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"Indonesia adalah negara tropis yang memiliki kelembaban tinggi, kondisi ini memudahkan manusia untuk mengalami infeksi akibat jamur. Salah satu jamur yang dapat menginfeksi manusia adalah Candida albicans. C. albicans dapat menyebabkan kandidiasis yang merupakan infeksi jamur dengan insiden tinggi. Perawatan antijamur dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan obat antijamur. Infeksi jamur sering terjadi yang menyebabkan penggunaan obat antijamur mengalami resistensi, oleh karena itu, kebutuhan untuk memeriksa senyawa aktif dari bahan alami yang memiliki aktivitas antijamur perlu ditingkatkan. Salah satu tanaman yang tersebar di Indonesia yang dikenal memiliki berbagai manfaat kesehatan adalah Tanduk Cananga (Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f) Bhandari). Tanduk Cananga telah diketahui memiliki aktivitas antijamur dalam ekstrak metanol dari daun. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji aktivitas antijamur ekstrak dan fraksi diklorometana dari kulit tanduk Kanenanga. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut heksana dan diklorometana. Diikuti dengan fraksinasi menggunakan metode kromatografi kolom. Tes aktivitas antijamur dilakukan secara in vitro dengan metode mikrodilusi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan ekstrak diklorometana kulit tanduk Cananga memiliki aktivitas antijamur terhadap Candida albicans dengan konsentrasi penghambatan minimum 200 μg/mL. Fraksi Dichloromethane I dan II memiliki aktivitas antijamur Candida albicans dengan konsentrasi penghambatan minimum 50 μg/mL, fraksi diklorometana III, IV, V, VI, VII, dan VIII memiliki aktivitas antijamur terhadap Candida albicans dengan konsentrasi penghambatan minimum 100 μg/mL mL. Disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak dan fraksi diklorometana memiliki aktivitas antijamur terhadap Candida albicans.

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Indonesia is a tropical country that has high humidity, this condition makes it easy for humans to experience infections due to fungi. One fungus that can infect humans is Candida albicans. C. albicans can cause candidiasis which is a fungal infection with a high incidence. Antifungal treatment can be done using antifungal drugs. Fungal infections often occur causing the use of antifungal drugs to experience resistance, therefore, the need to examine active compounds from natural substances that have antifungal activity needs to be increased. One of the plants that are spread in Indonesia that is known to have various health benefits is the Cananga Horn (Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f) Bhandari). Cananga horn has been known to have antifungal activity in methanol extracts from the leaves. This research was conducted to examine the antifungal activity of extracts and dichloromethane fraction from the horn bark of Kanenanga Horn. The extraction method used in this study is the maceration method using hexane and dichloromethane solvents. Followed by fractionation using column chromatography methods. Antifungal activity tests were carried out in vitro by the microdilution method. The results of this study indicate dichloromethane extracts of the skin of the Cananga Horn horn have antifungal activity against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 200 μg/mL. Dichloromethane fractions I and II have antifungal activity Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 50 μg/mL, dichloromethane fractions III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII have antifungal activity against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 100 μg/mL mL. It was concluded that dichloromethane extracts and fractions had antifungal activity against Candida albicans."

"Kandidiasis adalah infeksi jamur yang sering terjadi pada manusia. Salah satu masalah pada kandidiasis adalah resistensi obat yang meningkat. Fakta ini mendorong penelitian dan pengembangan obat antijamur baru seperti flukonazol. Salah satu simplisia bahan alami yang dapat digunakan sebagai antijamur adalah memanjat ylang-ylang (Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari). Pendakian ylang-ylang secara empiris diyakini digunakan sebagai obat antijamur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas ekstrak dan fraksi pemanjatan daun kenanga terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans. Daun panjat ylang-ylang diekstraksi dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut heksana, kemudian bubur dibiarkan semalaman dengan amonia dan dimaserasi dengan pelarut diklorometana. Ekstrak yang diperoleh difraksinasi menggunakan kromatografi kolom dan fraksi yang diperoleh dimonitor profilnya dengan kromatografi lapis tipis. Ekstrak dan fraksi yang diperoleh diidentifikasi senyawa fitokimia termasuk alkaloid, flavonoid, fenol, dan terpenoid. Pengujian aktivitas antijamur dilakukan pada Candida albicans menggunakan metode mikrodilusi. Uji aktivitas menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi hambat minimum (MIC) dari pendakian ekstrak daun ylang-ylang pada Candida albicans adalah 200 μg/mL, sedangkan konsentrasi hambat minimum (MIC) pendakian fraksi daun ylang-ylang pada pertumbuhan jamur Candida albicans adalah 50 μg / mL untuk fraksi I ke fraksi II dan 100 μg/mL untuk fraksi III ke fraksi IX.

