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"Kemajuan teknologi informasi yang melonjak pesat berbanding lurus dengan meningkatnya pengguna internet di Indonesia. Dengan meningkatnya pengguna internet, meningkat pula jumlah transaksi elektronik di Indonesia. Kebijakan pemerintah terkait transaksi elektronik ini perlu terintegrasi untuk menghindari tumpang tindihnya peraturan serta memaksimalkan pemasukan negara dari pajak penghasilan, termasuk juga penerapan Persetujuan Pajak Berganda terhadapnya. Pemerintah dalam hal ini berwenang untuk memastikan kepatuhan pajak bagi para pelaku transaksi elektronik di Indonesia. Belum lama ini sempat disahkan Peraturan Menteri Keuangan (PMK) Nomor 210 Tahun 2018 tentang Perlakuan Perpajakan Atas Transaksi Perdagangan Melalui Sistem Elektronik (E-Commerce). Namun sebelum sempat diberlakukan, PMK tersebut justru dicabut. Dengan pencabutan PMK tersebut, saat ini belum ada peraturan yang secara jelas mengatur mengenai transaksi elektronik melalui Platform Marketplace. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan kepustakaan. Kesimpulan yang didapat dari penelitian ini adalah saat ini pemungutan pajak penghasilan terhadap transaksi elektronik masih menggunakan ketentuan yang sama dengan pajak penghasilan atas transaksi konvensional. Dari hal tersebut, maka diharapkan setelah ini akan dikeluarkan peraturan baru yang khusus mengatur mengenai perpajakan terhadap transaksi elektronik dan penerapan Persetujuan Penghindaran Pajak Berganda terhadapnya untuk memaksimalkan pemungutan pajak penghasilan terhadap transaksi elektronik.

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The rapid advancement of information technology is directly proportional to the increase in internet users in Indonesia. With the increase in internet users, the number of electronic transactions in Indonesia has also increased. Government policy regarding electronic transactions needs to be integrated to avoid overlapping of regulations and to maximize state revenues from income taxes, including the application of the Double Taxation Agreement. The government in this case has the authority to ensure tax compliance for perpetrators of electronic transactions in Indonesia. Recently, the Minister of Finance released Peraturan Menteri Keuangan (PMK) Nomor 210 Tahun 2018 about Perlakuan Perpajakan Atas Transaksi Perdagangan Melalui Sistem Elektronik (E-Commerce). But before it could take effect, the PMK 210/2018 was actually revoked. With the revocation of the PMK 210/2018, there are currently no regulations that clearly regulate electronic transactions through the Marketplace Platform. This study uses a normative legal research method with a law and literature approach. The conclusion obtained from this study is that currently the collection of income tax on electronic transactions still uses the same provisions as income tax on conventional transactions. From this, it is expected that after this will be issued a new regulation specifically regulating the taxation of electronic transactions and the application of the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement to maximize the collection of income tax on electronic transactions."

"Penelitian ini membahas permasalahan mengenai pengenaan pajak penghasilan terhadap badan asing pada bentuk usaha tetap (BUT) melalui penerapan persetujuan penghindaran pajak berganda (P3B) di Indonesia. Undang-undang pajak penghasilan memberlakukan pembedaan tarif antara badan usaha asing berbentuk BUT dan badan usaha asing yang tidak berbentuk BUT. Pada umumnya kegiatan atau usaha yang dijalankan oleh subjek pajak luar negeri di Indonesia sering memicu terjadinya pengenaan pajak berganda oleh negara sumber maupun negara domisili subjek pajak luar negeri. Oleh karena itu penulis hendak menganalisis mengenai keberadaan BUT dalam peraturan perpajakan di Indonesia serta penerapan P3B di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis-normatif, yakni penelitian kepustakaan yang dilakukan terhadap aturan-aturan hukum tertulis maupun tidak tertulis dengan tipe penelitian deskriptif. Simpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah pemajakan terhadap BUT menurut UU PPh bisa didasarkan pada tarif tertentu sebagaimana yang telah diatur dalam Keputusan Menteri Keuangan dan tarif umum Pasal 17 dan 23 UU PPh. Namun terhadap kegiatan usaha yang belum memenuhi syarat BUT maka pemajakannya mengacu kepada Pasal 26 UU PPh serta kewajiban perpajakannya menjadi tanggung jawab subjek pajak dalam negeri yang membayarkan penghasilan kepada subjek pajak luar negeri. Selanjutnya melalui keberadaan P3B bertujuan untuk memitigasi pajak berganda dengan menyelaraskan definisi pajak, menetapkan basis pajak, menetapkan hak pemajakan, dan mengatur mekanisme yang akan digunakan untuk menghilangkan pajak berganda dengan melalui metode unilateral dan multilateral. P3B yang disepakati mengacu pada aturan perjanjian yang berkembang didunia saat ini yakni UN Model dan OECD Model.

