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"Budaya ditemukan sebagai moderator social loafing, dimana social loafing berkurang atau bahkan hilang di antara orang-orang dengan budaya kolektivisme tetapi tidak untuk orang-orang dari budaya individualistis. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat efek social loafing saat partisipan dengan budaya kolektivisme berkerjasama dengan partisipan dengan budaya individualistis dalam kelompok melalui tugas kognitif sederhana (membuat daftar nama negara dengan enam huruf atau lebih dalam dua menit). Penelitian ini menggunakan design three-level independent groups dimana 36 mahasiswa (baik orang Indonesia atau orang Australia) ditentukan secara acak untuk bekerja secara individual (coactive) atau dalam kelompok (collective) baik terdiri dari tiga orang Indonesia (collective-Indonesian) atau satu orang Indonesia dan dua orang Australia (collective-mixed). Social loafing adalah variable dependen dalam penelitian ini. Hasil dari penelitian menemukan bahwa partisipan dalam kondisi coactive secara signifikan membuat daftar nama negara yang lebih panjang dibanding partisipan-partisipan di dua kondisi collective. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara hasil partisipan di kondisi collective-Indonesian dengan partisipan di kondisi collective-mixed. Ini menunjukkan bahwa nilai-nilai budaya tidak mempengaruhi social loafing. Keterbatasan dan saran juga dibahas dalam penelitian ini.

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Culture has been found to be a moderator of social loafing in which social loafing is reduced or even eliminated among people of collectivistic cultures but not for those of individualistic cultures. This study aimed to examine the effects of social loafing when collectivistic participants work together in a group with participants who are individualistic through a simple cognitive task (listing names of countries with six or more letters in two minutes). A three-level independent-groups design was used where 36 university students (either Indonesian or Australian in ethnicity) were randomly assigned to work individually (coactively) or in groups of three (collectively) either consisting of three Indonesians (collective-Indonesian) or one Indonesian and two Australians (collective-mixed). Social loafing was the dependent variable in the study. Independent-groups t-tests revealed that participants working coactively significantly listed more countries than those working in the two collective conditions. It also revealed that there was no significance difference in the performance of participants in the collective-Indonesian condition compared to those in the collective-mixed condition, suggesting that cultural values do not influence social loafing. Improvements regarding methodological issues have been recommended as well as suggestions for future research."

"Studi ini merupakan penelitian dengan eksperimen 2x2 between-groups design. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 60 partisipan yang merupakan gabungan dari mahasiswa The University of Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, dan Griffith University (Perempuan = 21, Laki-Laki = 35, Lain-Lain = 4, M = 23.90). Partisipan selanjutnya akan ditempatkan secara acak dalam variasi kondisi bekerja (individual dan kolektif) dan variasi identifikasi (teridentifikasi dan tidak teridentifikasi). Kemalasan sosial diukur menggunakan tugas kinerja, dimana partisipan diminta untuk membuat daftar ide untuk topik tesis akhir selama 10 menit. Dari data yang diperoleh, didapatkan hasil yang tidak signifikan antara partisipan yang bekerja secara individual maupun kolektif dalam kemalasan sosial. Begitu pula dengan partisipan di dalam kondisi kolektif teridentifikasi dan kolektif tidak teridentifikasi, didapatkan hasil yang tidak signifikan dalam kemalasan sosial. Saran untuk penelitian selanjutnya adalah untuk mencari faktor-faktor lain yang dapat mencegah kemalasan sosial.

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Previous studies saw that social loafing could be looked at using identifiability but the task that was used has no immediate impact and not personally involving for participants, where the results of the task may impact their future accolades. This study looked at how motivation (through identifiability) could mitigate social loafing. By using a 2x2 between-groups design, 60 university volunteers were randomly assigned to work individually (coactively) or in groups (collectively), and to either the identified or not-identified condition. The participants were told to generate a list of thesis topic ideas for 10 minutes to measure social loafing. The result we obtained rejects the first hypothesis, where independent groups t-tests revealed that there is no significant difference in thesis topic ideas generated between the participants who worked coactively and the participants who worked collectively and as for the second hypothesis, the result also showed that there is no significant difference between thesis topic ideas generated from both collective-identified condition and collective-not identified condition. As people are more wary of their future endeavours, future research is encouraged to find new factors that could mitigate social loafing."