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Candidiasis is a fungal infection that often occurs in humans. One problem with candidiasis is increased drug resistance. This fact led to the research and development of new antifungal drugs such as fluconazole. One of the simplistic natural ingredients that can be used as an antifungal is climbing the ylang-ylang (Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari). Climbing the ylang-ylang empirically is believed to be used as an antifungal drug. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of cananga leaf extracts and climbing fractions on the growth of Candida albicans. Ylang-ylang climbing leaves are extracted by maceration using hexane solvent, then the pulp is left overnight with ammonia and macerated with dichloromethane solvent. Extracts obtained were fractionated using column chromatography and the fractions obtained were monitored by thin layer chromatography. The extracts and fractions obtained identified phytochemical compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and terpenoids. Antifungal activity testing was performed on Candida albicans using the microdilution method. The activity test showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of climbing the ylang-ylang leaf extract at Candida albicans was 200 μg / mL, while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of climbing the ylang-ylang leaf fraction on the growth of the Candida albicans fungus was 50 μg/mL for the fraction I to fraction II and 100 μg/mL for fraction III to fraction IX."

"Pada penelitian ini, asam oleat diesterifikasi dengan dry metanol dan katalis HCl pekat dengan menggunakan refluks selama 6 jam pada suhu 60°C. Metil oleat yang terbentuk kemudian diamidasi dengan asam amino glisina dan fenilalanina yang dibantu dengan pelarut assetonitril. Selain itu, dilakukan juga amidasi langsung dari asam oleat dengan bantuan disikloheksilkarbodiimida (DCC) sebagai agen pengopling selama 2 jam pada suhu 0°C. Produk lipoamida yang terbentuk di identifikasi dengan KLT, di purifikasi dengan kromatografi kolom, dan di karakterisasi dengan FTIR. Aktivitas antifungi amida asam oleat juga ditentukan dengan metode difusi cakram terhadap Candida albicans. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa N-oleilglisina ACN memiliki aktivitas antifungi dengan kategori sedang, N-oleilfenilalanina ACN berkategori sedang, N- oleilglisina DCC tidak ada aktivitas, dan N- oleilfenilalanina DCC berkategori sedang.

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In this study, oleic acid was esterified with dry methanol and concentrated HCl catalyst using reflux for 6 hours at 60oC. The methyl oleate formed then amidated by glycine and phenylalanine using acetonitrile as a solvent. In addition, direct amidation of oleic acid was also carried using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as a coupling agent for 2 hours at 0oC temperature. The formed lipoamide product was identified by TLC, purified by column chromatography, and characterized by FTIR. The antifungal activity of oleic acid amide was also determined by disc diffusion method against Candida albicans. The result showed that N- oleylglycine ACN has moderate antifungal activity, N-oleylphenylalanine ACN has moderate category, N-oleylglycine DCC has no activity, and N-oleylphenylalanine DCC has moderate category."

"Pendahuluan: Candida sp. Menyumbang 40.9% dari seluruh kasus di seluruh dunia. Namun, resistensi obat terus meningkat akibat kemampuan jamur ini untuk beradaptasi. Oleh karena itu, obat antijamur alternatif untuk melawan kandidiasis invasive sangat dibutuhkan. Beberapa studi menunjukkan bahwa propolis, sebuah produk dari sarang lebah yang bertekstur seperti lilinn, memiliki sifat antijamut. Walaupun demikian, studi yang menyelidiki efektivitas Propolis Brunei (PB) sebagai obat antijamur alternatif masih langka. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efek PB terhadap pertumbuhan candida albicans (CA). Metode: Studi ini menggunakan metode difusi agar dan mikrodilusi. Melalui difusi agar, peneliti mengevaluasi zona inhibisi. Sedangkan, melalui mikrodilusi, peneliti mengevaluasi optical density difference (ODD), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), dan percentage of inhibition (%I). CA ATCC 90028 dipaparkan dengan ekstrak etanol propolis dengan tiga konsentrasi berbeda: 50 mg/ml, 70 mg/ml, dan 100 mg/ml. Flukonazole diguanakan sebagai control positif. Hasil: Rerata zona inhibisi PB 50 mg/ml (10 mm), 70 mg/ml (9 mm), dan 100 mg/ml (11,5 mm) lebih rendah daripada flukonazol (15,5 mm). ODD PB 100 mg/ml lebih tinggi dari tes sampel yang lainnya (0.0703 nm). %I PB 50 mg/ml (79.15%), 70 mg/ml (91.18%), dan 100 mg/ml (92.76%) lebih tinggi daripada flukonazol (21.82%). MIC adalah 50 mg/ml. Kesimpulan: PB memiliki efek antifungal terhadap pertumbuhan CA. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antaran zona inhibisi dan ODD PB jika dibandingkan dengan flukonazol. Terdapat korelasi negatif antara zona inhibisi dan ODD ketika membandingkan ketiga konsentrasi PB. Terdapat korelasi positif diantara konsentasi PB dan %I.

