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"Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, teknologi memiliki peranan penting dalam memajukan perekonomian, utamanya bagi negara berkembang dan negara terbelakang yang belum menguasai teknologi tepat guna bagi perindustrian. Untuk mengadakan akses terhadap teknologi bagi negara-negara berkembang dan negara-negara terbelakang, dilakukanlah transfer of technologi dari negara maju agar negara berkembang dan negara terbelakang dapat menguasai teknologi-teknologi yang meningkatkan daya saing mereka dalam perdagangan internasional. Namun, kerjasama transfer of technology seringkali menimbulkan sengketa, khususnya terkait hak dan kewajiban para pihak (termasuk hak kekayaan intelektual pengalih teknologi dan perbedaan kepentingan antara negara berkembang dan negara maju). Untuk itu, dalam skripsi ini penulis meninjau sengketa-sengketa terkait transfer of technology dari perspektif hukum perdagangan internasional. Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, dimana penulis menganalisis sengketa transfer of technology dari berbagai perjanjian antarnegara, peraturan perundang-undangan dan kasus-kasus. Dari penelitian tersebut, penulis menemukan bahwa sengketa transfer of technology pada umumnya mencakup pelanggaran hak kekayaan intelektual pengalih teknologi dan aspek-aspek lain dalam perdagangan internasional. Kemudian, penulis menemukan bahwa sejatinya instrumen-instrumen hukum perdagangan internasional telah mengakomodasi kepentingan negara berkembang dan negara terbelakang untuk menguasai teknologi yang dapat memajukan perekonomian serta kepentingan negara maju terkait pelindungan hak kekayaan intelektual.

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As the world advances to a new era, technology remains at the corner stone of economic development, especially for developing and the least-developed nations, which have yet to possess viable technological base for their industries. To provide access for such technology, transfer of technology from the developed to the developing and least-developed countries is necessary, as it would lead the recipients to a more competitive position in the international trade. This, however, is not without its issues. Transfer of technology often sparks dispute between the parties involved, mainly with respect to their rights and obligations (including, but not limited to, the intellectual property rights of the transferor and competing interests of developing and developed nation). For that reason, the author will thoroughly observe the legal aspects of such disputes from international trade law standpoint. In doing so, the author implements the normative-juridical method, of which the author will analyze those disputes based on treaties, laws and regulations, and case laws. From this observation, the author found that transfer of technology disputes strongly connects with intellectual property issues and other aspects of international trade. Furthermore, the author found that international trade law instruments have sufficiently accommodate the interests of developing and the least-developed nations with respect to technology dissemination, as well as developed countries interest on intellectual property rights protection."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang sejauhmana hak asasi manusia internasional diperhitungkan dalam hukum perdagangan internasional di World Trade Organization (WTO). Penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis-kualitatif. Perjanjian multilateral di WTO dikaji kesesuiannya dengan hokum hak asasi manusia dan pasal-pasal pengecualian umum sistem hukum perdagangan internasional serta perlakuan berbeda dan khusus bagi negara berkembang ditimbang sejauhmana telah memanifestasikan hak asasi manusia. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan hukum perdagangan internasional di WTO belum memberi perhatian yang serius kepada nilai hak asas manusia. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan nilai hak asasi manusia dijadikan rambu-rambu untuk mencapai keadilan global dalam liberalisasi perdagangan betapapun kompleks dan sulitnya hal tersebut terwujud

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The current thesis discusses the extent of international human rights law being accounted within the international trade law of World Trade Organization (WTO). The current study takes on a juridical qualitative research approach: multilateral agreements at WTO are analyzed in their consistency with the human rights law as well as articles on general exemptions within the international trade law system additionally, special and differential treatments to developing countries are also assessed on the extent of their manifestation on human rights. Current findings concluded that international trade law of WTO has not provided sufficient attention towards human rights values. Therefore, the study recommends for the value of human rights law to be established as guidelines toward global justice within trade liberalization despite of the complex and intricate-natured challenges that may arise."

"WTO adalah salah satu organisasi internasional yang memiliki peranan terpenting dalam mengatur pelaksanaan praktik perdagangan internasional. Dalam praktiknya, seringkali perdagangan internasional terutama yang melewati batasbatas suatu negara, menimbulkan dampak negatif bagi lingkungan hidup. Sebagai contoh dari dampak-dampak negatif tersebut adalah masalah deforestasi, pemanasan global, dan juga overfishing. Karena hal tersebut lah WTO sering kali dikritik sebagai organisasi internasional yang environmentally-biased. Untuk menghadapi berbagai kritik tersebut, sebagai salah satu upaya perlindungan lingkungan hidup dalam hukum perdagangan internasional, pada perjanjianperjanian WTO dicantumkan ketentuan-ketentuan yang dapat digunakan oleh masing-masing negara anggota untuk melaksanakan perlindungan lingkungan. Beberapa ketentuan-ketentuan dalam perjanjian WTO tersebut antara lain adalah ketentuan dalam Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) dan juga General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Namun, penerapan ketentuan-ketentuan tersebut seiring perkembangannya menimbulkan sengketa antara negara-negara anggota. Dengan demikian penting untuk mengetahui bagaimana hubungan antara perlindungan lingkungan dnengan hukum perdagangan internasional, pengaturan mengenai perlindungan lingkungan dalam menurut hukum WTO, dan juga perkembangan keterkaitan antara perdagangan internasional dengan perlindungan lingkungan hidup dalam sengketa-sengketa dagang WTO berdasarkan TBT Agreement dan juga GATT. Permasalahanpermasalahan tersebut akan dijawab melalui penelitian yuridis-normatif sehingga diperoleh simpulan bahwa WTO pada intinya sudah cukup mengakomodir kepentingan masing-masing negara anggota untuk melaksanakan upaya perlindungan lingkungan dengan ketentuan-ketentuan dalam TBT Agreement dan GATT, sepanjang suatu tindakan perdagangan internasional yang diterapkan, tidak menimbulkan distorsi bagi perdagangan internasional.

