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"Latar Belakang: Karsinoma endometrium adalah keganasan pada organ reproduksi wanita yang terjadi umumnya pada wanita pasca menopase. Pemeriksaan radiologi khususnya MRI merupakan penunjang penting dalam menentukan staging dan keterlibatan organ organ rongga panggulyang akan menentukan pilihan terapi. Perkembangan teknik fungsional MRI yakni diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) dan apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)digunakan untuk membedakan lesi jinak dengan ganas, grading disertai dengan perluasannya, tetapi sayangnya teknik inimemiliki keterbatasanyakni nilai yang dihasilkan pada setiap alat MRI heterogen. Saat ini berkembang teknik baru yang membandingkan nilai ADC jaringan lesi dengan nilai ADC jaringan sehat dengan hasil nilai yang lebih homogen.Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuktikan nilai rerata rasio ADC memilikihasil lebih homogen dibandingkan dengan nilai rerata ADC.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian deskriptif potong lintang menggunakan data sekunder. Penelitian dilakukan mulai bulan Desember 2018 hingga Maret 2019, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 21 sampel.Hasil: Median nilai ADC tumor endometrium, urin, dan miometrium adalah 0,58 mm2/s, 3,26 mm2/s, dan 1,52 mm2/s. Berdasarkan coefficient of variation (COV) nilai rasio ADC lebih homogen dibandingkan dengan nilai ADC tumor (nilairasio ADC tumor-urine 35,1%, tumor-miometrium 41,7%, dan ADC tumor 42,2%).Kesimpulan: Nilai rasio ADC memiliki nilai yang lebih homogen dibandingkan dengan nilai ADC, sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai parameter non-invasif dalam mengevaluasi tumor.

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Background: Endometrial carcinoma is most common gynecologic malignancy that occurs usually in postmenopausal women. Imaging examination, especially MRI, is important in determining the staging and involvement of intrapelvic organs, which will determine the therapy for the patient. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) can be used to help distinguish benign or malignant lesions, grading and expansion of the lesion, but unfortunately this technique produced heterogeneous values. Currently a new technique is developing that compares the tissue ADC value of lesions with healthy tissue, resulting more homogeneous values.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to prove the average value of the ADC ratio has more homogeneous results than the average value of the ADC.

Methods: This study uses a cross-sectional descriptive design, using secondary data. The study was conducted from December 2018 to March 2019, with a total sample of 21.

Result: The median ADC value of endometrial, urine, and myometrial tumors was 0.58 mm2 / s, 3.26 mm2 / s, and 1.52 mm2 / s. Based on coefficient of variation (COV) the ADC ratio value is more homogeneous compared to the tumor ADC value (tumor-urine ADC ratio value is 35.1%, myometrial tumor 41.7%, and tumor ADC 42.2%).

Conclusion: The ADC ratio value has a more homogeneous value than the ADC value, so it can be used as a non-invasive parameter in evaluating tumors."

"Latar belakang: Karsinoma ovarium adalah salah satu keganasan paling mematikan di bidang ginekologik. Penyebab keganasan belum diketahui pasti dan umumnya tidak memiliki gejala klinik yang jelas. Karsinoma ovarium tipe I khususnya karsinoma endometrioid dan karsinoma sel jernih diketahui dapat berasal dari endometriosis. Karsinoma yang berasal dari endometriosis dikenal sebagai endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinoma (EAOC). Pengembangan model hewan coba karsinoma ovarium yang berhubungan dengan endometriosis diperlukan untuk penelitian dasar dan uji klinik menggantikan jaringan manusia. Pada penelitian ini dikembangkan model hewan coba karsinoma ovarium dengan teknik autoimplantasi dan induksi DMBA. Bahan dan cara kerja: Penelitian ini mengunakan blok parafin dari tikusyang sebelumnya telah mendapatkan operasiplasebo (SHAM), autoimplantasi endometrium, kombinasi autoimplantasi endometrium dan induksi DMBAyangdikorbankan pada minggu ke-5,10, dan 20. Dilakukan penilaian histopatologik dan pulasan imunohistokimia ARID1A dengan penilaian persentase positivitas pada 200 sel. Hasil: Penelitian ini menghasilkan lesi endometriosis atipik sebanyak 1 (20%) dan karsinoma sel jernih sebanyak 1 (20%)pada implantasi dan induksi DMBA 10 minggu dan karsinoma endometrioidsebanyak 100% pada kelompok induksi DMBA. Pulasan ARID1A tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna (p=0,313) pada seluruh kelompok perlakuan.

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Background: Ovarian carcinoma is one of the most deadly malignancies in the gynecologic field. The cause of malignancy is not known for sure and generally do not have clear clinical symptoms. Type I ovarian carcinoma especially endometrioid carcinoma and clear cell carcinoma is known to originate from endometriosis. Carcinoma originating from endometriosis is known as endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinoma (EAOC). The development of experimental animal models of ovarian carcinoma associated with endometriosis is needed for basic research and clinical trials replace human tissue. In this study an experimental model of ovarian carcinoma was developed with autoimplantation and DMBA induction techniques.

