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"Latar Belakang: Disfungsi kognitif pascabedah adalah salah satu komplikasi pembedahan jantung yang telah diketahui. Hipoperfusi jaringan otak diduga sebagai penyebabnya, terutama dihubungkan dengan penggunaan mesin pintas jantung-paru. Near-infrared spectroscopy muncul sebagai alat pemantauan saturasi oksigen otak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara nilai NIRS dan kandungan oksigen intrabedah dengan kejadian disfungsi kognitif pascabedah jantung terbuka.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan kohort prospektif yang dilakukan di Rumah sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo, Indonesia. Sebanyak 60 pasien elektif yang akan menjalani bedah jantung terbuka dilakukan uji neurokognisi pada 1 hari sebelum pembedahan dan hari ke 5 pascabedah. Disfungsi kognitif pascabedah dinyatakan jika terdapat penurunan >20% dari nilai uji prabedah, pada 2 dari 3 ranah kognisi. Pemantauan saturasi oksigen regional (rSO2¬) menggunakan probe NIRS yang ditempel pada dahi subjek penelitian. Nilai rSO2¬ secara kontinu direkam sepanjang pembedahan. Desaturasi rSO2 adalah penurunan rSO2>20% nilai baseline, nilai terendah, durasi desaturasi rSO2, luas area under the curve rSO2 yang dihitung oleh INVOS 5100 dalam satuan min% dicatat pada berbagai fase pembedahan. Analisis bivariat variabel numerik menggunakan Independent T-test atau Mann-Whitney dengan SPSS 20.0. Variabel-variabel dengan nilai p<0.25 pada analisis bivariat selanjutnya dimasukkan dalam regresi logistik.Hasil: Sebanyak 31 dari 60 pasien (51,6%) mengalami POCD. Durasi desaturasi rSO2>20% secara signifikan lebih lama pada kelompok POCD dibandingkan non-POCD, terutama pada fase intraCPB dan pascaCPB. Didapatkan desaturasi total rSO2 dan nilai AUC rSO2 yang lebih panjang pada kelompok POCD dibandingkan kelompok non-POCD (median 55 [0-245] vs 0 (0-140) menit, p= 0.007) dan (412 [0-4875] vs 0 [0-472], p= 0,003). Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan AUC rSO2 sebagai variabel yang paling berpengaruh terhadap POCD. Kualitas persamaan regresi logistik baik dengan AUC 83,5% (CI 95%; 72,8%-94,2%).

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Introduction. Cardiac surgery has been known to cause postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Cerebral hypoperfusion is suspected as the cause, mainly related to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) machine. Near infrared spectroscopy had been introduced as a method to monitor cerebral oxygen saturation. This study aims to investigate the role of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring in preventing POCD after cardiac surgery.Purpose: To evaluate association between intraoperative Near-Infrared Spectroscopy value and arterial oxygen content with POCD in open heart surgeryMethods. This prospective cohort study was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia. We included sixty adult patients scheduled for elective open-heart surgery and assessed their cognitive function 1 day before surgery and postoperative day 5. To measure regional oxygen saturation (rSO¬¬2), NIRS probe was placed on the subjects forehead, the values were recorded until the end of surgery. A decrease in rSO2 >20% of baseline value was considered as rSO2 desaturation. The lowest rSO2 value and duration of desaturation were recorded before, during, after CPB. Another variable of NIRS value was Area under the curve of rSO2; an output measured by INVOS 5100 labelled as AUC rSO2 in min%. Data were compared using Students t test or the Mann-Whitney U test with SPSS 20.0 software. Logistic regression was applied to variables with p-value above 0.25 on bivariate analysis.Results: In this study 31 out of 60 patients (51.6%) developed POCD. Duration of rSO2 desaturation 20% baseline was significantly higher in POCD group, espescially during and after CPB phase. We observed a median of 55 (0-245) minutes of total desaturation time in POCD group, compared to the non-POCD group, who experienced a median desaturation time of 0 (0-140) minutes (p = 0.007). Quality of regression equity based on good discrimination with AUC was 83.5% (CI 95%; 72.8%-94.2%). From multivariate analysis, it was found that variables of NIRS AUC could affect logistic regression equity."

"Latar Belakang: Disfungsi kognitif pascabedah (postoperative cognitivedysfunction/POCD) merupakan komplikasi pascabedah yang sering ditemui padapasien yang menjalani bedah jantung terbuka yang mengganggu fungsi sosial danekonomi serta berkaitan dengan peningkatan mortalitas. Patofisiologi POCD belumdiketahui secara jelas, namun diperkirakan melibatkan hipoksia serebral.Penurunan kandungan oksigen dan penurunan ekstraksi oksigen perioperatifdiperkirakan berkontribusi terhadap POCD. Penggunaan pemantauan nearinfraredspectroscopy (NIRS) memungkinkan pengukuran status oksigenasi padajaringan otak. Protein S100B adalah penanda biologis kerusakan jaringan otak.Penelitian ini bertujuan meneliti pengaruh kandungan oksigen dan ekstraksioksigen intra dan pascabedah, desaturasi serebral dan peningkatan kadar proteinS100B terhadap kejadian POCD.Metode: Rancangan penelitian ini adalah kohort prospektif di unit Pelayanan JantungTerpadu RS dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Penelitian dimulai setelah mendapatkan persetujuankomite etik dan ijin lokasi. Kriteria penerimaan adalah pasien berusia ≥18 tahun yangdijadwalkan menjalani bedah jantung terbuka dengan menggunakan mesincardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), sehat secara mental, dapat membaca dan berbahasaIndonesia. Pasien akan menjalani evaluasi kognitif menggunakan 6 tes psikometrik pada 1hari prabedah dan diulang pada 5 hari pascabedah. POCD didefinisikan sebagai penurunan>20% skor kognitif pascabedah dibandingkan prabedah pada 2 atau lebih tes. Sampel daraharteri dan vena diambil untuk menilai kandungan dan ekstraksi oksigen pada 5 waktu: (1)sebelum induksi, (2) intra-CPB, (3) pasca-CPB, (4) enam jam pascabedah, dan (5) 24 jampascabedah. Pemantauan saturasi serebral menggunakan NIRS dilakukan sepanjang pembedahan. Kadar protein S100B diukur pada 2 waktu: sebelum induksi dan 6 jampascabedah. Data dianalisis dengan uji statistik yang sesuai menggunakan piranti lunak SPSSversi 20.Hasil:Lima puluh lima subyek mengikuti penelitian ini. POCDditemukan pada 31 (56,4%)subyek. Kandungan oksigen dan ekstraksi oksigen ditemukan tidak berbeda bermakna diantara kedua kelompok pada seluruh waktu. Desaturasi serebral ditemukan lebih lama (55[0-324] vs. 6 [0-210], p=0,03) dan nilai AUC rScO2 lebih tinggi (228 [0-4875] vs. 33 [0-1100], p <0,01) pada pasien yang mengalami POCD dibandingkan yang tidak. Dengananalisis ROC ditemukan nilai AUC rScO2 >80 menit% berpengaruh terhadap kejadianPOCD (RR 3,38, IK 95%: 1,68-6,79, p <0,01). Kadar protein S100Bmeningkat 1,5x lebihtinggi pada pasien POCD, namun tidak mencapai kemaknaan statistik.Simpulan:Desaturasi serebral yang diukur menggunakan NIRS berpengaruh pada kejadianPOCD.