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This research discusses issues regarding to the imposition of income tax on foreign entities in the permanent establishment (PE) through the application of the double taxation avoidance agreement (tax treaty). The law of tax income applies a tariff distinction between foreign business entities in the form of PE and foreign business entities that are not in the form of PE. In general, activities or businesses carried out by foreign tax subjects in Indonesia often trigger the occurrence of double taxation by the source country or the domicile country of the foreign tax subject. Therefore, the author wants to analyze the existence of PE in tax regulations in Indonesia and the application of tax treaty in Indonesia. This research uses a juridical-normative research method, named library research conducted on written and unwritten legal rules with descriptive research type. The conclusions obtained from this research are taxation of permanent establishment according to the Income Tax Law in Indonesia can be based on certain tariffs as stipulated in the Decree of the Minister of Finance and general tariffs Article 17 and 23 of the Income Tax Law. However, for business activities that do not meet the PE requirements, the taxation refers to Article 26 of the Income Tax Law and the tax obligations are the responsibility of domestic tax subjects who pay income to foreign tax subjects. Furthermore, the existence of the tax treaty aims to mitigate double taxation by harmonizing the tax definition, establishing a tax base, determining taxation rights, and regulating the mechanism that will be used to eliminate double taxation through unilateral and multilateral methods. The agreement of tax treaty refers to the agreement rules that are developing in the world today, namely the UN Model and OECD Model."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai latar belakang formulasi, potensi permasalahan yang mungkin terjadi dan ketentuan anti penghindaran pajak terkait berlaku efektifnya Perjanjian Penghindaran Pajak Berganda (P3B) Indonesia dan Hong Kong sejak 1 Januari 2013. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif.Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa formulasi P3B Indonesia - Hong Kong telah dilandasi dasar hukum yang legal namun belum dilandasi kajian akademis yang transparan dan efektif. Dengan tujuan utama transparansi dan pertukaran informasi perpajakan, maka partial/ limited tax agreement seperti tax information exchange agreement bisa menjadi alternatif comprehensive tax treaty dengan "tax haven" country. Terhambatnya pemanfaatan P3B ini, kurang efektifnya pertukaran informasi, residence abuse merupakan beberapa isu yang berpotensi menjadi masalah terkait implementasi P3B Indonesia ? Hong Kong ini.Hasil penelitian ini menyarankan agar dalam membuat P3B, kajian akademis harus transparan dan melibatkan pihak-pihak kompeten seperti akademisi dan praktisi perpajakan, memberi penegasan atas permasalahan yang berpotensi timbul serta memperkuat domestic anti tax avoidance rules.

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This research discussed about the background and formulation of Indonesia - Hong Kong Comprehensive Tax Treaty and the potential problems that may arise under that treaty. The research type is descriptive qualitative research design.

The result of this research concludes that the tax treaty has been based on valid legal basis but nut based on transparent and effective academic study. With the ultimate goal of transparency and exchange of tax information, the partial/limited tax information exchange agreements such as tax agreement could be an alternative comprehensive tax treaty with a tax haven country. Inhibition of the tax treaty utilization, lack of effective exchange of information, residence abuse are some of the issues that could potentially be a problem related to the implementation.

