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"Infeksi Menular Seksual (IMS)adalah infeksi yang utamanya ditularkan melalui hubungan seksual (Kemenkes, 2023), kelompok remaja dan dewasa muda (usia 15 -24 tahun) merupakan kelompok umur yang berisiko paling tinggi untuk tertular IMS (Kemenkes, 2016). Bandung merupakan kota dengan prevalensi IMS terbanyak di Indonesia dengan gonorhea 37,4%, chlamydia 34,5% dan syphilis 25,2%. Estimasi jumlah PSP di Indonesia 230.000 orang, (Organisasi Perubahan Sosial Indonesia, 2019). Estimasi jumlah PSP di Jawa Barat adalah 31.375 orang, sedangkan jumlah PSP Kota Bandung : 3211 orang, 1710 PSP terjangkau, 54 % akses ke klinik. Jumlah PSP remaja kurang dari 24 tahun sebanyak 104 orang (3 %). PSP yang terinfeksi IMS, akan berupaya untuk mencari pengobatan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat fenomena Health Seeking Behavior IMS pada remaja PSP di Kota Bandung yang dipengaruhi oleh pemikiran dan perasaan (thoughts and feeling), pengalaman orang lain (personal reference), sumber daya (resources), dan  kebudayaan (culture).

Metode penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif, desain phenomenology. Informan penelitian 8 orang, 5 informan utama remaja PSP online (apartemen dan kost) dan offline (lokalisasi, tempat hiburan, jalanan) berusia 10-24 tahun, serta 3 orang informan kunci yaitu mucikari, penghubung dan petugas lapangan. Pengumpulan data dengan wawancara mendalam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan informan tidak mengetahui dengan baik gejala dan penularan IMS, IMS merupakan hal yang menakutkan tetapi merupakan risiko pekerjaan. PSP memilih no action dan self-treatment jika gejala yang dirasakan ringan. Dukungan mucikari cukup membantu dengan syarat tidak merugikan mucikari. Pengaruh orang lain (personal reference) sangat besar bagi PSP mendorong upaya pengobatan sendiri (self-treatment). Sumber daya yang tidak dimiliki oleh PSP menjadi hambatan bagi PSP offline, yaitu dana yang terbatas, waktu buka layanan kesehatan formal yang tidak sesuai dengan jam kerja PSP, perlakuan stigma dan diskriminasi dari tenaga kesehatan klinik. Sedangkan bagi PSP online, hambatannya adalah kekurangan dana dan ketergantungan terhadap orang yang mengantar ke klinik. Budaya pengobatan turun temurun seperti jamu-jamuan atau ke dukun menjadi hambatan bagi PSP online dan offline.

Rekomendasi: meningkatkan KIE (komunikasi, informasi dan edukasi) pada remaja PSP, mucikari dan penghubung mengenai IMS, pengobatan yang benar dan pengunaan kondom; memperbaiki kualitas layanan IMS; evaluasi berkala terhadap layanan dan Petugas Lapangan PSP dalam program pencegahan IMS.

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Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are infections that are mainly transmitted through sexual contact (Ministry of Health, 2023), teenagers and young adults (aged 15 -24 years) are the age group at highest risk of contracting STIs (Ministry of Health, 2016). Bandung is the city with the highest prevalence of STIs in Indonesia with gonorrhea 37.4%, chlamydia 34.5% and syphilis 25.2%. Estimated 230,000 people Female Sex Worker (FSW) in Indonesia, (Indonesian Social Change Organization, 2019). The estimated number of FSWs in West Java is 31,375 people, in Bandung City is: 3211 people, 1710 FSWs are reach, and 54% have access to clinics. The number of FSW less than 24 years old was 104 people (3%). FSW who are infected with STIs will try to seek treatment. The aim of this research is to look at Health Seeking Behavior for STI among adolescents FSW in Bandung which is influenced by thoughts and feelings, personal references, resources and culture.

The research method used qualitative methods, with phenomenology design. The research informants were 8 people, 5 main informants were adolescent FSW who work online (apartments and boarding houses) and offline (localization, entertainment, and streets) aged 10- 24 years, and 3 key informants, pimps, liaisons and outreach worker. Data collection using in- depth interviews. The research results showed that informants did not know well the symptoms and transmission of STIs, STIs are terrible thing as an occupational risk. FSW chooses no action and self-treatment if the symptoms not serious. Pimps support is quite helpful as long as it doesn't cause harm. Personal reference influenced self-treatment for FSW.   The resources that FSWs do not have are obstacles for offline FSWs, namely limited funds, formal health service operational hours, stigmatized and discriminatory treatment from clinical providers. Meanwhile, for online FSW, the obstacles are lack of funds and dependence on people who accompany them to the clinic. The culture of traditional treatments such as herbal medicine or going to shamans is an obstacle for online and offline FSW.