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Background: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction/POCD is commonly found

postoperative complication after cardiac surgery with profound social and

economic effect and also known correlated with mortality. The pathophysiology

remains unclear and multifactorial, but hipoxia have been postulated as one of the

mechanisms. Reduced arterial oxygen content (CaO2) and reduced oxygen

extraction perioperatively may contribute to POCD. Use of near-infrared

spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring may provide oxygenation status on brain tissue.

S100B protein is known brain injury biological marker. This trial aims to

investigate effects of perioperative oxygen content and extraction, cerebral

oxygenation status and S100B protein level changes to POCD.

Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at Integrated Heart Service unit of

RS dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, a tertiary teaching hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia. This study

was started after ethical approval obtained. Inclusion criteria was 18 years old or above

patients scheduled for open-heart surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass machine, healthy

mental status, and can speak/read Indonesian language. Subjects were undergone 6

psychometric evaluation on day prior to surgery and 5 days after surgery. POCDdefined as

decrease of >20% score from baseline on 2 or more tests. Arterial and venous blood samples

were taken on 5 moments: (1) before induction of anesthesia, (2) during CPB, (3) After

separation of CPB, (4) six hours after surgery, and (5) 24 hours after surgery. NIRS

monitoring was applied continously during surgery. S100B protein level was measured on

before induction of anesthesia and 6 hours after surgery.Data was analyzed with appropriate

statistical tests using SPSS 20 software.

Results: Fifty-five subjects were included in this study. POCD was found in 31 (56.4%)

subjects. Oxygen contents and extractions were found not differ in both groups at all times.

Cerebral desaturation was found more longer (55 [0-324] vs. 6 [0-210]mins, p = 0.03) and

severe (AUC rScO2 228 [0-4875] vs. 33 [0-1100] min%, p <0,01) in subjects with POCD

compared to non-POCD. Using ROC analysis, it is determined subjects with AUC rScO2

>80 min% were exposed with higher risk of POCD(RR3.38x, 95%CI: 1.68-6.79, p <0.01).

S100B protein level increased higher in subjects with POCDbut no statistical significant was

found.

Conclusion: Cerebral desaturation measured by NIRSmonitoring contributes to POCD."

"Latar BelakangGame online berpotensi menimbulkan masalah perilaku berupa internet gaming disorder (IGD). Gangguan ini berdampak terhadap kesehatan fisik dan psikologis, termasuk hendaya kognitif berupa hendaya kontrol inhibisi dan fleksibilitas kognitif. Dewasa muda merupakan usia pematangan otak prefrontalis yang mengatur perilaku. Prevalensi adiksi game di Jakarta sebesar 30,8% pada fakultas kedokteran (FK). Belum ada studi yang menilai fungsi kognitif pada populasi ini di Indonesia. Studi ini mencari hubungan antara IGD dengan fungsi kognitif pada mahasiswa FK.MetodePenelitian dilakukan secara potong lintang. Sebanyak 664 subjek berasal dari mahasiswa FK Universitas Indonesia ditentukan dengan stratified random sampling. Penegakkan diagnosis IGD menggunakan kuesioner self rating Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder. Subjek yang memenuhi kriteria akan menjalani wawancara terstruktur dengan Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for International Classification of Disease-10 untuk menyingkirkan komorbiditas gangguan psikiatri. Pemeriksaan kognitif menggunakan trail making test B (TMT-B) virtual. Pemeriksaan kognitif dilakukan pada 12 subjek dengan IGD dan 12 subjek tidak IGD.HasilDitemukan prevalensi IGD sebesar 2,4%. Proporsi laki – laki sebanyak 62,5%, durasi bermain game 20 jam atau lebih setiap minggu dan yang bermain game pertama kali sebelum 12 tahun sebanyak 93,8%, bermain game online sebanyak 81,3%, yang bergabung dalam komunitas game sebanyak 31,3%, dan subjek bermain dengan ponsel pintar sebanyak 87,5% pada kelompok IGD. Tidak ada hubungan IGD dengan fungsi kognitif yang signifikan secara statistik. Kelompok IGD memiliki rerata durasi menyelesaikan TMT-B yang lebih panjang dibandingkan kelompok tanpa IGD. Nilai reratanya adalah 52,25 detik (SB 16,1) dan 44,67 detik (SB 14,2). Terdapat tiga subjek dari kelompok IGD yang mengalami hendaya fungsi kognitif.DiskusiTemuan studi ini sejalan dengan studi lainnya yang tidak menemukan hubungan yang bermakna antara IGD dan TMT-B secara statistik. Namun secara klinis, kelompok IGD memiliki fungsi kognitif yang lebih buruk dibandingkan kelompok tidak IGD. Hendaya kognitif pada kelompok IGD dalam studi ini tidak berasal dari gangguan psikiatri lain. Studi ini tidak menilai hubungan tingkat keparahan IGD dengan fungsi kognitif.