Materials and methods: This study used paraffin blocks from mice that had previously received placebo surgery (SHAM), endometrial autoimplantation, combination of endometrial autoimplantation and DMBA induction and were sacrificed at 5,10 and 20 weeks. Assessment of ARID1A expression by assessing the percentage of positivity in 200 cells.

Results: This study resulted in 1 (20%) atypical endometriosis lesions and 1 (20%) clear cell carcinoma in 10 weeks DMBA implantation and 100% endometrioid carcinoma in the DMBA induction group. ARID1A ekspression did not show a significant difference (p = 0.313) in all treatment groups."

"Pengantar: Endometriosis merupakan salah satu penyebab infertilitas dan menjadi indikasi fertilisasi in vitro (FIV). Laju apoptosis dan stress oksidatif yang tinggi pada pasien endometriosis diyakini menimbulkan efek negatif terhadap peluang keberhasilan FIV. Namun, pengaruh endometriosis terhadap keberhasilan FIV menunjukkan bukti yang inkonsisten dan belum banyak studi yang menilai langsung efek endometriosis terhadap kualitas oosit sebagai parameter keberhasilan FIV.Tujuan: Untuk menilai laju apoptosis pada sel granulosa pasien endometriosis dibanding pasien non-endometriosis melalui rasio ekspresi mRNA BAX/BCL-2 dan menilai korelasinya dengan kualitas oosit yang didapatkan saat petik ovum.Hasil: Sampel didapatkan dari 15 subjek dengan endometriosis dan 15 subjek kontrol. Dosis rekombinan FSH total yang diterima pada kelompok endometriosis untuk stimulasi ovarium lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (p=0.005). Terdapat perbedaan bermakna kadar ekspresi BAX (p=0.029) dan BCL-2 (p<0.001) pada kedua kelompok, tetapi perbedaan rasio keduanya tidak signifikan (p=0.787). Korelasi antara rasio BAX/BCL-2 dengan parameter kualitas oosit tidak menunjukkan hubungan bermakna di kedua kelompok.Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada rasio kadar BAX/BCL-2 di kedua kelompok dan tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara rasio tersebut dengan kualitas oosit. 

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Introduction: Endometriosis is one of common conditions causing infertility and an indication to undergo in vitro fertilization (IVF). High apoptosis rate and oxidative stress in patient with endometriosis is believed to cause negative effect on IVF success rate. However, there has been conflicting results on endometriosis effect to IVF success and there have been limited studies that directly assess endometriosis and its effect on oocyte quality.

Aim: To assess apoptosis rate on granulosa cells in patients with endometriosis compared to non-endometriosis patients through mRNA BAX/BCL-2 ratio and how it correlates with oocyte quality collected during ovum pick up.

Results: Samples were collected from 15 subjects with endometriosis and 15 control subjects. Total dose of recombinant FSH received by endometriosis group is significantly higher compared to control (p=0.005). There is difference in BAX level (p=0.029) and BCL-2 level (p<0.001) in both groups. However, the ratio does not differ significantly (p=0.787). No significant correlation is found in BAX/BCL-2 ratio and any of the oocyte quality parameters.

Conclusion: We found no significant difference in BAX/BCL-2 ratio between endometriosis and control group as well as significant correlation between the ratio and oocyte quality."

"Tujuan: Menilai keberadaan reseptor PPARγ serta membandingkan tampilan reseptor PPARγ pada endometrium eutopik dan ektopik pada penderita endometriosis Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang (cross sectional). Sepuluh subjek penderita endometriosis yang menjalani laparoskopi atau laparotomi, yang masuk dalam kriteria penerimaan (consecutive sampling) diambil dua percontoh, yakni endometrium eutopik dan endometrium ektopik yang berasal dari dinding kista endometriosis saat dilakukan pembedahan kemudian dilihat tampilan reseptor PPARγ dengan two-step RT-qPCR. Tampilan masing-masing percontoh diuji statistik dengan uji tes-t berpasangan dan tes korelasi Pearson. Hasil: Didapatkan tampilan reseptor PPARγ pada endometrium eutopik dan endometrium ektopik penderita endometriosis dengan metode RT-qPCR. Tampilan resptor PPARγ endometrium eutopik dan ektopik didapatkan secara statistik tidak berbeda bermakna (1.16 lipatan relatif vs 1.25 lipatan relatif; p=0.26). Pada uji korelasi Pesrson didapatkakan korelasi positif lemah antara tampilan PPARγ endometrium eutopik dan ektopik (r=0.16). Kesimpulan: Tampilan reseptor PPARγ pada endometrium eutopik dan ektopik penderita endometriosis didapatkan dengan metode two-step RT-qPCR. Dengan semikuantifikasi tampilan reseptor PPARγ tidak didapatkan perbedaan antara tampilan reseptor PPARγ pada endometrium eutopik dan ektopik pada penderita endometriosis. Terdapat korelasi positif lemah antara tampilan reseptor PPARγ pada endometrium eutopik dan ektopik pada penderita endometriosis.