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Introduction: Among all cases, candida species accounts for 40.9% cases worldwide. However, drug-resistance is rising due to its adaptive nature. Thus, an alternative anti-fungal drug to combat invasive candidiasis is needed. Studies have shown that propolis, a wax-like beehive product, possess anti-fungal properties. Still, studies investigating the effectiveness of Brunei propolis (BP) as an alternative anti-fungal drug are still scarce. This study aims to evaluate the effects of BP against the growth of Candida albicans (CA). Methods: Researcher conducted agar diffusion and micro-dilution method. Through agar diffusion, inhibition zone was evaluated. Meanwhile, through micro-dilution, the author evaluated the optical density difference (ODD), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and percentage of inhibition (%I). CA ATCC 90028 was tested against Propolis extract in three different concentrations: 50 mg/ml, 70 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml. Fluconazole was the positive control. Results: The mean inhibition zone of BP 50 mg/ml (10 mm), 70 mg/ml (9 mm), and 100 mg/ml (11.5 mm) are lower than fluconazole (15.5 mm). ODD of BP 100 mg/ml is higher than other test samples (0.0703). %I of BP 50 mg/ml (79.15%), 70 mg/ml (91.18%), and 100 mg/ml (92.76%) are higher than fluconazole (21.82%). MIC value is 50 mg/ml. Conclusion: BP possess anti-fungal effects towards CA. There is a significant association between inhibition zone and ODD of BP with respect to fluconazole. There is a negative association between all BP concentrations. There is a positive association between BP concentration and %I."

"Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara beriklim tropis dan memiliki kelembaban udara tinggi. Kondisi ini memicu pertumbuhan Candida albicans dan menyebabkan infeksi jamur. Berbagai penelitian telah dilakukan untuk menemukan senyawa kandidat antifungi berbasis sumber daya alam seperti tumbuhan dan memiliki efek samping yang rendah, terutama turunan lipid seperti senyawa lipoamida. Pada penelitian ini, asam oleat telah diesterifikasi dengan dry methanol menggunakan katalis asam HCl menghasilkan metil oleat. Selanjutnya ikatan rangkap pada metil oleat dioksidasi menggunakan KMnO4 encer dalam suasana basa dan suhu 25oC. Keberhasilan oksidasi ditunjukkan dari penurunan bilangan iod dari 79,56 mg/g menjadi 4,82 mg/g. Selanjutnya, dilakukan reaksi amidasi dengan asam amino glisina dan fenilalanina. Produk – produknya diidentifikasi dengan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT), dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infra Red). Hasil FTIR lipoamida menunjukkan adanya overlapping gugus - OH dan -NH stretch pada bilangan gelombang sekitar 3200 – 3500 cm-1, gugus C=O amida pada 1652 cm-1 dan 1666 cm-1, serta gugus C-N stretch pada 1326 cm-1dan 1248 cm-1 untuk lipoamida – glisin dan lipoamida – fenilalanin. Produk lipoamida tidak terdeteksi memiliki aktivitas antifungi terhadap Candida albicans pada konsentrasi 1000 ppm.