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Introduction Online game potentially evokes behavioral problems called internet gaming disorder (IGD). This disorder inflicts physical and psychological consequences, including cognitive impairments such as inhibition control and cognitive flexibility impairment. Early adulthood is the prime time for prefrontal cortex maturation. The prevalence of medical students with game addiction in Jakarta was 30.8%. There was no data regarding cognitive function in this population in Indonesia. This research aims to identify the association between IGD and cognitive functions in Indonesian medical students.

Methods

We conducted cross-sectional research. A considerable size of 664 medical students of Universitas Indonesia was selected by stratified random sampling. Self-rated Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder was used to screen for IGD. Subjects who met IGD criteria were systematically interviewed with Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for International Classification of Disease-10 to exclude any psychiatric comorbidities. Cognitive functions were measured by virtual trail making test B (TMT-B). The test was performed on 12 subjects with IGD and 12 without.

Results

The prevalence of IGD was 2.4%. The proportion of male subjects was 62.5%, gaming duration 20 hours per week or more and onset of gaming before 12 years old were 93.8%, engaging in online games was 81.3%, joining game community was 31.3%, and gaming using a mobile phone was 87.5% in IGD group. There was no statistically significant association between IGD and cognitive function. IGD group took longer to finish TMT-B than the control group. The mean times were 52.25 seconds (SD 16.1) and 44.67 seconds (SD 14.2), respectively. Three subjects in IGD group had cognitive impairment.

Discussion

The study results were consistent with other studies that found no statistical significance between IGD and TMT-B. However, clinically, the IGD group showed worse cognitive performance than the without IGD group. Cognitive impairment in the IGD group was not better explained by other psychiatric disorders. This study did not analyze further whether the severity of IGD corresponds to cognitive functions."

"Kegagalan kognitif adalah kegagalan individu dalam mengerjakan tugas yang biasanya secara sukses dapat dilakukan oleh individu. Kegagalan kognitif merupakan hal yang dapat terjadi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari mahasiswa, sebagai contoh melupakan suatu jadwal janji bertemu dengan teman dan dosen. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat besaran peran kemampuan metakognisi dan neuroticism terhadap kegagalan kognitif pada mahasiswa program sarjana (S1). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian noneksperimental dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Alat ukur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), Metacognitive Skills Scale (MSS), dan IPIP-BFM-25. Penelitian ini dilakukan kepada 249 sampel mahasiswa program sarjana di Indonesia (83 laki-laki dan 166 perempuan) dengan rentang usia 18––25 tahun. Hasil penelitian dengan analisis regresi linear berganda menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan metakognisi dan neuroticism secara simultan dan signifikan berperan terhadap kegagalan kognitif pada mahasiswa program sarjana, (F(2, 246) = 41.778, p < 0.001, R² = 0.254). Neuroticism (β = 0.419, p < 0.001) memiliki peranan yang lebih besar dalam memprediksi terjadinya kegagalan kognitif dibandingkan dengan kemampuan metakognisi (β = -0.202, p < 0.001). Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat berkontribusi dalam menanggulangi masalah kegagalan kognitif yang dialami oleh mahasiswa

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Cognitive failure is an individual's failure to complete a task that normally executed successfully. Cognitive failure occurs in undergraduate students' daily lives, such as forgetting an appointment with supervisor or friend. The objective of this study is to look at the role of metacognitive skills and neuroticism towards cognitive failures among undergraduate students. This research is a non-experimental research with a quantitative approach. The measuring tools used in this study were the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), Metacognitive Skills Scale (MSS), and IPIP-BFM-25. This research was conducted on a sample of 249 undergraduate students in Indonesia (83 males and 166 females) with an age range of 18––25 years. The study was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis and showed that metacognitive skills and neuroticism simultaneously and significantly contributed to cognitive failures in undergraduate students, (F(2, 246) = 41.778, p < 0.001, R² = 0.254). Neuroticism (β = 0.419, p < 0.001) has a greater role in predicting cognitive failures than metacognitive skills (β = -0.202, p < 0.001). This research is expected to contribute to overcoming the problem of cognitive failures experienced by undergraduate students."

"Latar belakang. Kejadian demam pascabedah jantung sering ditemukan akibat tindakan pembedahan maupun penggunaan mesin pintas jantung paru (PJP), demam tersebut sulit dibedakan antara demam akibat infeksi atau inflamasi. Penegakan diagnosa infeksi dengan pemeriksaan kultur membutuhkan waktu lama dan kadang tidak tumbuh bakteri. Prokalsitonin (PCT) diharapkan sebagai penanda infeksi tanpa harus menunggu hasil kultur. Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai kadar PCT dapat membedakan demam infeksi dengan demam inflamasi pada pascabedah jantung. Metode. Penelitian ini dikerjakan di Unit Pelayanan Jantung Terpadu RSCM, dengan subyek pasien dewasa pascabedah jantung terbuka dengan menggunakan mesin PJP diikuti selama lima hari adanya demam dengan suhu ≥ 37,8° C, tanda dan gejala infeksi. Semua subyek diperiksa PCT dan kultur darah sebelum pembedahan, hari pertama, kedua dan kelima pascabedah. Pemeriksaan kultur dikerjakan atas indikasi klinis adanya infeksi. Hasil. Sebanyak 59 subyek pascabedah jantung menggunakan mesin PJP, terdapat dua subyek dropout (meninggal pada hari pertama dan kedua), 22 (37,28%) tidak demam, 32 (54,24%) demam inflamasi dan 5 (8,48%) demam infeksi. Infeksi ditemukan dari kultur sputum (Klebsiella pneumonie), hasil kultur darah, luka operasi, dan urin tidak ditemukan pertumbuhan bakteri. Didapatkan kadar PCT demam infeksi 13,48 ng/ ml dan demam inflamasi 6,90 ng/ ml. Simpulan. Kadar PCT demam infeksi (13,48 ng/ ml) lebih tinggi daripada demam inflamasi (6,90 ng/ ml). Tidak ada beda kadar PCT demam infeksi dan demam inflamasi secara statistik dengan p adalah 0,371.