This research suggest that in concluding tax treaty, academic study should be transparent and involve competent parties such as academics and tax practitioners, competent authority shoul provides confirmation of the potential problems that arise and to strengthen domestic anti-tax avoidance rules."

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis apakah Peraturan Direktur Jenderal Pajak Nomor 10/PJ/2017 merupakan bentuk dari tax treaty override atau tidak dan kendala apa saja yang timbul dalam penerapan P3B berdasarkan peraturan tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik analisis data kualitatif. Secara legislatif, PER-10/2017 adalah tax treaty override karena ketentuan yang mewajibkan WP untuk menyampaikan Surat Keterangan Domisili SKD bertentangan dengan ketentuan pada P3B, sedangkan secara yudisial tax treaty override tidak terjadi. Terdapat tiga kelompok kendala dalam penerapan P3B berdasarkan PER-10/2017, yaitu kendala dalam penerbitan SKD, kendala dalam pengembalian pajak lebih bayar kepada WP, dan kendala berupa ketidakpatuhan WP. Untuk mengatasi tax treaty override secara legislatif, pemerintah disarankan untuk meninjau kembali ketentuan yang mewajibkan penyampaian SKD, melakukan sosialisasi secara berkala kepada pihak KPP, dan mengeluarkan Peraturan Menteri Keuangan terkait penerapan P3B untuk mengisi kekosongan peraturan penerapan P3B. Untuk mengatasi kendala penerapan P3B berdasarkan PER-10/2017, yang disarankan untuk dilakukan antara lain adalah untuk meninjau kembali ketentuan yang mewajibkan penyampaian SKD, meningkatkan sosialisasi kepada withholder terkait kewajiban menyampaikan SKD, peningkatan koordinasi dengan negara lain mengenai informasi status residen WPLN oleh pemerintah, melengkapi PMK 187/2015 dengan ketentuan batasan waktu, dan peningkatan kuantitas dan kualitas pemeriksa.

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This thesis aims to analyse whether Directorat General of Tax Rule Number 10 PJ 2017 is a form of tax treaty override and what problems arise from tax treaty application based of PER 10 2017. The research method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. Legislatively, PER 10 2017 is a tax treaty override because the provision in it that requires tax payers to submit Certificate of Domicile COD contradicts with provisions in tax treaty, yet judicially there are not tax treaty override. There are three groups of obstacles in treaty application based on PER 10 2017, which are obstacles in COD Publishing, tax refund, and noncompliance by tax payers. To resolve legislative tax treaty override, it is advised that the government review the provision about submitting COD, socialize periodically to tax offices, and to publish a Regulation of Ministry of Finance to fill in the policy about tax treaty application. To resolve obstacles in tax treaty application based on PER 10 2017, what is suggested to be done is for the government to improve socialization to withholders about the obligation to submit COD, improve coordination with other countries about residency of tax payers, add a provision about time limits in PMK 187 2015, improve the quantity and quality of auditors, and make tax treaty application more strict in order to make sure that tax payers apply the provisions in tax treaty as is. "

"The transaction price of goods, or service fees, are affected by a variety of factors such as types and quality of the goods concerned, competition, consumer demand and general economic condition. In general transaction prices constitute base prices added by the firm's margin. In the business world at a particular time transaction prices do not account for margins, with some perhaps even being found lower than the cost of goods production. However, tax authorities pay attention to related party transactions as their prices may be subject to manipulation. These prices will be set at arm's length if we compare them with those for independent parties. As a further result, the taxable income reported in tax returns of the taxpayers in question are less than what it should be. The main issue and question in the author's research are how to determine that a transaction has been conducted at arm's length and what connection can be found between the corrections made through audit and income tax revenue. The pricing set for transactions between related parties are called as transfer pricing. A related party transaction is deemed to occur when there is a link between the common and controlling shareholders, management of the parties involved, including their horizontal and vertical family relationships. One way to determine if there is an arm's length price is to compare the transfer pricing on related parties and those on unrelated parties. Some of the common approaches applied-are the comparable uncontrol price method, resale price method, cost plus method and comparable profit method.