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Indonesia is a country with tropical climate and has high humidity. This condition stimulates the growth of Candida albicans and causes a fungal infection. Various studies have been carried out to obtain candidate compounds for antifungal based on natural resources such as plants and have low side effects, especially lipid derivatives such as lipoamide compounds. In this research, the esterification of oleic acid with dry methanol was carried out using HCl as an acid catalyst to produce methyl oleate (MO). Furthermore, the double bond in MO is oxidized using dilute KMnO4 under alkaline conditions at 25oC low temperature. The success of oxidation was indicated by the decrease in the iodine value from 79,56 mg/g to 4,82 mg/g. Furthermore, the oxidized methyl oleate was amidated with the amino acid glycine and phenylalanine. The products obtained were identified by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and characterized by FT- IR. FTIR results of lipoamides show overlapping between -OH and -NH stretch around 3200 – 3500 cm-1, C=O amide at 11652 cm-1 and 1666 cm-1, and C-N stretch at 1326 cm- 1 and 1248 cm-1 for lipoamide – glycine and lipoamide – phenylalanine. The antifungal activity test results showed that the lipoamide products were not detected to have antifungal activity against Candida albicans at 1000 ppm."

"Asam risinoleat sebagai komponen utama minyak jarak diketahui memiliki efek anti-inflamasi yang berpotensi menjadi kandidat antijamur. Pada penelitian ini, asam risinoleat dimodifikasi dengan menggunakan glisina dan fenilalanina membentuk lipoamida melalui reaksi esterifikasi dan amidasi. Reaksi esterifikasi dilakukan dengan mencampurkan asam risinoleat, dry metanol, dan HCl pekat untuk membentuk metil risinoleat. Kemudian, metil risinoleat diamidasi dengan glisina dan fenilalanina. Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi lipoamida menggunakan FT-IR, didapatkan puncak serapan C-N (stretch) dan N-H (bend) yang muncul pada spektrum yang menandakan keberhasilan produk sintesis. Terhadap produk lipoamida yang terbentuk dilakukan pengujian aktivitas antijamur untuk mengetahui aktivitas penghambatan pertumbuhan terhadap Candida albicans. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, didapatkan bahwa lipoamida risinoleat-glisina dan lipoamida risinoleat-fenilalanina memiliki aktivitas antijamur terhadap Candida albicans dengan besarnya zona hambat masing-masing yaitu 9 mm (lemah) dan 8 mm (lemah).

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Ricinoleic acid as the main component of castor oil is known to have an anti-inflammatory effect that has the potential to be an antifungal candidate. In this study, ricinoleic acid was modified using glycine and phenylalanine to form lipoamides through esterification and amidation reactions. The esterification reaction was carried out by mixing ricinoleic acid, dry methanol, and concentrated HCl to form methyl ricinoleate. Then, methyl ricinoleate was amidated with glycine and phenylalanine. Based on the results of lipoamide characterization using FT-IR, C-N (stretch) and N-H (bend) absorption peaks appeared on the spectrum indicating the success of the synthesis product. The lipoamide product was tested for antifungal activity to determine the growth inhibitory activity against Candida albicans. Based on the test, it was found that ricinoleic-glycine lipoamide and ricinoleic-phenylalanine lipoamide had antifungal activity against Candida albicans with the inhibition zones of 9 mm (weak) and 8 mm (weak)."

"The prevalence of Candida albicans infections is increasing in the society. Therefore, an effective and affordable antifungal drug with minimal side effect is needed. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a traditional herb which has an antifungal effect in its volatile oil. Objective: to investigate antifungal effect of volatile oil from Zingiber officinale var. rubrum against C. albicans in vitro, to determine the optimum concentration, and finally to determine the correlation between the various concentrations of the oil and the inhibition zone. Material and method: Strain C. albicans tested was obtained from the Departement of Parasitology, Medical Faculty, University of Indonesia. Volatile oil of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum was produced from water and steam distillation of fresh ginger in BALLITRO, Bogor. Concentrations of the volatile oil used were 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 3.125%, 1.56% and 0.78%. Methods used were colony counting and disk diffusion method (by using 6 mm blank disk). The specimens were divided into two groups, treatment group (C. albicans with application of volatile oil) and control group (C. albicans without application of volatile oil). Result: There was a significant decrease in the amount of C. albicans colonies from 3.125% to 6.25% of concentration. The amount of C. albicans colonies at concentration 6.25% was also significantly lower than in the control group. Moreover, there was strong and positive correlation between the concentration of the volatile oil and the inhibition zone. Conclusion: Volatile oil from Zingiber officinale var. rubrum has an antifungal effect agains C. albicans in vitro with optimum concentration at 6.25%. Increasing concentrations of the oil correlates with increasing inhibition zone."