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Background. Post cardiac surgery fevers usually caused by surgery itself or cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Difficulties to differentiated fever caused infection or inflammation. Bacterial culture to prove infections take a long time and sometimes the result is negative. Procalcitonin is sugested infection marker without wait for culture.

Goal. The aim of this study is to know procalcitonin level can differentiate fever cause infectious or inflammation.

Methods. This study performed at Integrated Cardiovascular Unit in RSCM, on adult patients who had open cardiac surgery with CPB, observed for temperature ≥ 37,8° C, sign and symptoms of infections, for 5 days. PCT levels and blood culture performed before surgery, first, second and 5th day after surgery. Culture from other sites performed as indicated.

Results. There are 59 have cardiac surgery with CPB, There are two subject dropout (died on 1st and 2nd days), 22 had no fever (37,28%), 32 had inflammation fever (54,24%) and 5 had infectious fever (8,48%). Infection confirmed by bronchial wash culture (Klebsiella pneumonie), no surgical wound infection, blood and urine culture were negative. We have PCT levels infectious group 13,48 ng/ ml and inflammation group 6,90 ng/ ml.

Conclussion. PCT levels infectious group (13,48 ng/ ml) higher than inflammation group (6,90 ng/ ml). Non parametric diagnostic Mann Whitney U test there are no significant differences of PCT levels between infectious and inflammation group, p=0,371."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Luaran pasca-bedah jantung penting diketahui untuk menilai kinerja pelayanan bedah jantung anak, sehingga kualitas pelayanan dapat ditingkatkan.Tujuan: Mengetahui luaran jangka pendek (mortalitas, komplikasi pasca-bedah berat lain, dan komplikasi pasca-bedah yang berat) pada anak yang dilakukan bedah jantung. Selain itu, ingin mengetahui faktor risiko terjadinya komplikasi berat pasca-bedah jantung dan membuat sistem skor dari faktor-faktor risiko tersebut.Metode: Setiap anak dengan penyakit jantung yang dilakukan operasi jantung di RSUPN Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta sejak April 2014 sampai Maret 2015 diikuti setiap hari sampai pasien pulang atau meninggal. Data demografis, mortalitas, morbiditas atau komplikasi pasca-bedah jantung, dan faktor risiko terjadinya morbiditas pasca-operasi yang berat diambil dari rekam medis. Pasien yang sudah pulang dari rumah sakit, dalam waktu 30 hari pasca-operasi dihubungi untuk mendapatkan data kondisi pasien dalam waktu tersebut (hidup atau meninggal).Hasil: Selama penelitian didapatkan 258 anak dilakukan bedah jantung. PJB terbanyak yang dilakukan bedah jantung adalah ventricle septal defect (28,7%) dan tetralogy of Fallot (24,4%). Komplikasi pasca-bedah jantung terjadi pada 217 (84,1%) anak dan komplikasi berat terjadi pada 49 anak (19%). Komplikasi pasca-bedah jantung terbanyak adalah hipokalsemia pada 163 (63,2%) anak, hiperglikemia 159 (61,6%), low cardiac output syndrome 52 (20,2%), aritmia 48 (18,6%), sepsis 45 (17,4%), dan efusi pleura 39 (15,1%). Komplikasi berat meliputi in-hospital mortality terjadi pada 33 (12,7%) anak dan mortalitas dalam waktu 30 hari pasca-bedah jantung terjadi pada 35 (13,6%) anak, henti jantung 13 (5%), operasi jantung ulang 10 (3,9%), dan gagal organ multipel 19 (7,4%). Faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan meningkatnya komplikasi pasca-bedah jantung yang berat adalah peningkatan kadar laktat darah [OR 30,7 (IK 95% 8,1-117,6)], PJB sianotik [OR 4,4 (IK 95% 1,2-15,8), dan pemakaian inotropik yang tinggi [OR 7,8 (IK 95% 1,6-38,9)]. Skor faktor risiko ≥ 3 mampu memprediksi anak yang mengalami komplikasi berat pasca-bedah jantung dengan sensitivitas skor 93,9% dan spesifisitas skor 84,2%, dan area di bawah kurva receiver operating characteristic (ROC) adalah 0,94.Simpulan: Mortalitas di rumah sakit pasca-bedah jantung anak sebesar 12,7% dan mortalitas 30 hari pasca-bedah 13,6%. Komplikasi berat lain pasca-bedah 13,6%. Faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan meningkatnya komplikasi pasca-bedah jantung yang berat adalah peningkatan kadar laktat darah, PJB sianotik, dan pemakaian inotropik tinggi pasca-bedah jantung. Skor faktor risiko ≥ 3 mampu memprediksi anak yang mengalami komplikasi berat pasca-bedah jantung dengan sensitivitas skor 93,9% dan spesifisitas skor 84,2%.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Outcome of children with cardiac surgery is important to evaluate the performance of cardiac surgery program. Identifying the risk factors for major adverse events after cardiac surgery is also important to improve patient care.Objective: To evaluate the incidence of short-term outcome in children after cardiac surgery, including mortality, complication or morbidity, major complications, and the risk factors associated with major adverse events (major complications) at the Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from April 2014 until March 2015. All children conducted cardiac surgery, were monitored from the time the cardiac surgery performed until patients were discharged or deceased. During the follow up of all recruited patients, factors associated with the risk of developing major adverse events were identified.Results: A total of 258 patients were recruited during the study period. Of the total, 134 (51.9%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 53.3±3.8 months. Among the patients, 217 (84.1%) had complications. The most complications occurred after cardiac surgery were hypocalcaemia in 163 (63.2%), hyperglycemia in 159 (61.6%), low cardiac output syndrome in 52 (20.2%), arrhythmia in 48 (18.6%), sepsis in 45 (17.4%), and pleural effusion in 39 (15.1%) children. Further, 49 (19%) of recruited patients had major adverse events (major complications), including in-hospital mortality in 33 (12.7%) and 30-day mortality in 35 (13.6%), cardiac arrest in 13 (5%), the need for re-operation in 10 (3.9%), and multiple organ failure in 19 (7.4%) children. Factors