"Riset terdahulu telah meneliti bahwa pengetahuan awal tentang social loafing atau kemalasan sosial tidak mempengaruhi terjadinya kemalasan sosial ketika diuji dengan tes fisik dikarenakan banyaknya variabel lain yang mempengaruhi dalam pengujian di area tes fisik olahraga sepeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji apakah pengetahuan awal terhadap konsep kemalasan sosial memiliki dampak pada terjadinya kemalasan sosial ketika dioperasionalkan melalui tes kognitif (mengurutkan fungsi dari sebuah papan kayu sebanyak mungkin dalam 3 menit). Penelitian menggunakan desain independent-groups dengan 3 tingkat dan melibatkan 45 partisipan yang direkrut untuk bekerja secara koaktif (grup kontrol) atau secara kolektif dalam kelompok beranggotakan 5 individu (grup eksperimen). Untuk kelompok kolektif, partisipan diberikan antara pengarahan yang sesuai mengenai konsep kemalasan sosial (kolektif-sadar) atau pengarahan yang tidak sesuai (kolektif-tidak sadar). Hasil dari independent-groups t-test menemukan bahwa kelompok koaktif menghasilkan lebih banyak ide dibandingkan kelompok kolektif, yang mengindikasikan bahwa kemalasan sosial lebih sedikit terjadi di kelompok koaktif. Selain itu, kelompok kolektif-tidak sadar memiliki performa yang lebih baik dibandingkan kelompok kolektifsadar. Limitasi dari penelitian ini dibahas pada bagian Diskusi. Saran penelitian mencakup penggunaan konsep yang berbeda untuk pengarahan dummy dan menambah tingkat kompleksitas dari tes.

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Early research has studied that prior knowledge upon social loafing did not affect the occurrence of social loafing when tested with physical task due to the many confounding variables it possessed. The current study aimed to test whether prior knowledge of social loafing may have an impact on the occurrence of social loafing when operationalised through cognitive task (listing as many uses of a plank of wood in three minutes). Using 3 level independent-groups design, 45 participants were recruited to work coactively (control) or in groups of five (collectively). In collective conditions, participants were given either proper briefing regarding the concept of social loafing (collective-aware) or dummy briefing (collective-not aware). Independent-groups t-test revealed that coactive condition generated more ideas than collective condition, indicating less social loafing in coactive condition. Additionally, collective-not aware performed better than collective-aware. Limitations of the study have been identified. Suggestions include using different concept for dummy briefing and increase complexity of the task."

"ABSTRAKTekanan waktu dapat mempengaruhi pembentukan social loafing. Jurnal ini mempunyai tujuanuntuk menginvestigasi pembentukan social loafing antar partisipant dalam kondisi dimana merekadiberi tekanan waktu. Riset ini menggunalan 36 murid dari The University of Queensland kampusSt. Lucia dengan 2x2 between group design yang dimana participant akan diminta untukmengerjakan tugas secara individu (koaktif) atau berkelompok (kolektif) dalam kondisi dibawahtekanan atau tidak dibawah tekanan. Hasil dari riset ini akan menhitung jumlah jawaban yang samauntuk menginvestigasi pembentukan social loafing. Hasil Independent t-test menyatakan bahwatidak ada perbedaaan significant antar kelompok coactive dan collective , t (1,34) = -1.77, p = .086.Ditambah lagi hasil menunjukan bahwa tidak ada hasil significant antar kelompok yang diberitekanan waktu dan kelompok yang tidak diberi tekanan waktu , t (1,34) = 0.97 p = .350. Hal inibisa terjadi dikarenakan tugas yang diberikan kepada participant terlalu menarik. Ini menunjukanbahwa tekanan waktu tidak selalu mempengaruhi fenomena social loafing terutama jika tugas yangdiberikan menarik. Riset dengan tugas yang lebih kurang menarik sangat disarankan untukdilakukan.

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ABSTRACTTime pressure might affect the occurrence of social loafing. Therefore, this study has an aim toinvestigate whether social loafing occur in condition where participants had time pressure. Thisstudy conducted among 36 students from The University of Queensland St Lucia campus with 2x2between group design where the participants were asked to do the task individually (coactive) orcollectively in either under time pressure or non-time pressure. The study would measure whetherthe participants engage in social loafing by looking how many similar words found in the result.An independent t-test result revealed that there was no significant difference between collectiveand coactive work, t (1,34) = -1.77, p = .086. Moreover, non-significant result also found betweencollective participants under non-time pressure with collective participant under time-pressure, t(1,34) = 0.97 p = .350, this was possible because the task given to the participant was toointeresting. This indicate that time pressure did not always affect social loafing, especially whenthe task is interesting. Further research about time pressure and social loafing experiment with taskthat was not too interesting for the participants is highly recommended."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat apakah identifikasi terhadap eksperimenter mempengaruhi perilaku social loafing. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah 40 orang mahasiswa University of Queensland, yang dipilih melalui metode convenience sampling. Terdapat empat kondisi identifikasi dalam penelitian ini: coactive – identifikasi terhadap eksperimenter rendah (QUT), coactive – identifikasi terhadap eksperimenter tinggi (UQ), collective – identifikasi terhadap eksperimenter rendah, dan collective – identifikasi terhadap eksperimenter tinggi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan antara partisipan yang berada dalam kondisi coactive dan collective. Selain itu, dalam kondisi collective, identifikasi terhadap eksperimenter tidak menunjukkan adanya pengaruh terhadap perilaku social loafing, baik dalam identifikasi terhadap eksperimenter tinggi maupun rendah. Karena perilaku social loafing yang sering ditemukan dalam organisasi, penelitian ini dapat digunakan untuk mempertimbangkan apakah kecenderungan pekerja untuk memiliki perilaku social loafing dipengaruhi oleh identitas pemimpin dalam organisasi tersebut atau tidak.