Recommendations: improve IEC (communication, information and education) among adolescent FSW, pimps and liaisons regarding STIs, correct treatment and condoms use; improving the quality of STI services; continuous evaluation of services and FSW’s outreach worker in STI prevention program."

"Infeksi Menular Seksual (IMS) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di seluruh dunia. Diperkirakan pada tahun 2008, 340 juta penduduk dunia terinfeksi IMS, dan di Asia Tenggara kasus IMS 40% dari kasus di dunia, hal ini karena pengendalian IMS yang lemah. Kasus IMS banyak terjadi pada pekerja seks komerial (PSK) dan LSL (laki-laki berhubungan Seks dengan laki-laki). Meningkatnya kasus IMS akan meningkatkan kasus HIV (WHO, 2009). Prevalensi IMS di Indonesia pada waria lebih tinggi (19,3%) daripada LSL (1,1%) (WHO, 2008), penelitian Pisani dkk di Jakarta tahun 2004 menunjukkan prevalensi HIV pada waria 22%, PSK laki-laki 36% dan LSL 2,5%. Banyaknya kasus IMS pada waria, dapat di intervensi melalui petugas kesehatan untuk mencegah penularan HIV/AIDS dengan melakukan seks aman. Intervensi ini diharapkan dapat mengubah perilaku PSK waria Namun bagi PSK waria yang mengobati sendiri/tidak mengobati belum pernah diketahui konsistensi penggunaan kondom. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan pencarian pengobatan IMS dengan penggunaan kondom seminggu terakhir pada PSK waria dengan gejala IMS setahun terakhir. Penelitian ini menggunakan data STBP tahun 2007. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional dengan sampel PSK waria yang mengalami gejala IMS setahun terakhir sejumlah 214 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PSK waria yang mencari pengobatan IMS kepada bukan tenaga kesehatan sebesar 28,5%, sedangkan yang berobat kepada petugas kesehatan sebesar 71,5%. PSK waria yang konsisten menggunakan kondom sebesar 25,2% dan yang tidak konsisten sebesar 74,8%. Hubungan pencarian pengobatan dengan penggunaan kondom menunjukkan bahwa PSK waria yang mencari pengobatan kepada bukan petugas kesehatan mempunyai peluang konsisten menggunakan kondom 1,57kali dibandingkan yang mencari pengobatan kepada petugas kesehatan (OR=1,57, 95% CI: 0,76-3,28). Hubungan tersebut secara statistik tidak bermakna (p=0,23). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, disarankan agar dilakukan pelatihan komunikasi efektif bagi petugas kesehatan agar dapat melakukan konseling dengan baik, menyediakan kondom gratis, memeriksa anal dan oral waria yang berobat, menyediakan obat yang efektif untuk IMS/HIV, bekerjasama dengan kelompok waria untuk mengadakan penyuluhan tentang IMS/HIV, memberikan pendidikan moral dan seks bagi remaja baik secara formal maupun informal.

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Sexually transmitted Infection (STI) still become a world health problem. Worldwide, an estimated 33.4 million people are living with HIV. In South East Asia region accounts for nearly 40% of world's burden of STI's, due to poor controlling. This mostly happened in sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men . The increasing number of STI will increase the number of HIV (WHO, 2009).

The objection of this study is to know the association between health seeking behavior for STI and condom use for anal sex within last week in transvestites sexual commercial worker (SCW) that had been complaining STI's symptom during last year. This study uses data from HIV/STI Integrated Biological Behavioral Surveillance among Most-at-Risk Groups (MARG) in Indonesia, 2007. The study design is cross- sectional with 214 transvestites who had been complaining for STI's symptom within last year.

Result of this study shows that 28,5% of the transvestites SCW self medication/did not do anything for the STI's symptom and 71,5% seek to health worker. Only 25,2% of them constantly used condoms, and 74,8% were not. The association between health seeking behavior and condom use shows that transvestites SCW who did self medication/did not do anything for STI's symptom had opportunity consistently condom use 2,26 times than those who came to health worker (OR=2,26, 95% CI: 0,98-5,24). This association is statistically not significant (p=0,06).

Based on the results, we suggest doing some effective communication training for health care workers how to do a good counseling, to provide condom freely, to give anal and oral examination for treated transvestites, to provide effective drug for STI/HIV, to assist transvestites group in arranging seminar about STI/HIV, to give formal or informal moral and sex education to adolescence."