associated with the occurrence of major complications were increase in blood lactate [OR 30.7 (95% CI 8.1-117.6)], cyanotic congenital heart disease [OR 4.4 (95% CI 1.2-15.8), and high inotropes on leaving operating room [OR 7.8 (95% CI 1.6-38.9)]. Risk factor score ≥3 could predict major complications after cardiac surgery with sensitivity of 93.9% and specificity of 84.2%, and area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.94.Conclusion: In-hospital mortality after paediatric cardiac surgery at Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital is 12,7% and 30-day mortality is 13,6%. Increase in blood lactate, cyanotic congenital heart disease, and high inotropes on leaving operating room are associated with mortality and other major complications in children following cardiac surgery. Risk score ≥ 3 can predict the development of major complication in children after cardiac surgery with sensitivity 93,9% and specificity 84,2%.;Background: Outcome of children with cardiac surgery is important to evaluate the performance of cardiac surgery program. Identifying the risk factors for major adverse events after cardiac surgery is also important to improve patient care.Objective: To evaluate the incidence of short-term outcome in children after cardiac surgery, including mortality, complication or morbidity, major complications, and the risk factors associated with major adverse events (major complications) at the Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from April 2014 until March 2015. All children conducted cardiac surgery, were monitored from the time the cardiac surgery performed until patients were discharged or deceased. During the follow up of all recruited patients, factors associated with the risk of developing major adverse events were identified.Results: A total of 258 patients were recruited during the study period. Of the total, 134 (51.9%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 53.3±3.8 months. Among the patients, 217 (84.1%) had complications. The most complications occurred after cardiac surgery were hypocalcaemia in 163 (63.2%), hyperglycemia in 159 (61.6%), low cardiac output syndrome in 52 (20.2%), arrhythmia in 48 (18.6%), sepsis in 45 (17.4%), and pleural effusion in 39 (15.1%) children. Further, 49 (19%) of recruited patients had major adverse events (major complications), including in-hospital mortality in 33 (12.7%) and 30-day mortality in 35 (13.6%), cardiac arrest in 13 (5%), the need for re-operation in 10 (3.9%), and multiple organ failure in 19 (7.4%) children. Factors associated with the occurrence of major complications were increase in blood lactate [OR 30.7 (95% CI 8.1-117.6)], cyanotic congenital heart disease [OR 4.4 (95% CI 1.2-15.8), and high inotropes on leaving operating room [OR 7.8 (95% CI 1.6-38.9)]. Risk factor score ≥3 could predict major complications after cardiac surgery with sensitivity of 93.9% and specificity of 84.2%, and area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.94.Conclusion: In-hospital mortality after paediatric cardiac surgery at Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital is 12,7% and 30-day mortality is 13,6%. Increase in blood lactate, cyanotic congenital heart disease, and high inotropes on leaving operating room are associated with mortality and other major complications in children following cardiac surgery. Risk score ≥ 3 can predict the development of major complication in children after cardiac surgery with sensitivity 93,9% and specificity 84,2%., Background: Outcome of children with cardiac surgery is important to evaluate the performance of cardiac surgery program. Identifying the risk factors for major adverse events after cardiac surgery is also important to improve patient care.Objective: To evaluate the incidence of short-term outcome in children after cardiac surgery, including mortality, complication or morbidity, major complications, and the risk factors associated with major adverse events (major complications) at the Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from April 2014 until March 2015. All children conducted cardiac surgery, were monitored from the time the cardiac surgery performed until patients were discharged or deceased. During the follow up of all recruited patients, factors associated with the risk of developing major adverse events were identified.Results: A total of 258 patients were recruited during the study period. Of the total, 134 (51.9%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 53.3±3.8 months. Among the patients, 217 (84.1%) had complications. The most complications occurred after cardiac surgery were hypocalcaemia in 163 (63.2%), hyperglycemia in 159 (61.6%), low cardiac output syndrome in 52 (20.2%), arrhythmia in 48 (18.6%), sepsis in 45 (17.4%), and pleural effusion in 39 (15.1%) children. Further, 49 (19%) of recruited patients had major adverse events (major complications), including in-hospital mortality in 33 (12.7%) and 30-day mortality in 35 (13.6%), cardiac arrest in 13 (5%), the need for re-operation in 10 (3.9%), and multiple organ failure in 19 (7.4%) children. Factors associated with the occurrence of major complications were increase in blood lactate [OR 30.7 (95% CI 8.1-117.6)], cyanotic congenital heart disease [OR 4.4 (95% CI 1.2-15.8), and high inotropes on leaving operating room [OR 7.8 (95% CI 1.6-38.9)]. Risk factor score ≥3 could predict major complications after cardiac surgery with sensitivity of 93.9% and specificity of 84.2%, and area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.94.Conclusion: In-hospital mortality after paediatric cardiac surgery at Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital is 12,7% and 30-day mortality is 13,6%. Increase in blood lactate, cyanotic congenital heart disease, and high inotropes on leaving operating room are associated with mortality and other major complications in children following cardiac surgery. Risk score ≥ 3 can predict the development of major complication in children after cardiac surgery with sensitivity 93,9% and specificity 84,2%.]"