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WTO plays an irrefutable role in supervising and regulating the practice of international trade. More often than not, international trade can be the cause of environmental degradation, such as forest degradation, global warming, and overfishing. For that matter, WTO is often criticized as an environmentally-biased international organization, due to the fact that there are still so few regulations in the WTO itself that rules on the issue of environmental protection. To face the growing criticisms from the international community, WTO had actually put some rules on many of WTO agreements, that can be imposed by its members as a means of protecting the environment. The two examples of the rules are the one incorporated under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) regarding products? standard (ecolabel and process and production methods) and the general exception on Article XX (b) and XX (g) of the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Nonetheless, the imposition of these regulations can arise an international trade dispute among WTO Members. Therefore, it is important to understand the relationship between international trade and the issue of environmental protection, the regulations regarding environmental protection under WTO law, and the development of the correlation between international trade law and environmental protection in WTO disputes based on TBT Agreement and the GATT. These problems will be reviewed using a juridical-normative research method until it can be concluded that WTO indeed had provided its Members with some provisions on its multilateral trade agreements, mainly the TBT Agreement and the GATT, that actually can be used by its Members. The usage of those provisions can be carried out by all of its Members as long as it meets the requirements required under the specific provisions, and as long as they don?t create barriers on international trade."

"Perdagangan regional (RTA) menjadi fenomena umum yang menyebar luas ke seluruh dunia. Gelombang besar inisiatif perdagangan regional terus berlajut sejak awal tahun 1990-an. Banyak negara memilih membuat komitmen di tingkat regional karena lebih mudah dilakukan daripada komitmen bidang yang sama di tingkat multilateral. RTA merupakan bagian dari sistem perdagangan global (multilateral trading sistem), namun dalam kenyataanya persyaratan Pasal XXIV GATT 1994 sering kali diabaikan. Beberapa kelompok regional memiliki persetujuan perdagangan barang, persetujuan perdagangan jasa, persetujuan investasi, dan kerjasama ekonomi, diantaranya adalah ACFTA. Liberalisasi ACFTA akan meningkatkan kinerja perdagangan antara negara anggota, namun karena China jauh lebih siap dengan daya saing lebih tinggi, menyebabkan pertumbuhan kinerja ekspor China akan jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan negara ASEAN. Kementerian Perindustrian pada tahun 2010 mengungkapkan bahwa liberalisasi ACFTA berdampak buruk terhadap kinerja beberapa industri nasional. Sektor elektronik merupakan salah satu sektor yang mengalami defisit neraca perdagangan paling buruk semenjak liberalisasi ACFTA. Penelitian ini mempergunakan kajian hukum normatif untuk memahami penerapan norma-norma hukum pengaturan RTA dalam kerangka WTO, sedangkan dalam kegiatan menggali dan mengkualifikasi fakta-fakta sebagai dipergunakan kajian empiris. Hasil penelitian ini adalah bahwa Pasal XXIV GATT 1994 memperbolehkan anggota WTO untuk perdagangan bebas dengan lebih cepat diantara anggota-anggota tertentu yang membentuk suatu kelompok. ACFTA bukan merupakan sistem terpisah, namun merupakan bagian dari sistem perdagangan global WTO, keduanya mengejar tujuan yang sama yaitu liberalisasi perdagangan secara substansial yang tunduk pada ketentuan-ketentuan dalam perjanjian-perjanjian WTO. Ketidakberhasilan Indonesia memanfaatkan liberalisasi ACFTA untuk meningkatkan kinerja perdagangan, khususnya sektor elektronik, mengakibatkan China akan memperoleh manfaat lebih besar dari liberalisasi ACFTA sebagai akibat daya saing industri mereka yang lebih tinggi. Dengan demikian, industri elektonik di Indonesia harus melakukan serangkaian perbaikan berupa investasi tenaga kerja, fisik dan teknologi untuk meningkatkan daya saing mereka dalam menghadapi produk dari China.

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Regional Trade Agreement (RTA) to be a common phenomenon that widespread throughout the world. A surge of regional trade initiatives has continued since the early 1990s. Many countries have chosen to make a commitment at the regional level because it is easier to do than the same field commitments at the multilateral level. RTA is part of the multilateral trading system, but in fact the requirements of Article XXIV of GATT 1994 is often times overlooked. Some regional groups have consent of trade in goods, trade in services agreements, investment agreements, and economic cooperation, including the ACFTA. ACFTA liberalization will improve the performance of trade between member states, but because China is much better prepared with higher competitiveness, led to the growth of China's export performance will be much higher than the ASEAN countries. Ministry of Industry in 2010 revealed that the liberalization ACFTA adversely affect the performance of some of the national industry. The electronics sector is one sector that suffered the worst trade deficit since the liberalization of the ACFTA. The study used a normative legal studies to understand the application of legal norms within the framework of the WTO RTA arrangements, whereas in digging activities and qualify the facts as used empirical study. The result of this is that Article XXIV of GATT 1994 allows WTO members to trade freely with faster among certain members that form a group. ACFTA is not a separate system, but is part of the multilateral trading system the WTO, both pursuing the same goal of trade liberalization substantially subject to the provisions of the WTO agreements. The failure to take advantage of the liberalization of Indonesia in ACFTA to improve trading performance, particularly the electronics sector, China will result in a greater benefit from the liberalization of the ACFTA as a result of their industrial competitiveness higher. Thus, the electronic industry in Indonesia must make a series of improvements in the form of investment of manpower, physical and technology to improve their competitiveness in the face of the product from China."