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The aim of the study is to investigate if experimenter’s identification affects social loafing. Participants were forty students at University of Queensland, who were recruited through convenience sampling. There were four conditions; coactive – low experimenter identification (QUT), coactive – high experimenter identification (UQ), collective – low experimenter identification, collective – high experimenter identification. The results revealed that there is no difference between participants in coactive and collective condition. Also, in collective condition, experimenter’s identification showed no effect on social loafing in both low identification and high identification experimenter. As social loafing is often found in organization, this study might be used in considering whether or not the workers’ tendency to perform social loafing is affected by their leader’s identity."

"Orang-orang dari beragam etnis memegang keyakinan dalam melihat representasi budaya lainnya, seperti stereotip. Seperti etnis timur yang dianggap memiliki kinerja lebih baik dalam keterampilan matematika daripada orang etnis barat. Social loafing digunakan sebagai asosiasi kinerja mereka berdasarkan etnis stereotip untuk melihat performa mereka. Sebanyak 40 siswa dikumpulkan dalam 2 etnis (etnis: Timur atau Barat) dengan 2 kondisi (kondisi tugas: individu atau kelompok) kelompok independen desain yang bertujuan untuk menyelidiki apakah ada efek social loafing dalam keterampilan matematika antara orang-orang dari etnis timur dan barat. Hasil menyimpulkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan dari social loafing yang berlaku pada kelompok barat, dan ditemukan bahwa stereotip peserta etnis timur menunjukkan akurasi yang lebih baik dalam kemampuan matematika dibandingkan dengan etnis barat. Penelitian ini juga berlaku untuk rekrutmen kerja dalam hal kemampuan matematika.

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People from different ethnicities have beliefs that held by others culture representation, such as stereotyping. Eastern, are perceived to have better performance in mathematical skill than Western people. Social loafing will be used as an association of their performance based on ethnicity stereotyping to see their involvement. A total of 40 students were gathered in a 2 (ethnicity: Eastern or Western) by 2 (task condition: individual or group) independent group designs aiming to investigate whether there is social loafing effect in mathematical skill between people from Eastern and Western countries. Result concludes there is no relationship of social loafing in group effect found within stereotyped ethnicity of Eastern participants to show better accuracy in mathematical ability. The current study is also applicable for workplace recruitment in terms of mathematical ability."

"[ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan dalam perilaku social loafing antara mahasiswa dari berbagai negara di Asia dengan mahasiswa dari Australia. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa University of Queensland, yang dibagi menjadi dua kelompok kondisi yaitu kondisi kerja kelompok koaktif atau kerja kelompok kolektif. Masing-masing kondisi terdiri dari antara mahasiswa Asia atau mahasiswa Australia. Partisipan diberikan mental task dan kemudian performanya diukur untuk menunjukkan tendensi perilaku social loafing. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa meskipun tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok koaktif dan kolektif, mahasiwa Australia pada kelompok koaktif bekerja lebih baik dibanding mahasiswa Asia pada kelompok koaktif. Hasil dari penelitian ini mengindikasi bahwa budaya individualistik barat menunjukkan performa kerja lebih baik dibanding budaya kolektivis timur ketika ditempatkan pada kondisi kelompok kerja koaktifABSTRACTThis research is done to investigate the differences in social loafing between Asians students from various Asian countries and Australian students. Participants were university students who were divided into either a coactive or collective work condition. Each work condition consisted of either Asians or Australians. Participants were given a mental task and the performance on this task was measured to represent social loafing. The results revealed that although there was no significant difference between coactive and collective groups, Australians in a coactive setting performed better than Asians in a coactive setting. The results of this study indicate that western individualistic cultures perform better than eastern collectivistic cultures on a task if they are put in a coactive work setting;This research is done to investigate the differences in social loafing between Asians students from various Asian countries and Australian students. Participants were university students who were divided into either a coactive or collective work condition. Each work condition consisted of either Asians or Australians. Participants were given a mental task and the performance on this task was measured to represent social loafing. The results revealed that although there was no significant difference between coactive and collective groups, Australians in a coactive setting performed better than Asians in a coactive setting. The results of this study indicate that western individualistic cultures perform better than eastern collectivistic cultures on a task if they are put in a coactive work setting, This research is done to investigate the differences in social loafing between Asians students from various Asian countries and Australian students. Participants were university students who were divided into either a coactive or collective work condition. Each work condition consisted of either Asians or Australians. Participants were given a mental task and the performance on this task was measured to represent social loafing. The results revealed that although there was no significant difference between coactive and collective groups, Australians in a coactive setting performed better than Asians in a coactive setting. The results of this study indicate that western individualistic cultures perform better than eastern collectivistic cultures on a task if they are put in a coactive work setting]"