"Latar Belakang: Disfungsi kognitif pascabedah merupakan komplikasi yang cukup sering pascabedah jantung terbuka. Salah satu faktor yang dikaitkan dengan kerusakan jaringan otak adalah faktor oksigenasi jaringan yang terganggu. Selama periode pascabedah gangguan oksigenasi jaringan masih tidak dapat disingkirkan sebagai penyebab POCD. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan nilai Hb, PaO2, SaO2 dan ScvO2 pascabedah terhadap kejadian POCD pada bedah jantung terbuka di RSCM.Metode: Penelitian ini adalah kohort prospektif dilakukan di Rumah sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo, Indonesia. Sebanyak 44 pasien bedah jantung terbuka elektif dilakukan uji neurokognisi pada 1 hari sebelum pembedahan dan hari ke 5 pascabedah. Subjek dinyatakan mengalami disfungsi kognitif pascabedah jika terjadi penurunan >20% dibandingkan dengan nilai uji prabedah, pada 2 dari 3 area kognisi. Nilai Hb, PaO2, SaO2 dan ScvO2 diambil dari kateter arteri dan kateter vena sentral pada 6 jam dan 24 jam pascabedah. Analisis data bivariat variabel numerik menggunakan Independent T-test atau Mann-Whitney dengan SPSS 20.0. Variabel dengan nilai p<0.25 pada analisis bivariat selanjutnya dimasukkan kedalam regresi logistik.Hasil: Terdapat 23 dari 44 subjek (52,3%) mengalami POCD. Nilai Hb 6 jam pascabedah lebih rendah secara signifikan pada kelompok subjek dengan POCD (9,13±1,15 vs 10,61±1,10 mg/dL, nilai p<0,001). Sama halnya dengan nilai Hb 24 jam pascabedah juga lebih rendah secara signifikan pada kelompok subjek dengan POCD (9,13±0,68 vs 10,45±0,75 mg/dL, nilai p<0,001). Nilai PaO2, SaO2, dan ScvO2 tidak berbeda bermakna pada kedua kelompok. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan nilai Hb 6 jam dan 24 jam pascabedah sebagai variabel yang paling berpengaruh dengan kejadian POCD.Simpulan: Nilai Hb 6 jam dan 24 jam pascabedah memiliki hubungan dengan angka kejadian POCD pascabedah jantung terbuka.

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Introduction. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is a compilaction in open heart surgery. Factor that may involve is associated with impaired brain tissue oxygenation. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between postoperative value of Hb, PaO2, SaO2, and ScvO2 with POCD in open heart surgery in RSCM.

Purpose: To evaluate association between postoperative value of Hb, PaO2,and ScvO2 with POCD in open heart surgery in RSCM.

Methods. This study was prospective cohort held in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia. We included 44 elective open heart surgery patients tested forcognitive function on 1 day before surgery and postoperative day 5. Bloods were taken in 6 hours and 24 hours after surgery to measure postoperative value of Hb,PaO2, SaO2 and ScvO2. Subjects were categorized as POCD if there was decline >20% in postoperative neurocognitive test than preoperative. Data were comparedusing SPSS 20.0 software. Bivariate analysis with p-value above 0.25 were includedin logistic regression.

Results: There was 23 of 44 subjects (52.3%) became POCD. Hemoglobin value in 6 hours and 24 hours were significantly lower in POCD group [(9,13±1,15 vs10,61±1,10 mg/dL, p value<0,001) and (9,13±0,68 vs 10,45±0,75 mg/dL, p value<0,001)]. PaO2, SaO2, and ScvO2 were not significantly different between twogroups. From multivariate analysis, it was found that hemoglobin value in 6 hours and 24 hours after surgery affect POCD in open heart surgery.

Conclusion: There is an association between hemoglobin values in 6 hours and 24 hours after surgery with POCD in open heart surgery."

"Latar belakang: Penurunan curah jantung merupakan masalah yang penting dalam penatalaksanaan pasca-bedah jantung terbuka karena penurunan curah jantung ini meningkatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas pasien. Modalitas untuk pemantauan curah jantung bergeser dari invasif ke non-invasif. Alat ultrasonic cardiac output monitor (USCOM) dan ekokardiografi menjadi alat baru yang non-invasif. Bila dibandingkan dengan alat ekokardiografi yang membutuhkan keahlian khusus, alat USCOM dapat dijadikan alat pengukuran indeks curah jantung alternatif secara intermiten oleh tenaga medis terlatih.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui kesesuaian hasil pengukuran indeks curah jantung dengan alat USCOM dibandingkan ekokardiografi pada anak pasca-bedah jantung terbuka dengan pintasan jantung paru.Metode: Studi potong lintang (cross sectional) pada anak pasca-bedah jantung terbuka dengan PJP dengan metode pengukuran simultan indeks curah jantung dengan alat USCOM dan ekokardiografi di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta, dari bulan Juni-Juli 2014.Hasil: Tiga belas pasien yang menjalani bedah jantung terbuka berhasil diukur dengan alat USCOM dan ekokardiografi secara simultan. Subyek terdiri atas 8 laki-laki dan 5 perempuan dengan median usia 3 tahun (1-12 tahun). Median berat badan, tinggi badan, dan luas permukaan tubuh berturut-turut 11 kg (5,5-29 kg), 82 cm (63-133 cm), dan 0,53 m2 (0,32- 0,98 m2). Diagnosis terbanyak berturut-turut adalah tetralogi Fallot (5 subyek), defek septum ventrikel (3 subyek), dan DORV (2 subyek). Pada analisis Bland-Altman indeks curah jantung yang diukur dengan alat USCOM dibandingkan ekokardiografi didapatkan perbedaan rerata sebesar 0,115 L/menit/m2 (IK95% -0,536 hingga 0,766) dan batas kesesuaian -3,616 hingga 3,846 L/menit/m2. Hasil tambahan penelitian ini berupa perbedaan rerata indeks isi sekuncup 0,03 mL/m2 (IK95% -5,002 hingga 5,065) dan batas kesesuaian -28,822 hingga 28,885 mL/m2. Perbedaan rerata diameter LVOT -0,017 cm (IK95% -0,098 hingga 0,064) dan batas kesesuaian -0,285 hingga 0,251 cm. Perbedaan rerata nilai VTI didapatkan sebesar -2,991 cm (IK95% -4,670 hingga -1,311) dan batas kesesuaian -12,616 hingga 6,635 cm.Kesimpulan: Pengukuran indeks curah jantung dengan alat USCOM dibandingkan ekokardiografi pada anak pasca-bedah jantung terbuka dengan PJP didapatkan perbedaan rerata kedua pengukuran kecil dan batas kesesuaian 95% yang lebar. Pada pengukuran indeks curah jantung yang makin rendah, perbedaan atau selisih rerata semakin kecil dan memiliki kesesuaiannya lebih baik.