The author surveyed the results of inspections conducted by the State Revenue Optimization Team (SROT) into related firm transactions.

From the survey, the author has found:

1. In practice it is difficult to arrive at an accurate comparative figure as the period of the audit above has been limited and data and information concerning similar firms to taxpayers are lacking. A new approach which has been employed by tax authorities in several countries for the purpose of reducing the occurrences of problems associated with the determination of transaction prices is called as the Advanced Pricing Arrangement. This method has been set out in Article 18(3a) of Law number 17 of 2000.

2. The corrections through audit into or the potential income tax revenue by SROT from the transactions conducted between taxpayers and their related parties amount to Rp 932,952,280,602. However, only Rp 51,821,609,658, or 5.55% of this amount was accepted by taxpayers. Hence, these taxpayers did want to pay a total of Rp 881,130,670,944, or 94.45%. The taxpayers then request of objection or appeals on the assessments made by the Director General of Taxation. However, the Director General of Taxation rejected these request . In addition, the Tax Court rejected appeals which amounted to Rp 4,696,385,476.

The corrections above were conducted due to the fact that:

- There has been lack of audit guidelines concerning related party transactions.

- Taxpayers are unable to make clear explanations on how they arrived at transfer pricing. In addition, the factors which cause transfer pricing vary from those affecting market prices, or the transaction prices among unrelated parties.

The author recommends as follows:

- Taxpayers should make a pricing policy whereby transaction prices are described and broken down. In addition, they should explain the factors which cause their transfer pricing to differ from market prices, or the transaction prices among unrelated company.

- Tax authorities set a comparative figure or indicator, taken from taxpayers' data bases, as a reference for auditor for the purpose of assessing transaction fairness.

- Consideration should be made to re-evaluate the fines in the form of interest payments, and penalties which are regulated in Law number 16 of 2000. Different sanctions, in the form of, for example, higher percentage or without correspondence adjustments, should be charged on taxpayers who do provide information on their related party transactions.

- Issuance of the implementation guidelines for Article 18(3a) of Law number 17 of 2000 to both taxpayers and the Directorate General of Taxation regarding agreements about the determination of transaction prices."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai latar belakang dibuatnya P3B Indonesia-Hong Kong, pengaturan pajak berganda di dalam P3B Indonesia-Hong Kong, dan permasalahan yang terjadi dalam penerapan P3B Indonesia-Hong Kong. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menyarankan bahwa dalam proses negoisasi pembuatan P3B sebaiknya pemerintah terlebih dahulu melakukan diskusi dengan beberapa kadin dan wajib pajak, pengaturan pajak berganda dengan melalui pembagian hak pemajakan, metode kredit pajak, proses prosedur persetujuan bersama, pertukaran informasi serta ketentuan anti penghindaran pajak berganda, dan permasalahan yang timbul dalam penerapan P3B Indonesia-Hong Kong, yaitu treaty shopping dan permasalahan administrasi berupa Surat Keterangan Domisili , form-DGT 1 lembar 2.