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Objective: To evaluate the expression of the PPARγ receptor and to compare its expression in the eutopic and ectopic endometrium in women with endometriosis Method: This is a cross sectional study. Ten female subjects with endometriosis that underwent laparoscopy or laparotomy that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited by consecutive sampling. Two samples were taken, eutopic endometrium and ectopic endometrium from endometriosis cyst wall during surgery of each subject, PPARγ expression was examined by two-step RT-qPCR. Each sample was statistically examined using the paired t-test and Pearson’s corelation test.

Result: PPARγ was found to be expressed in the eutopic and ectopic endometrium of women with endometriosis using the RT-qPCR method. The expression of PPARγ was not statistically different in eutopic and ectopic endometrium (1.16 relative fold vs 1.25 relative fold:p=0.26). By Pearson’s corelation there was a weak positive corelation between PPARγ expression of the eutopic and ectopic endometrium (r=0.16).

Conclusion: PPARγ was detected by two-step RT-qPCR in eutopic and ectopic endometrium of women with endometriosis. Semiquantification of PPARγ expression showed that there was no significant difference betweenits expression in the eutopic and ectopic endometrium of women with endometriosis. There was a weak postive corelation of PPARγ expression between the eutopic and ectopic endometrium of women with endometriosis."

"ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Endometriosis merupakan kelainan ginekologik yang palingsering ditemukan. Seperti halnya endometrium di uterus juga dapat terjadiberbagai perubahan pada epitel yang melapisi kista endometriosis di ovarium,antara lain metaplasia, hiperplasia, atipia bahkan perubahan ke arah keganasan.Saat ini banyak penelitian yang menghubungkan antara endometriosis dan kankerovarium terutama jenis clear cell dan dikenal dengan istilah endometriosisassociatedovarian carcinoma (EAOC) dan dilaporkan adanya mutasi yangmenginaktifkan gen supresor tumor (ARID1A), sehingga protein BAF250a tidakdiekpresikan pada Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) ovarii.Bahan dan cara: Dilakukan pulasan imunohistokimia ARID1A pada sampel 20kasus endometriosis non atipik, 20 kasus atipik dan 20 kasus CCC ovarii tahun2012 hingga Maret 2015. Dari kelompok kasus CCC didapatkan 9 kasus EAOC.Selanjutnya dilihat adakah perbedaan persentase ekspresi ARID1A padaendometriosis non atipik, atipik, CCC ovarii serta endometriosis disertai CCC(EAOC).Hasil: Pada kelompok kasus endometriosis non atipik, atipik dan CCC adaperbedaan bermakna persentase ekspresi ARID1A (uji Kruskal-Wallis p=0,0035).Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis Post Hoc uji Mann-Whitney dan didapatkanperbedaan bermakna persentase ekspresi ARID1A antara endometriosis non atipikdan atipik dengan CCC ovarii (p=0,001 dan p=0,0015). Pada kelompok kasusendometriosis non atipik, atipik dan endometriosis pada EAOC, didapatkan adaperbedaan bermakna persentase ekspresi ARID1A (Uji Kruskal-Walis p=0,011).Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis Post Hoc uji Mann-Whitney dan ada perbedaanbermakna persentase ekspresi ARID1A antara endometriosis non atipik dan atipikdengan EAOC (p=0,005 dan p=0,008). Kesimpulan: Ekspresi ARID1A pada endometriosis non atipik dan atipik lebihtinggi bermakna dibanding CCC ovarii dan EAOC. Sehingga ekspresi ARID1Akemungkinan dapat digunakan sebagai petanda adanya transformasi ganas padaendometriosis.ABSTRACT Background: Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecologicalabnormalities found. Endometriosis cyst in the ovary also exhibited changes inepithelial cyst just like endometrium in the uterus. Changes in the epithelial cellsalso include metaplasia, hyperplasia, atyphia even changes toward malignancharacteristics. Nowadays, there are some research that linked endometriosis andclear cell ovarian cancer which is known with endometriosis-associated ovariancarcinoma (EAOC) it is reported that there?s a mutation that activated tumorsuppressor gene (ARID1A), so protein BAF250a is not expressed in Clear CellCarcinoma (CCC) in the ovarium.Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemistry staining of ARID1A were donein 20 samples of non-atypical endometriosis, 20 samples of atypicalendometriosis, 20 samples of CCC in the ovarium from the year 2012 until march2015. From the group that experienced CCC we get 9 cases of EAOC. After that,we see if there?s any difference in the percentage of ARID1A expression in nonatypicalendometrosis, atypical endometriosis, CCC in the ovarium andendometriosis with CCC( EAOC).Results: In non-atypical endometriosis, atypical and CCC cases groups there aresignificant differences on the percentage of ARID1A expression (Kruskal-Walistest p=0,0035). Post Hoc analysis were done using Mann-Whitney test and thereare significant differences on ARID1A expression between non-atypical andatypical endometriosis with CCC (p=0,001 and p=0,0015). In non-atypicalendometriosis, atypical and EAOC groups there are significant differences on thepercentage of ARID1A expression (Kruskal-Walis test p=0,011). Post Hocanalysis were done using Mann-Whitney test and there are significant differenceson ARID1A expression between non-atypical and atypical endometriosis withEAOC (p=0,005 and p=0,008).Conclusion: Expression of ARID1A in non atypical and atypical endometriosisare significantly higher compared to ovarian CCC and EAOC. So, we can say thatARID1A may be used as a marker for malignancy transformation inendometriosis.;Background: Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecologicalabnormalities found. Endometriosis cyst in the ovary also exhibited changes inepithelial cyst just like endometrium in the uterus. Changes in the epithelial cellsalso include metaplasia, hyperplasia, atyphia even changes toward malignancharacteristics. Nowadays, there are some research that linked endometriosis andclear cell ovarian cancer which is known with endometriosis-associated ovariancarcinoma (EAOC) it is reported that there?s a mutation that activated tumorsuppressor gene (ARID1A), so protein BAF250a is not expressed in Clear CellCarcinoma (CCC) in the ovarium.Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemistry staining of ARID1A were donein 20 samples of non-atypical endometriosis, 20 samples of atypicalendometriosis, 20 samples of CCC in the ovarium from the year 2012 until march2015. From the group that experienced CCC we get 9 cases of EAOC. After that,we see if there?s any difference in the percentage of ARID1A expression in nonatypicalendometrosis, atypical endometriosis, CCC in the ovarium andendometriosis with CCC( EAOC).Results: In non-atypical endometriosis, atypical and CCC cases groups there aresignificant differences on the percentage of ARID1A expression (Kruskal-Walistest p=0,0035). Post Hoc analysis were done using Mann-Whitney test and thereare significant differences on ARID1A expression between non-atypical andatypical endometriosis with CCC (p=0,001 and p=0,0015). In non-atypicalendometriosis, atypical and EAOC groups there are significant differences on thepercentage of ARID1A expression (Kruskal-Walis test p=0,011). Post Hocanalysis were done using Mann-Whitney test and there are significant differenceson ARID1A expression between non-atypical and atypical endometriosis withEAOC (p=0,005 and p=0,008).Conclusion: Expression of ARID1A in non atypical and atypical endometriosisare significantly higher compared to ovarian CCC and EAOC. So, we can say thatARID1A may be used as a marker for malignancy transformation inendometriosis.;Background: Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecologicalabnormalities found. Endometriosis cyst in the ovary also exhibited changes inepithelial cyst just like endometrium in the uterus. Changes in the epithelial cellsalso include metaplasia, hyperplasia, atyphia even changes toward malignancharacteristics. Nowadays, there are some research that linked endometriosis andclear cell ovarian cancer which is known with endometriosis-associated ovariancarcinoma (EAOC) it is reported that there?s a mutation that activated tumorsuppressor gene (ARID1A), so protein BAF250a is not expressed in Clear CellCarcinoma (CCC) in the ovarium.Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemistry staining of ARID1A were donein 20 samples of non-atypical endometriosis, 20 samples of atypicalendometriosis, 20 samples of CCC in the ovarium from the year 2012 until march2015. From the group that experienced CCC we get 9 cases of EAOC. After that,we see if there?s any difference in the percentage of ARID1A expression in nonatypicalendometrosis, atypical endometriosis, CCC in the ovarium andendometriosis with CCC( EAOC).Results: In non-atypical endometriosis, atypical and CCC cases groups there aresignificant differences on the percentage of ARID1A expression (Kruskal-Walistest p=0,0035). Post Hoc analysis were done using Mann-Whitney test and thereare significant differences on ARID1A expression between non-atypical andatypical endometriosis with CCC (p=0,001 and p=0,0015). In non-atypicalendometriosis, atypical and EAOC groups there are significant differences on thepercentage of ARID1A expression (Kruskal-Walis test p=0,011). Post Hocanalysis were done using Mann-Whitney test and there are significant differenceson ARID1A expression between non-atypical and atypical endometriosis withEAOC (p=0,005 and p=0,008).Conclusion: Expression of ARID1A in non atypical and atypical endometriosisare significantly higher compared to ovarian CCC and EAOC. So, we can say thatARID1A may be used as a marker for malignancy transformation inendometriosis.;Background: Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecologicalabnormalities found. Endometriosis cyst in the ovary also exhibited changes inepithelial cyst just like endometrium in the uterus. Changes in the epithelial cellsalso include metaplasia, hyperplasia, atyphia even changes toward malignancharacteristics. Nowadays, there are some research that linked endometriosis andclear cell ovarian cancer which is known with endometriosis-associated ovariancarcinoma (EAOC) it is reported that there?s a mutation that activated tumorsuppressor gene (ARID1A), so protein BAF250a is not expressed in Clear CellCarcinoma (CCC) in the ovarium.Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemistry staining of ARID1A were donein 20 samples of non-atypical endometriosis, 20 samples of atypicalendometriosis, 20 samples of CCC in the ovarium from the year 2012 until march2015. From the group that experienced CCC we get 9 cases of EAOC. After that,we see if there?s any difference in the percentage of ARID1A expression in nonatypicalendometrosis, atypical endometriosis, CCC in the ovarium andendometriosis with CCC( EAOC).Results: In non-atypical endometriosis, atypical and CCC cases groups there aresignificant differences on the percentage of ARID1A expression (Kruskal-Walistest p=0,0035). Post Hoc analysis were done using Mann-Whitney test and thereare significant differences on ARID1A expression between non-atypical andatypical endometriosis with CCC (p=0,001 and p=0,0015). In non-atypicalendometriosis, atypical and EAOC groups there are significant differences on thepercentage of ARID1A expression (Kruskal-Walis test p=0,011). Post Hocanalysis were done using Mann-Whitney test and there are significant differenceson ARID1A expression between non-atypical and atypical endometriosis withEAOC (p=0,005 and p=0,008).Conclusion: Expression of ARID1A in non atypical and atypical endometriosisare significantly higher compared to ovarian CCC and EAOC. So, we can say thatARID1A may be used as a marker for malignancy transformation inendometriosis."