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Background: Low cardiac output is important problem in post-open heart surgery management because this condition increase morbidity and mortality. Modality of cardiac output monitoring shifted from invasive to non-invasive. Ultrasonic cardiac output monitor (USCOM) and echocardiography are new non-invasive tools. Echocardiography needs special skill, but USCOM can used by trained user because of fast learning curve of skill.Objectives: To determine the agreement of cardiac index measurement by USCOM and echocardiography in children after open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.Methods: Cross sectional study using simultaneous measurement of cardiac index by USCOM and echocardiography on post-open heart surgery patient in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta, from Juni-Juli 2014.Results: Thirteen post-open heart surgery of pediatric patient were enrolled (8 male and 5 female, median of age 3 years old (1-12 years old). Median of body weight, height, and body surface area respectively were 11 kg (5,5-29 kg), 82 cm (63-133 cm), dan 0,53 m2 (0,32-0,98 m2). Diagnosis of patient were tetralogi Fallot (5 subject), ventricular septal defect (3 subject), dan double outlet right ventricle (2 subject). This study using Bland-Altman analysis of cardiac index measurement by USCOM and echocardiography. Mean bias was 0,115 L/minute/m2 (95%CI -0,536 to 0,766) and limit of agreement was -3,616 to 3,846 L/minute/m2. Secondary outcome of this study was mean bias of stroke volume index 0,03 mL/m2 (95%CI -5,002 to 5,065) and limit of agreement was -28,822 to 28,885 mL/m2. Mean bias of LVOT diameter was -0,017 cm (95%CI -0,098 to 0,064) and limit of agreement was -0,285 to 0,251 cm. Mean bias of VTI was -2,991 cm (95%CI -4,670 to -1,311) and limit of agreement -12,616 to 6,635 cm.Conclusion: Cardiac index measurement by USCOM and echocardiography in children after open heart surgery has narrow mean bias and wide limit of agreement. Mean bias was narrower and good agreement in patient with low cardiac index."

"ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Anak yang menjalani operasi jantung memiliki risiko tinggi yang bermakna terhadap kejadian morbiditas dan mortalitas pasca-bedah. Penggunaan obat-obatan vasoaktif dan inotropik yang tinggi sebagai dukungan hemodinamik pasca-bedah berhubungan dengan luaran yang buruk. Status hemodinamik yang buruk, menyebabkan meningkatnya dukungan obat-obatan vasoaktif dan inotropik yang dibutuhkan.Tujuan: Melihat hubungan skor vasoaktif-inotropik / vasoactive-inotropic score VIS dengan luaran jangka pendek pasien anak pasca-bedah jantung, termasuk kematian, morbiditas, komplikasi berat, dan faktor-faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan komplikasi berat.Metode: Penelitian ini adalah kohort retrospektif pada 123 anak yang telah menjalani prosedur bedah jantung di cardiac intensive care unit CICU RSUPN Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta pada periode Januari sampai Desember 2016. Data demografi, data pra-operasi, intra-operasi, pasca-operasi, mortalitas dan komplikasi diambil dari rekam medis. Skor vasoaktif-inotropik dihitung pada 24 jam pertama, 24 jam kedua dan total 48 jam pasca-bedah dan dianalisis hubungannya dengan komplikasi berat, selain itu juga dicatat faktor-faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya komplikasi berat.Hasil: Selama penelitian didapatkan PJB terbanyak yang dilakukan bedah jantung adalah ventricle septal defect 28,5 dan tetralogy Fallot 34,5 . Pada 123 anak yang dilakukan bedah jantung, dijumpai 32 26 anak dengan VIS tinggi. Median VIS 24 jam pertama adalah 12 2-40 , median VIS 24 jam kedua adalah 14 3-32 , dan median VIS total 48 jam adalah 11 2-29 . Obat inotropik yang paling banyak digunakan adalah dopamin 97,6 diikuti oleh milrinon 69,9 .VIS pada 24 jam pertama dengan nilai area di bawah kurva adalah 0,94.VIS yang tinggi berkaitan dengan lama rawat inap di rumah sakit lebih dari 14 hari [OR 4,1 IK 95 , 1,4-11,7 ], kematian dalam 30 hari pasca-bedah [OR 44,5 IK 95 , 9,3-212,5 ], kejadian henti jantung [OR 57,2 IK 95 , 11,9-273,9 ], pemakaian ventilator > 7 hari [OR 25,2 IK 95 , 2,9-214,5 ] dan kejadian gagal multi organ [OR 23,3 IK 95 , 4,8-113,1 ]. Komplikasi pasca-bedah jantung terjadi sebesar 40 dan komplikasi berat terjadi pada 30 anak 24,4 . Komplikasi pasca-bedah jantung terbanyak adalah low cardiac output syndrome pada 48 39 . Komplikasi berat meliputi kematian dalam 30 hari pasca-bedah terjadi pada 18 14,6 anak, henti jantung 20 16,3 anak, operasi jantung ulang 5 4,1 anak, dan gagal multi organ 13 10,6 anak. Faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan meningkatnya komplikasi pasca-bedah jantung yang berat adalah peningkatan kadar laktat darah [OR 7,4 IK 95 2,0-26,9 ], dan skor vasoaktif-inotropik yang tinggi pasca-bedah [OR 30,5 IK 95 7,6-122,3 ].Kesimpulan: VIS tinggi pasca-bedah jantung, berhubungan bermakna dengan kematian dan komplikasi berat pasca-bedah. VIS 24 jam pertama pasca-bedah jantung merupakan pemeriksaan yang sederhana dalam memberikan informasi berharga tentang luaran pasca-bedah jantung. Faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan komplikasi berat pasca-bedah jantung adalah peningkatan kadar laktat dan nilai VIS yang tinggi pasca-bedah.