"The majority of female batik workers uses non-ergonomic chairs (dingklik) that pose risks of musculoskeletal disorders.This study aimed to design an ergonomic chair and evaluate its effectiveness in reducing musculoskeletal disordersamong the workers. This is a quasi-experimental study (using one group pre and post-test design) on 50 female batikworkers selected by quota sampling. Musculoskeletal disorders were measured among the samples before and after theuse of the designed ergonomic chair which they were asked to use for two months. T-test, ANCOVA, Wilcoxon test,McNemar test and Chi Square test were used for the analysis. The study found statistical significant differences of riskfactor against musculoskeletal disorders among the workers before and after their use of the designed ergonomic chair(p< 0.05); and of musculoskeletal disorders before and after using the ergonomic chair (p= 0,035). Body Mass Index(BMI) was identified as a confounding factor, and statistical significant difference of musculoskeletal disorders werealso found among the workers with <25 and >25 BMI even before and after using the ergonomic chair (p=0.033 andp=0.015 respectively). By ANCOVA statistical test, after controlling BMI, another statistical difference ofmusculoskeletal disorders was also identified before and after using the ergonomic chair (p=0.033). It is concluded thatthe designed ergonomic chair is effective to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders."

"Salah satu metode yang paling sederhana dan efektif untuk mencegah transmisi HIV dan IMS lainnya ialah pemakaian kondom. Hal ini penting untuk diperhatikan, terutama bagi WPS memiliki perilaku seks berisiko tinggi sehingga berisiko tinggi tertular HIV. Namun, sayangnya penggunaan kondom pada WPS di Indonesia masih belum maksimal, Untuk itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat faktor-faktor apa saja yang berpengaruh terhadap perilaku penggunaan kondom pada WPS. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan desain studi cross sectional untuk menganalisis data 4465 WPS responden STBP 2018-2019. Didapatkan hasil bahwa 46,8% responden memiliki perilaku penggunaan kondom yang baik. Faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku penggunaan kondom adalah tingkat pengetahuan terkait HIV, keterpajanan informasi terkait HIV, akses pada kondom, persepsi risiko, umur, dan status pernikahan.

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One of the simplest and most effective means for HIV transmission prevention is condom usage. This is important to note especially for FSWs who have high risk sexual behavior and thus have high risk of transmitting HIV. However, condom usage among FSWs in Indonesia is still not optimum. Therefore, this study aims to find out which factors are associated with condom usage among FSWs. A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the data acquired from IBBS 2018-2019 on 4465 respondents. This study showed that 46,8% of respondents have consistent condom usage. Factors associated with condom usage among FSWs are HIV knowledge, exposure to HIV information, access to condoms, risk perception, age, and marital status."

"AbstrakUpper Respiratory Infection (URI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality of infants and toddlers in developing countries. The high infant morbidity and mortality rates in Indonesia are associated with the low exclusive breastfeeding ability. Breast milk is a natural drink for newborns in the first month of life that is beneficial not only for the babies, but also for mothers. The aim of study was to determine exclusive breastfeeding and decrease in incidence of URI among infants aged 6-12 months. This study was conducted by using case control design. Samples were taken by using cluster random sampling. Subject of study consisted of 162 cases and 162 control with infants aged 6-12 years. Cases were 162 infants aged 6-12 months suffering from URI within one last month and taken by mothers to primary health care that was selected location of study, while control was mothers who took their infants aged 6-12 months who did not suffer from URI within one last month to the selected primary health care. Data analysis included univariate, bivariate, stratification, and multivariate analysis with logistic regression. Results of study found that infants who were not exclusively breastfed were 1.69 times (95% CI: 1.02-2.80) more at risk of increasing URI incidence compared to infants who were breastfed exclusively after controlled by smoker in house and immunization variables. Health promotion of 6-month exclusive breastfeeding, provision of immunization, and anti-smoking program need to be implemented continuously to decrease the rates of morbidity and mortality due to URI disease."

"In February 2016, the Minister of Health decided to increase the use of research findings in improving the quality of the national health policy and planning. The Ministry of Health has instructed the National Institute of Health Research and Development or NIHRD to play a stronger role of monitoring and evaluating all health programs, because their opinion and research findings should be the basis for changes in national health policies and planning. Compared to the past, the Ministry of Health has increased the research budget for evidence-based research tremendously. However, there is a gap between the information needs of program and policy makers and the information offered by researchers. A close dialogue is needed between the users (program managers, policy makers and planners) and the suppliers (researchers and evaluators) to ensure that the evidence-based supplied by research is useful for programs, planning and health policy."