"Membandingkan dan menentukan rerata kadar AMH serum pada wanita infertil dengan tanpa endometriosis serta mengetahui rerata kadar AMH serum pada masing-masing derajat endometriosis. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang (cross sectional). Enam puluh delapan subjek yang menjalani laparoskopi, yang masuk dalam kriteria penerimaan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok sama besar, yakni kelompok endometriosis dan tanpa endometriosis secara konsekutif (consecutive sampling). Masing-masing subjek diambil percontoh dari darah sebelum dilakukan laparoskopi kemudian diukur kadar AMH serum. Rerata masing-masing kelompok diuji statistik dengan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil: Rerata kadar AMH serum pada kelompok endometriosis lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan tanpa endometriosis dan secara statistik berbeda bermakna (2,30+1,8 ng/ml vs 3,75+2,13 ng/ml; p=0,005). Dengan uji Kruskal-Wallis, didapatkan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik pada subjek kelompok endometriosis berdasarkan derajat endometriosis (p=0,005). Bila dilakukan pengelompokkan kelompok endometriosis minimal-ringan dan kelompok endometriosis sedang-berat dibandingkan dengan kelompok tanpa endometriosis, maka hasilnya menunjukkan tidak adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara kadar AMH serum pada kelompok endometriosis minimal-ringan dengan kelompok tanpa endometriosis (p=0,34), sedangkan pada kelompok endometriosis sedang-berat dengan kelompok tanpa endometriosis terdapat hubungan yang bermakna (p<0,005).

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To compare and to determine the differences in levels of serum AMH in infertile women with and without endometriosis, and also to determine the mean levels of serum AMH in every grade of endometriosis.

Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study. Sixty-eight subjects who have undergone laparoscopy fulfilled the inclusion criteria are included and divided into two groups, i.e groups of endometriosis and without endometriosis consecutively (consecutive sampling). Blood samples are taken from each subject before laparoscopy which is then measured the levels of serum AMH. The mean levels of each group are tested with an Mann-Whitney test.

Results: The mean levels of serum AMH were lower in the endometriosis group than that group without endometriosis and it was statistically significance ( 2,30+1,8 ng/ml vs 3,75+2,13 ng/ml; p=0,005). With Kruskal-Wallis test, it was found that there was statistically significant difference among endometriosis group based on grading. There was no different at the mean levels of serum AMH between the minimal-mild endometriosis group and without endometriosis group (p=0,34), but the mean levels of serum AMH was lower in the moderate-severe endometriosis compare to the group without endometriosis and it was statistically significance (p<0,005).

Conclusions: The mean levels of serum AMH in infertile women with endometriosis were lower than that group without endometriosis and were statistically significantly different. There was no different between the mean levels of serum AMH in minimal-mild endometriosis group and that group without endometriosis, while in moderate-severe endometriosis group, it was lower than without endometriosis and it was statistically significance."