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ABSTRACTThis research focuses on the background of Indonesia- Hong Kong Tax Treaty, solvable double taxation issues which occur in the field work due to Indonesia- Hong Kong tax treaty arrangement. This is a qualitative research with a descriptive design. The results shows that in the negotiation process of making P3B, government should do some discussion with Kadin and the taxpayer, the double taxation arrangement with the distribution rights through taxation, the tax credit method, the mutual agreement procedure, exchange of information and the provision of anti avoidance of double taxation, and problems that arise in the application of Indonesian P3B-Hong Kong, which is treaty shopping and administrative problems in the form of certificate of domicile, form-DGT 1 sheet 2."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai kepastian hukum perpajakan pada transaksi repo. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis masalah yang timbul dari berlakunya peraturan pajak yang berlaku umum (lex generalis) untuk mengatur penghasilan yang timbul di dalam transaksi repo. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang menggunakan metode wawancara mendalam dalam mengumpulkan data yang diperlukan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa peraturan pajak yang berlaku umum tidak dapat memberikan kepastian hukum pada transaksi repo, dilihat dari subjek terdapat dua subjek wajib pajak dalam satu transaksi repo, objek pajak penghasilan yang tidak sesuai dengan substansi ekonomi yang terjadi, tarif pajak yang memberikan beban wajib pajak diluar substansi ekonomi dan pemotongan pajak terutang yang tidak sesuai dengan kepentingan para pihak transaksi repo. Penerbitan Peraturan Pemerintah yang mengatur bahwa pemilik surat berharga yang dijadikan dasar transaksi repo tetap pada penjual repo dapat memberikan kepastian hukum terkait pajak penghasilan yang timbul di dalam suatu skema transaksi repo.This thesis discusses the legal certainty of taxation in repo transactions. This study aims to analyze the problems that arise from the enactment of generally accepted tax regulations (lex generalis) to regulate income arising in repo transactions. This research is a descriptive study using a qualitative approach that uses in-depth interviews in collecting the necessary data. The results show that generally accepted tax regulations cannot provide legal certainty on repo transactions, judging from the subject there are two taxpayers in one repo transaction, income tax objects that are not in accordance with the economic substance that occurs, tax rates that impose a burden on taxpayers outside the economic substance and withholding taxes payable that are not in accordance with the interests of the parties to the repo transaction. Issuance of a Government Regulation which stipulates that the owner of the securities which are used as the basis for repo transactions remains with the repo seller can provide legal certainty regarding income tax arising in a repo transaction scheme."

"Skripsi ini menganalisis alternatif kebijakan pajak penghasilan yang paling tepat untuk diterapkan atas penghasilan transaksi mata uang kripto khususnya bitcoin. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang dipertimbangkan dalam desain kebijakan pajak penghasilan atas mata uang kripto khususnya bitcoin dan alternatif kebijakan pajak penghasilan atas transaksi mata uang kripto di Indonesia. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang dipertimbangkan dalam desain kebijakan pajak penghasilan atas transaksi mata uang kripto khususnya bitcoin terdiri atas faktor-faktor adopsi mata uang kripto dan faktor- faktor desain kebijakan pajak. Faktor-faktor adopsi mata uang kripto terdiri atas faktor technical, economy, social, dan personal. Faktor-faktor desain kebijakan pajak terdiri atas faktor pendapatan, biaya perpajakan, keadilan, dan administratif. Menganalisis kelebihan dan kekurangan alternatif kebijakan pajak penghasilan atas transaksi mata uang kripto di Indonesia yaitu pengenaan pajak penghasilan final dan pajak penghasilan normal atau tidak final. Dalam desain kebijakan pajak penghasilan atas transaksi mata uang kripto di Indonesia harus mementingkan kesejahteraan dan peningkatan kehidupan sosial masyakat Indonesia serta harus mengembangkan industri mata uang kripto di Indonesia.

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This thesis analyzes the most appropriate alternative income tax policies to apply to cryptocurrency transaction earnings, especially bitcoin. The approach used in this study is qualitative to analyze the factors considered in the design of income tax policy on cryptocurrencies, especially bitcoin and alternative income tax policy on cryptocurrency transactions in Indonesia. The results of this study show that the factors considered in the design of income tax policy on cryptocurrency transactions especially bitcoin consist of factors of adoption of cryptocurrencies and design factors of tax policy. Cryptocurrency adoption factors consist of technical, economic, social, and personal factors. Tax policy design factors consist of income, taxation costs, fairness, and administrative factors. Analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of alternative income tax policies on cryptocurrency transactions in Indonesia, namely the imposition of final income tax and normal or non-final income tax. In the design of income tax policy on cryptocurrency transactions in Indonesia should attach importance to the welfare and improvement of social life of the Indonesian people and should develop the cryptocurrency industry in Indonesia."