"The side effects of many antifungal drugs make it necessary to find an herbal alternative with reduced side effects. Many herbals are known to have an antifungal effect, including ginger with its volatile oil composition. However, the specific antifungal effect and optimal concentration of the volatile oil from Zingiber officinale var. amarum agains C. albicans is not yet known. This research was done to verify the antifungal effect of Zingiber officinale var. amarum volatile oil on C. albicans, to determine its optimal concentration, and to determine the relation between the volatile oil concentration and the inhibition zone. material and method: The C. albicans strain was obtained from Departement of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia and the volatile oil was provided by water and steam distillation at BALITTRO, Bogor. The colonies were double counted in two steps. First, the volatile oil at concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.56% and 0.78% were applied for treatment, whereas in the second step concentration of 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, and 50% were used. In the disk diffusion method, the volatile oil concentrations of 100%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25% and 3.125% were applied in triplicate in Petri dishes containing C. albicans by using 6 mm blank disks. Result: Mann-Whitney test showed the significant decrease of the colonies between 6.25% and 3.125% of the volatile oil concetration (a = 0.021), and also between the volatile oil concentration 6.25% and the control group (a = 0.014). The Spearman test showed a positive and strong correlation between the volatile oil of Zingiber officinale var. amarum and its inhibition zone (r = 0.91). Conclusion: The volatile oil of Zingiber officinale var. amarum has an antifungal effect against C. albicans with an optimal concentration of 6.255%, and increasing volatile oil concentration is followed by increasing inhibition zone."

"Penyakit yang disebabkan oleh jamur masih terus berkembang luas di Indonesia, salah satunya kandidiasis kulit yang disebabkan oleh genus candida terutama Candida albicans (C. albicans). Ekstrak etanol daun tembakau merupakan bahan alam yang bermanfaat sebagai antijamur, memiliki banyak kandungan, salah satunya yaitu nikotin sebagai komponen aktif utama. Fraksinasi dilakukan untuk memperoleh fraksi aktif yang berfungsi sebagai antijamur. Fraksi aktif tersebut diformulasikan dalam sediaan gel nanoemulsi agar memiliki kemampuan penetrasi ke dalam lapisan kulit dengan lebih baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh formula gel nanoemulsi fraksi aktif daun tembakau yang stabil dan memiliki aktivitas antijamur. Sediaan gel nanoemulsi dibuat menggunakan Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) sebagai fase minyak, kombinasi Tween 80 dan sucrose palmitate ester sebagai surfaktan, sorbitol sebagai kosurfaktan, akua destilata sebagai fase air dan Carbopol 940 sebagai gelling agent. Evaluasi yang dilakukan yaitu uji karakteristik dan skrining ekstrak dan hasil fraksinasi, penentuan fraksi aktif sebagai antijamur C. albicans, pengembangan validasi metode analisis nikotin, uji karakteristik fisika dan kimia sediaan, serta uji aktivitas antijamur terhadap C. albicans (ATCC 90028). Hasil skrining dari fraksi n-butanol mengandung alkaloid dan fenol dengan kandungan Piridin, 3- (1-metil-2-pirolidin sebesar 65,35%. Fraksi n-butanol sebagai fraksi aktif dengan nilai Minimum Inhibition Consentration (MIC) dan Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) fraksi n-butanol sebesar 78,13 μg/mL dan 130,21 μg/mL. Validasi metode analisis diperoleh koefisien korelasi 0,9996, LOD dan LOQ sebesar 6,50 µg/mL dan 19,69 µg/mL. Uji Selektivitas menujukkan bahwa tidak ada senyawa yang memberikan respon pada waktu yang bersamaan dengan waktu retensi nikotin atau tidak ada interferensi di sekitar daerah uji. Hasil recovery dari uji akurasi sebesar 99,656%, presisi menghasilkan koefisien variasi sebesar 0,9%, dan uji kesesuaian sistem memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan. Hasil uji stabilitas terhadap sediaan gel nanoemulsi fraksi n-butanol ekstrak etanol daun tembakau menunjukkan bahwa sediaan tersebut masih stabil hingga minggu ke 4, gel nanoemulsi fraksi n-butanol ekstrak etanol daun tembakau memiliki aktivitas antijamur ditunjukkan dengan hasil analisis statistik persen inhibisi dengan nilai p > 0,05 untuk konsentrasi 281,25-4500 µg/mL. Dari hasil yang diperoleh dapat disimpulkan, fraksi n-butanol sebagai fraksi aktif terhadap C. albicans, dapat diformulasi dalam bentuk gel nanoemulsi yang stabil sampai minggu ke-4.