"Dismenorea menimbulkan dampak langsung yang cukup luas baik bagi penderita, keluarga, masyarakat ataupun negara dan bangsa. Masalah yang timbul dikaitkan dengan peningkatan angka absensi sekolah dan pekerjaan, yang berakibat pada penurunan produktivitas dan pada gilirannya akan mempengaruhi perekonomian negara dan bangsa. Pada studi yang pernah dilakukan oleh Park, pada suatu sekolah, menunjukkan 42% siswi harus absen atau tidak dapat beraktivitas karena keluhan dismenorea. Sementara dari penelitian lain yang pernah dilakukan oleh Andersch diteniukan angka absensi antara 34 sampai 50% pada perempuan yang mengalami dismenorea. Dari segi perekonomian Dawood mengemukakan bahwa di Amerika Serikat hampir 600 juta jam kerja yang setara dengan nilai 2 miliar dollar hilang setiap tahunnya akibat dismenorea yang terjadi pada perempuan usia reproduksi. Kerugian yang timbul juga berhubungan dengan jumlah biaya yang dibutuhkan untuk membeli obat dalam mengatasi gejala dismenorea yang timbal.Karena demikian luasnya dampak yang dapat ditimbulkan oleh dismenorea, maka penatalaksanaan yang tepat untuk mengatasi keluhan yang ada sangatlah diperlukan. Penatalaksanaan dismenorea yang dikemukakan pada berbagai kepustakaan meliputi penatalaksanaan non operatif dan operatif. Penatalaksanaan non operatif dapat berupa pemberian obat-obatan anti prostaglandin, kontrasepsi hormonal oral, antagonis kalsium, perangsang adrenoseptor beta, sediaan hormonal, asam lemak Omega 3, vitamin Bl, Magnesium. AIternatif lain yang pernah dikemukakan adalah dengan akupunktur dan transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS). Sedangkan terapi operatif dapat berupa dilatasi dan kuretase, laparoscopic uterine nerve ablation (LUNA), neurektomi presakral atau histerektomi total.Laparoscopie Uicrosacral Nerve Ablation (LUNA) merupakan tindakan operatif" dengan melakukan pemotongan persarafan uterus pada ligamentum sakrouterina dekat insersionya pada uterus dengan menggunakan teknik pendekatan laparoskopi. Cara ini saat ini menjadi salah satu alternatif dalam mengatasi dismenorea berat yang tidak respon dengan jenis pengobatan lainnya. Dengan pendekatan laparoskopi dan menggunakan suatu electro surgical system dilakukan pemotongan ligamentum sakrouterina pada insersionya dekat di uterus.Pemotongan ligamentum sakrouterina dapat dilakukan secara total/komplit ataupun parsial. Pada penelitian ini seianjutnya teknik pemotongan ligamentum sakrouterina secara total disebut dengan Ablasi Nervus Sakro Uterina per Laparoskopi (ANUL), sedangkan teknik koagulasi ligamentum sakrouterina secara menyeluruh disebut sebagai Koagulasi Ligamentum Sakro Uterina per Laparoskopi (KoLSU).Meskipun dari laporan penelitian di luar negeri efektifitas dan angka keberhasilannya cukup tinggi, namun di Indonesia belum pemah dilaporkan tingkat efektifitas dan keberhasilannya dalam mengatasi dismenorea berat. Oleh karena itu penelitian inl akan meneliti efektifitas kedua teknik tersebut dalam menurunkan keluhan dismenorea, dan sekaligus membandingkannya pada populasi tertentu oraag Indonesia yang menderita dismenorea berat.RUMUSAN MASALAHBelum diketahui perbedaan efektifitas Ablasi Nervus Sakro Uterina per Laparoskopi (ANUL) dengan Koagulasi Ligamentum Sakro Uterina per Laparoskopi (KoLSU ) dalam mengatasi dismenorea berat.TUJUAN PENELITIANTujuan Umum : Menilai dan membandingkan efektifitas ANUL dan KoLSU dalam mengatasi dismenorea berat.Tujuan Khusus:1. Mengetahul karakteristik demografi dan kiinis penderita dismenorea berat.2. Menilai patologi organ pelvik secara laparoskopi pada penderita dismenorea berat."

"Latar Belakang: Kejadian infertilitas di Indonesia 10-15 dari 39,8 juta wanita usia subur. Infertilitas dapat memberi masalah fisik, mental, sosial hingga perceraian. Sekitar 25 -50 perempuan infertil disertai endometriosis dan laparoskopi telah menjadi salah satu pilihan tatalaksananya. Dalam menjalani suatu metode, ahli bedah dan pasangan selalu ingin mengetahui peluang keberhasilan mereka baik dari data praoperasi ataupun intraoperasi. Lee dkk menyatakan keberhasilan kehamilan alamiah pasca laparoskopi secara keseluruhan adalah 41,9 dan tidak berhubungan dengan derajat endometriosis atau temuan laparoskopi atau jenis operasi. Di Indonesia, belum ada studi yang membahas faktor yang paling mempengaruhi keberhasilan kehamilan alamiah pada perempuan yang menjalani metode laparoskopi operatif.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan kehamilan alamiah pasca laparoskopi operatif.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kohort retrospektif. Dengan total sampling, data diambil dari catatan pasien yang menjalani operasi laparoskopi karena infertilitas dengan endometriosis di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo dan RS Yayasan Pemeliharaan Kesehatan YPK di Jakarta, Indonesia. Analisis data dilakukan dengan perangkat lunak SPSS 20 untuk mengetahui hubungan antara usia, durasi infertilitas, jenis infertilitas, kadar CA-125, ukuran dan bilateralitas endometrioma, perlekatan organ genitalia interna, nodul endometriosis dan patologi tuba dengan keberhasilan kehamilan alamiah dalam 1 tahun pasca laparoskopi operatif.Hasil: Terdapat 70 subjek yang dianalisis. Sebanyak 32 subjek 45,7 hamil dalam satu tahun pasca laparoskopi. Lama infertilitas menggunakan titik potong

