodontic treatment may affect the root canat system and spread beyond its apical foramina that elicit periodontal tissue developing into abcess, granuloma and radicular cyst. Periapical lesions can be treated with non surgical endodontic treatment using calcium hydroxide dressing. This case study is reporting teeth 11 with periapical lesions and infection. Evidence of a clinical healing and radiographic assessments were followed by a non surgical endodontic therapy. Successful treatment outcome is related to the elimination of infection agents from the root canal. This can activate a stimulation zone to promote regeneration. Calcium hydroxide used as a root canal dressing may promote alkalinity at the adjacent tissue, create favourable enviromental condition in which hard tissue formation can occur, interfere the bactericidal activity, increase mineralization, and induce healing."

"ABSTRAK

Kereta api memiliki keungulan memiliki kapasitas yang besar dalam satu kali perjalanan. Dengan kelebihan yang dimiliki, seharusnya kereta api menjadi pilihan utama dalam transportasi barang, namun laporan tahun 2011 menyebutkan bahwa kereta api di Indonesia hanya berkontribusi 0.51% dari total biaya logistik. Perlu adanya evaluasi dari sistem transportasi kontainer berbasis rel sehingga proses transportasi dapat berjalan dengan baik. Evaluasi sistem transportasi  dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan metode Balanced Scorecard (BSC), hasil dari penelitian adalah untuk mendapatkan Strategy Map dalam penerapan metode BSC di bidang transportasi kontainer berbasis rel, dan mendapatkan penilaian mengenai sistem transportasi kontainer berbasis rel di Indonesia.

Kata Kunci : Transportasi Kontainer, Balanced Scorecard.

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ABSTRACT

 

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Trains have the advantage of having a large capacity in one trip. With the advantages possessed, railways should be the main choice in transportation of goods, but the 2011 annual report states that trains in Indonesia only contribute 0.51% of the total logistics costs. There needs to be an evaluation of the rail-based kontainer transportation system so that the transportation process can be better. The evaluation of the transportation system was carried out using the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) method, the results of the study were to obtain a Strategy Map in the application of the BSC method in the field of Rail-based kontainer transportation, and obtain an assessment of rail-based kontainer transportation systems in Indonesia.

Keywords : Kontainer Transportation, Balanced Scorecard

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"Penelitian ini merupakan investigasi proses pembuangan besi yang merupakan bagian dari hilir proses endapan hidroksida campuran (MHP) nikel dan kobalt dengan menggunakan larutan pelindian atmosferik nikel lateritik. Dengan penggunaan kalsium karbonat sebagai reagen, pengaruh pH (1, 2, 3) dan konsentrasi reagen (20% dan 25%) diamati dan diteliti dalam penelitian ini. Proses karakterisasi XRD dan SEM EDS dilakukan untuk data semi kuantitatif dan kualitatif endapan dengan penambahan ICP-OES sebagai data kuantitatif teruntuk filtratnya. Unsur-unsur seperti Ni, Fe, Al, Cr dan Co diamati sebagai ruang lingkup utama penelitian. Unsur penetral asam tambahan, seperti Ca dan S juga menjadi elemen penting untuk diamati. Analisis berdasarkan endapan menunjukkan bahwa proses netralisasi asam berlangsung dengan jumlah besi yang cukup pada endapan dengan jumlah nikel paling sedikit. Selain itu, semua pH dan konsentrasi endapan secara kualitatif menggambarkan proses netralisasi yang sama yang melibatkan kalsium dan sulfur. Menelisik hasil filtrat yang dianalisa menggunakan ICP, pH 1 untuk konsentrasi 20% and 25% kalsium karbonat memeliki jumlah besi yang sedikit di filtrat sehingga besi mengendap di bawah filtrat. Dengan demikian, parameter yang paling efisien dalam studi ini adalah 25% kalsium karbonat menggunakan pH 1 dengan temperatur 90oC dan dalam waktu 2 jam.

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This study was an investigation of iron removal process part of mixed hydroxide precipitate of nickel and cobalt downstream by using pregnant leach solution of nickel laterite atmospheric leaching. By the usage of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as the reagent, the effect of pH (1, 2, 3) and reagent concentration (20% and 25%) was observed and investigated in this research. Characterization processes of XRD and SEM EDS were done for semi-quantitative and qualitative data of precipitates with addition of ICP-OES as quantitative data for the filtrate. Elements, such as Ni, Fe, Al, Cr and Co were observed as the main scope of the research. Additional acid neutralization elements, such as Ca and S are observed as well. Analysis based on precipitates demonstrate that the acid neutralization process took place with sufficient amount of iron in the precipitates with the least amount of nickel. In addition, all pH and concentration of precipitates qualitatively illustrate the same neutralization process involving calcium and sulfur. From the results of filtrate through ICP testing, pH 1 for both 20% and 25% concentration provide the smallest recovery rate alongside the smallest ppm compare to pH 2 and 3; thus, the iron precipitates in the formation of iron sulfide and/or iron sulfate. Overall, the optimum parameter in this study is 25% of calcium carbonate, pH 1, 90oC for 2 hours of agitation."