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Skin diseases caused by fungi are still common in Indonesia, one is candidiasis caused by the genus Candida, especially Candida albicans (C. albicans). Ethanol extract from tobacco leaves is a natural ingredient that is useful as an antifungal, it has many ingredients, one of which is nicotine as the main active component. Fractionation is carried out to obtain an active fraction that functions as an antifungal. The active fraction is formulated in a nanoemulsion gel preparation to have a better ability to penetrate. This study aimed to obtain a nanoemulsion gel formula of the active fraction of tobacco leaves which is stable and has antifungal activity. Nanoemulsion gel preparations were prepared using Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) as the oil phase. Tween 80 and sucrose palmitate ester was used as a surfactant, sorbitol as cosurfactant, distillate aqua as water phase, and Carbopol 940 as a gelling agent. The evaluation carried out included testing the active fraction's characteristics, developing the nicotine method's validation, testing the preparations' characteristics, and testing the antifungal activity against C. albicans (ATCC 90028). Screening result of n-butanol fraction containing alkaloid and phenol with Pyridine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidin 65,35%. N-butanol fraction as the active fraction with Minimum Inhibition Consentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) values ​​of n-butanol fraction of 78.13 μg/mL and 130.21μg/mL. The validation of the nicotine analysis method obtained coefficient of correlation was 0.9996, LOD and LOQ were 6.50 g/mL and 19.69 g/mL. The selectivity test showed that there were no compounds that respond at the same time as the nicotine retention time or there was no interference around the test area. Meanwhile, the accuracy test was 99.656%, and coefficient of variation precision test was found to be 0.9%, and system suitability test complied the specified requirements The results of the stability test on the nanoemulsion gel preparation of the n-butanol fraction of the ethanol extract of tobacco leaves showed that the preparation was still stable until the 4th week, and based on statistical analysis, nanoemulsion gel n-butanol fraction of ethanol extract from tobacco leaves showed inhibition percent with sig value > 0,05 for 281.25-4500 µg/mL concentration. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the n-butanol fraction, as an active fraction against C. albicans, can be formulated in the form of a nanoemulsion gel that was stable until the 4th week."

"Latar belakang: Kandidiasis vulvovaginal merupakan infeksi vagina yang sebagian besar disebabkan oleh Candida albicans. Pengobatan antifungal yang ada meningkatkan kemungkinan relaps sehingga dibutuhkan terapi alternatif yang bekerja lebih efektif dan ekonomis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui apakah pertumbuhan Candida albicans dapat dihambat oleh propolis jenis reguler. Metode: Terdapat 3 konsentrasi emulsi propolis jenis reguler yang dibuat triplo, yaitu konsentrasi 1%, 3%, dan 5%. Sampel propolis diambil dari Sulawesi. Jamur yang diteliti adalah Candida albicans ATCC. Aktivitas propolis terhadap jamur diamati secara in vitro dengan difusi cakram. Hasil: Rata-rata diameter zona hambat propolis jenis reguler terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans pada konsentrasi 1%, 3%, dan 5% berturut-turut adalah 3,33 mm, 7,33 mm, dan 5 mm. Kontrol positif dengan nistatin menghasilkan zona hambat sebesar 19 mm. Sedangkan kontrol negatif dengan alkohol menghasilkan zona hambat sebesar 8 mm. Kesimpulan: Propolis jenis reguler konsentrasi 1%, 3%, dan 5% tidak dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Candida albicans secara in vitro karena besar zona hambat pada ketiga konsentrasi propolis tidak ada yang memberikan hasil lebih besar dari zona hambat pada kontrol negatif.

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Background: Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a vaginal infection that is mostly caused by Candida albicans. Antifungal treatments that need to be improved relapse require alternative therapies that work more effectively and economically. Candida albicans can be inhibited by regular types of propolis.

Methods: There were 3 concentrations of ordinary propolis emulsion made by triplo, namely concentrations of 1%, 3% and 5%. Propolis sample was taken from Sulawesi. The fungus that was published was Candida albicans ATCC. Propolis activity against fungi in tubes by disk diffusion.

Results: The average diameter of regular type propolis inhibition zone on the growth of Candida albicans at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% compound contributed was 3.33 mm, 7.33 mm, and 5 mm. Positive control with nystatin produces a inhibition zone of 19 mm. Whereas negative control with alcohol produces an inhibition zone of 8 mm.

Conclusion: Regular type of propolis concentration of 1%, 3%, and 5% cannot inhibit the growth of Candida albicans in vitro because large inhibitory zones based on the concentration of propolis concentration do not produce more than inhibitory zones on negative controls."