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Background and aims The incidence of infertility in Indonesia is 10 15 of the 39.8 million women of childbearing age. It can give physical, mental, social and divorce problems. Approximately 25 50 of infertile women cause by endometriosis. Laparoscopy operative LO has become one of its treatments. In choosing a method, surgeon and couples always want to know the chances of their success either from preoperative or intraoperative data. In Indonesia, there are no studies that address the factors influence the success of natural pregnancy in women undergoing LO methods. This study aims to determine what factors affect the success of natural pregnancy postoperative laparoscopy.Methods This study used a retrospective cohort design. With total sampling, the data were taken from the patient records who underwent laparoscopic operative due to infertility with endometriosis at RS Cipto Mangunkusumo and the Health Care Foundation Foundation YPK in Jakarta, Indonesia. Data analysis was performed with SPSS 20 software to determine the relationship between age, duration of infertility, type of infertility, ca 125 levels, size and bilaterality of endometrioma, internal genital adhesion, endometriosis nodules and tubal pathology with successful natural pregnancy in 1 year after laparoscopic operative.Result There were 70 subjects analyzed. A total of 32 subjects 45.7 were pregnant within one year after laparoscopy. The length of infertility using a "

"Latar belakang dan tujuan: Pemeriksaan MRI standar terkadang sulit untuk membedakan tumor ganas dan jinak orbita karena karakteristik imaging yang nonspesifik, padahal biopsi pada lokasi tertentu seperti apeks orbita dan basis kranium periorbital sulit dilakukan dan memiliki risiko komplikasi yang tinggi sehingga klinisi memerlukan pemeriksaan MRI yang lebih spesifik untuk memperkirakan sifat tumor. Pada beberapa penelitian sebelumnya, nilai Apparent Diffusion Coefficient ADC baik menggunakan MRI 3Tesla T, 1,5T, dan gabungan keduanya, mampu membedakan tumor ganas dan jinak orbita, namun memiliki nilai ambang bervariasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mencari rerata nilai ADC menggunakan MRI 1,5T pada kelompok tumor ganas dan jinak orbita serta mencari nilai ambang untuk membedakan keduanya. Metode: Sebanyak 33 pasien tumor orbita yang telah menjalani pemeriksaan MRI orbita dengan kekuatan 1,5T dan mendapatkan nilai ADC tumor, dikelompokkan berdasarkan hasil histopatologis menjadi kelompok ganas dan jinak. Analisis statistik nilai ADC antara kelompok ganas dan jinak dilakukan menggunakan uji nonparametrik. Selanjutnya, penentuan nilai ambang optimal untuk membedakan tumor ganas dan jinak dilakukan menggunakan kurva receiver-operating characteristic ROC. Hasil: Dari 33 sampel diperoleh 17 tumor ganas dan 16 tumor jinak. Hasil histopatologis mayoritas pada kelompok tumor ganas dan jinak masing-masing adalah limfoma 4/17 dan meningioma grade I 9/16. Median dan range nilai ADC pada kelompok tumor ganas adalah 0,8 0,6-2,1 10 minus;3 mm2/s yang berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok tumor jinak 1,1 0,8-2,6 10 minus;3 mm2/s p=0,001. Nilai ambang optimal ADC untuk membedakan tumor ganas dan jinak adalah 0,88 10 minus;3 mm2/s dengan perkiraan sensitivitas 76,5 dan spesifisitas 93,8. Simpulan: Nilai ADC pada kelompok tumor ganas orbita lebih rendah dibandingkan tumor jinak dan bisa digunakan untuk memperkirakan karakteristik suatu tumor orbita.

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Background and purpose: Differentiating between malignant and benign orbital tumor using standard MRI sometimes is difficult because of nonspecific imaging characteristics, meanwhile biopsy in certain area such as orbital apex and periorbital skull base is difficult to do with higher risk of complication so that ophthalmologist may need suggestion from MRI result to predict the characteristic of tumor. In previous studies, the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient ADC value using MRI 3Tesla T, 1,5T, and combination of both, are able to differentiate between them but with variable cut-off value. This study aims to find out the ADC value of malignant and benign orbital tumor using MRI 1,5T and calculate the optimum cut-off value to differentiate them.

Methods: Thirty-three patients with orbital tumor who has undergone MRI examination and get the ADC value of tumor are classified into malignant and benign group. ADC value between malignant and benign group is statistically analyzed using nonparametric test. The optimal cut off value between malignant and benign tumor is calculated receiver-operating characteristic ROC curve.