"Latar Belakang: Pekerja kantor dengan komputer berisiko untuk mengalami nyeri leher dan bahu. Bila nyeri leher dan bahu ini tidak ditangani dengan baik akan dapat mengganggu aktivitas pekerja baik di tempat kerja maupun di luar pekerjaan. Oleh karena itu diperlukan suatu penanganan yang tepat pada kasus nyeri leher dan bahu ini. Laporan ini dibuat untuk memperoleh bukti apakah latihan leher dan bahu efektif dalam mengurangi nyeri leher dan bahu pada pekerja kantor dengan komputer.Metode: Pencarian literatur dilakukan secara online dengan menggunakan database Pubmed dan Cohrane library. Judul dan abstrak yang didapatkan kemudian ditapis berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Telaah kritis dilakukan dengan menggunakan kriteria oleh Center-for Evidence Based Medicine, University of Oxford yang mencakup validity, importance dan applicability.Hasil: Didapatkan enam artikel yang relevan. Semua studi merupakan randomized controlled trial. Secara keseluruhan semua studi cukup valid, walaupun ada studi yang memiliki angka drop-out yang tinggi. Dari enam studi, aspek importance hanya dapat dinilai pada tiga studi karena tidak diketahui berapa effect size pada tiga studi lainnya. Pada tiga studi yang dapat dinilai aspek importance, walaupun ada hasil yang menunjukkan efek perbaikan yang bermakna secara statistik, namun efeknya secara klinis hanya minimal sampai sedang. Oleh karena tingkat kepentingannya yang rendah, maka tidak dilanjutkan lagi penilaian applicability.Kesimpulan: Belum ditemukan bukti yang cukup kuat bahwa latihan leher dan bahu efektif dalam mengurangi nyeri leher dan bahu pada pekerja kantor dengan komputer. Oleh karena itu kita belum dapat menyarankan latihan leher dan bahu ini sebagai terapi untuk mengurangi nyeri leher dan bahu pada pekerja kantor dengan komputer.

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Background: Computer office workers are at risk to have neck and shoulder pain. If neck and shoulder pain is not controlled properly, it can disrupt the worker?s activities both at work and outside work. Therefore proper treatment is needed for neck and shoulder pain. This report aims to obtain evidence whether neck and shoulder training is effective in reducing neck and shoulder pain among computer office workers.

Method: A literature search was conducted online using database of Pubmed and Cochrane library. Titles and abstracts were obtained and then screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Critical appraisal was conducted using criteria by Center-for Evidence Based Medicine, University of Oxford include validity, importance and applicability.

Results: Six articles were found to be relevant. All studies are randomized controlled trials. Overall, all studies are quite valid although there are studies which have high drop-out rate. From six studies, aspect of importance only can be assessed in three studies because the effect size in three other studies was unknown. In the three studies where aspect of importance could be assessed, although there are outcomes that were statistically significant, the clinically improvement were only minimal to moderate. Because the level of importance is low, assesment of applicability was not conducted.

Conclusion: No sufficient evidence was found that neck and shoulder training is effective in reducing neck and shoulder pain among computer office workers. Therefore neck and shoulder training as therapy for reducing neck and shoulder pain among computer office workers can not be recommended."

"Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease characterised by elevated levels of blood glucose known as hyperglycaemia. Diabetes is due to impaired insulin action in the metabolism of glucose and can result in impaired wound healing. Excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, an increased number of macrophages and neutrophils, and decreased levels of transforming growth factor ? beta 1 (TGF-β1) serum can be characteristic of impaired wound healing. This study aims to determine the effects of squid extract on certain wound parameters such as levels of tumour necrosis factor ? alpha (TNF-α), and TGF-β1 serum and the number of macrophages and neutrophils.Methods: This was a post-test only, randomized controlled group study that was conducted on male Wistar rats. Experimental animals were divided into 6 groups; (1) normal wound with standard diet, (2) diabetic wound with standard diet, (3) diabetic wound with chitosan supplement, (4) diabetic wound given squid extract orally once a day, (5) diabetic wound given squid extract orally twice a day, and (6) diabetic wound given squid extract orally once every two days. Levels of TNF-α and TGF-β1 serum were observed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Haematocylin and eosin staining was used to observed macrophage and neutrophil counts. All data was analysedstatistically by one-way analysis of variance.Results: TNF-α serum levels showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in subjects that received squid extract orally once every two days. The mean levels of TGF-β1 showed no significant differences. The mean number of macrophage cells showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups. The mean number of neutrophil cells also showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups.Conclusions: Squid extract is effective in lowering the TNF-α serum levels and the number of macrophages and neutrophils cells in Wistar rats. However, there were insignificant findings on increasing levels of TGF-β1 serum. This data suggests that squid extract is most effective during the inflammatory phase of wound healing which takes places about 2-4 days after wound creation.Keywords: diabetic wound, squid, TNF"