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ABSTRACTBackground Children undergoing heart surgery are at high risk for significant post operative morbidity and mortality. The use of high vasoactive and inotropic suport after cardiac surgery was associated with poor outcome. The more severe the hemodynamic state, a higher vasoactive inotropic support were needed.Objective To determine the association between vasoactive inotropic support and clinical outcome in children after cardiac surgery, including mortality, complication or morbidity, major complications, and the risk factors associated with major adverse events major complications .Methods This is a retrospective analysis of the 123 children who underwent cardiac surgery at pediatric cardiac surgery intensive care unit from January to December 2016. Multiple demographic, pre operative, intra operative, post operative variables were recorded, vasoactive inotropic score VIS were assessed at the first 24 hours, second 24 hours and 48 hours after surgery and was analyzed for association with poor outcomes. Factors associated with the risk of developing major adverse events were also identified.Results A total of 123 patients were recruited, 32 26 were administered to high vasoactive inotropic score. Median VIS at first 24 hours, second 24 hours, and 48 hours after cardiac surgery were 12 2 40 , 14 3 32 , and 11 2 29 , respectively. The most widely used vasoactive inotropic agents were dopamine 97,6 and milrinone 69,9 . VIS at first 24 hours with area under curve was 0,94. There was a significant association between high VIS and poor outcome in children after cardiac surgery including 30 day mortality OR 44,5 IK 95 , 9,3 212,5 , prolonged hospital length of stay OR 4,1 IK 95 , 1,4 11,7 , cardiac arrest OR 57,2 IK 95 , 11,9 273,9 , prolonged mechanical ventilator support OR 25,2 IK 95 , 2,9 214,5 , and multiple organ failure OR 23,3 IK 95 , 4,8 113,1 . The most complication occurred after cardiac surgery was low cardiac output syndrome 39 . Further, 30 24,4 of recruited patients had major adverse events major complications , including 30 day mortality in 18 14,6 , cardiac arrest in 20 16,3 , the need for re operation in 5 4,1 , and multiple organ failure in 13 10,6 children. Factors associated with the occurrence of major complications were increase in blood lactate OR 7,4 IK 95 2,0 26,9 and high vasoactive inotropes score after cardiac surgery OR 30,5 IK 95 7,6 122,3 .Conclusion High vasoactive inotropic score after pediatric cardiac surgery was significantly associated with mortality and other poor outcomes. VIS at first 24 hours after cardiac surgery is a simple clinical tool that can provide valuable information regarding likely length of intubation, hospital stay and poor outcomes. VIS at 24 hours performs better than VIS in the first 48 hours and total 48 hours after surgery in predicting poor short term outcomes. Increase in blood lactate, and high vasoactive inotropes score after cardiac surgery are associated with mortality and other major complications in children after cardiac surgery."

"Latar belakang: Sepsis pascabedah jantung terbuka merupakan kondisi yang jarang terjadi tetapi memiliki mortalitas yang cukup tinggi. Gejala sepsis yang muncul pascabedah seringkali sulit dibedakan dengan kondisi inflamasi sistemik sehingga menimbulkan keterlambatan dalam menegakkan diagnosis maupun overtreatment pada pasien. Presepsin merupakan salah satu penanda sepsis yang mulai banyak digunakan terutama pada populasi dewasa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat peran presepsin dalam menegakkan diagnosis sepsis pascabedah jantung terbuka pada anak.Tujuan: Untuk menguji performa diagnostik presepsin sebagai penanda sepsis pada anak pascabedahjantung terbuka dibandingkan dengan prokalsitonin (PCT).Metode: Studi potong lintang terhadap 49 pasien anak pascabedah jantung terbuka yang dirawat di RSCM. Penelitian ini mencari nilai batas optimal presepsin untuk mendiagnosis sepsis pascabedah jantung terbuka pada anak yaitu pada hari pertama dan ketiga pascabedah, kemudian membandingkannya dengan prokalsitonin. Analisis kurva ROC dikerjakan untuk menentukan nilai batas optimal presepsin.Hasil: Kadar presepsin hari pertama (T1) dan ketiga (T3) lebih tinggi pada subyek dengan sepsis daripada subyek yang tidak sepsis (median 415 pg/mL vs. 141,5 pg/mL pada hari pertama dan 624 pg/mL vs. 75,9 pg/mL pada hari ke tiga). Titik potong presepsin pada T1 dengan nilai 404 pg/mL memiliki performa untuk mendiagnosis sepsis dengan AUC 0,752 sedangkan presepsin T3 dengan nilai 203,5 pg/mL dengan AUC 0,945 yang lebih baik dibandingkan T1.Simpulan: Presepsin dapat dijadikan suatu modalitas untuk memberikan nilai tambah dan pertimbangan bagi klinisi untuk menegakkan diagnosis sepsis pada pasien anak pascabedah jantung terbuka.

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Background: Postoperative open-heart sepsis is a rare condition but has a fairly high mortality. Symptoms of sepsis that appear postoperatively are often difficult to distinguish from systemic inflammatory conditions, causing delays in establishing diagnosis and overtreatment in patients. Presepsin is one of the markers of sepsis that is starting to be widely used, especially in the adult population. This study is to identify the role of presepsin for diagnosing sepsis in post open-heart surgery in pediatric population.

Aim: To perform diagnostic test of presepsin as sepsis screening markers compares to procalcitonin (PCT) in post open-heart surgery.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of 49 postoperative open-heart pediatric patients treated at RSCM. This study looked for optimal cut-off values of presepsin for diagnosing open-heart postoperative sepsis in children on the first and third postoperative days, then compared it with procalcitonin. ROC curve analysis is performed to determine the optimal limit value of presepsin.

Result: First (T1) and third day (T3) PSP levels were higher in subjects with sepsis than non- sepsis (median 415 pg/mL vs. 141.5 pg/mL on first day and 624 pg/mL vs. 75.9 pg/mL on third day). ). T1 presepsin cut off 404 pg/ml had AUC of 0.772, while T3 presepsin cut off 203.5 og/ml had better AUC of 0.945. T3 is better for diagnosing sepsis.

Conclusion: Presepsin can be used as a modality to provide added value and consideration for clinicians to establish the diagnosis of sepsis in pediatric patients after open-heart surgery."