Results: Among all samples, 17 are malignant and 16 are benign. Majority of histopathological result in malignant group are lymphoma 4/17 while in benign group are meningioma grade I 9/16. The mean ADC value in malignant group 0,8 10 minus;3 mm2/s is significantly different from benign group 1,1 10 minus;3 mm2/s p=0,001. The optimum cut-off ADC value to differentiate between malignant and benign orbital tumor is 0,88 10 minus;3 mm2/s with prediction of sensitivity 76,5 and specificity 93,8.

Conclusion: ADC value in malignant orbital tumor is lower than benign tumor and it can be used to predict the characteristic of orbital tumor. "

"Latar belakang: Histeroskopi office merupakan sebuah alat penunjangdiagnostik terbaru yang makin marak digunakan dalam praktik sehari-hari.Penggunaan alat ini memudahkan penegakkan diagnosis dan tatalaksana kasusperdarahan uterus abnormal. Namun, sering kali ditemukan perbedaan interpretasitemuan histeroskopi sehingga diperlukan keseragaman kriteria penilaian. Saat initelah dikenal sebuah sistem skoring temuan histeroskopi yang dikenal sebagaiskor hysteroscopy cancer (HYCA) untuk evaluasi patologi pada kasus perdarahanuterus abnormal, terutama kasus keganasan endometrium.Tujuan: (1) Mengetahui akurasi Skor HYCA sebagai metode skrining adanyakanker endometrium pada perdarahan uterus abnormal. (2) Mengetahuikesesuaian inter dan intraobserver dalam penilaian Skor HYCA pada evaluasiperdarahan uterus abnormal menggunakan histeroskopi office.Metode: Desain observasional cross sectional. Peneliti membandingkan skoringHYCA dengan hasil histopatologi untuk menilai keakuratan skor dalam skriningkasus karsinoma endometrium. Dilakukan uji kesesuaian intra dan inter observerdalam menentukan skor HYCA dari rekaman video histeroskopi.Hasil : Rekaman 87 video histeroskopi dengan 4 video dieksklusi karena tidakdapat dinilai. Penelitian ini tidak terdapat pasien false negative, 18 pasien falsepositive, dan sebelas kasus keganasan endometrium. Pasien dengan keganasanmemiliki median usia 57 tahun sesuai usia pasca menopause. Subjek dibagimenjadi 2 kelompok yaitu pasaien dengan keganasan dan bukan keganasanendometrium. Body mass index (BMI) pasien tidak berbeda secara bermakna padakedua kelompok yaitu BMI 25 kg/m2 pada pasien keganasan endometrium danIMT 24 kg/m2 pada kasus bukan keganasan. Nilai kesesuaian (Kappa)intraobserver A 0.824 dan observer B 0.837. Nilai kesesuaian interobserver 0.732.Sensitivitas 100%, spesifitas 75 %, akurasi 78.31% dan tingkat kesesuaianterhadap hasil patologi dengan nilai Kappa 0.44.Kesimpulan: Metode penapisan menggunakan skoring HYCA memiliki nilaisensitivitas yang tinggi. Angka spesifitas yang rendah ini menunjukkan skoringHYCA ini tidak dapat digunakan sebagai dasar diagnostik.

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Background: Office hysteroscopy is one of the most frequent diagnostic toolused in diagnosing and treating women with abnormal uterine bleeding.Unfortunately, we often found interpretation findings variability that should bestandardized. Therefore there is scoring system, known as HYCA score, toevaluate pathology findings in abnormal uterine bleeding, especially inendometrial malignancy.Aim: (1) To determine the accuracy of the HYCA score as a method of screeningfor endometrial cancer in abnormal uterine bleeding. (2) To determine the interand intra-observer suitability in the HYCA Score assessment in the evaluation ofcontinued abnormal bleeding using hysteroscopic office.Method: Observational cross sectional study. We compared the results of HYCAscore to histopathological findings to assess the accuracy of HYCA scores forscreening tool in endometrial carcinoma. Intra and inter-observer suitability testscarried out for HYCA score assessment from hysteroscopy video recordings.Result: There were 87 hysteroscopy video recordings from (bulan) to (bulan), 4videos were excluded due to low quality videos. In this study, there weren't anypatients assessed as false negative, 18 patients were assessed as false positive and11 patients were having endometrial malignancy. Median age was 57 years old,corresponded to menopausal ages. Subjects than divided to malignant and nonmalignant cases. Body mass index wes not significantly different between twogroups, 25 kg/m2 iand 24 kg/m2 respectively. The intraobserver (Kappa)suitability value for observer A was 0.824 and B was 0.837. The interobservercompatibility value is 0.732. Sensitivity was 100%, specificity was 75%,accuration value was 78.31% and level of conformity to histopathology withKappa value was 0.44.Conclusion : High sensitivity finding showed HYCA score as a good screeningtool rather than diagnostic tool showed by poor spesificity."