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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi akurasi perhitungan dosis berdasarkan citra Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) sebagai adaptive planning. Perencanaan terapi radiasi dilakukan terhadap 3 pasien kanker laring, 7 pasien kanker paru dan 5 pasien kanker prostat dengan menggunakan teknik Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) dan Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT). Perhitungan dosis dilakukan pada TPS Eclipse v13.6 dengan variasi algoritma Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm (AAA) dan Acuros External Beam (AXB). Penelitian ini diawali dengan tahapan (1) kalibrasi HU citra CBCT menggunakan fantom CIRS 002LFC (2) analisa dose volume histogram (DVH), (3) analisa gamma index dengan kriteria DD 2% / DTA 2mm serta DD 3% / DTA 3mm menggunakan perangkat EPID. Penyimpangan D_98%, D_50% dan D_2% dari DVH dievaluasi dengan menjadikan citra CT algoritma AAA sebagai referensi. Diperoleh nilai penyimpangan D_98%, D_50% dan D_2% tertinggi pada kasus kanker laring yaitu sebesar 9,08% ± 2,21 (CBCT AXBm - CT AAA), 0,74% ± 0,37 (CBCT AXBw - CT AAA) dan 3,79% ± 0,55 (CBCT AXBw - CT AAA). Penyimpangan D_98%, D_50% dan D_2% pada kasus kanker paru dan kanker prostat diperoleh lebih kecil dari 2%. Conformity index (CI) diperoleh pada rentang 0,98 ± 0,011 dan homogeneity index (HI) diperoleh pada rentang 0,08 ± 0,015. Analisa gamma index dengan kriteria 2%/2mm diperoleh pada range 87% - 94% dan kriteria 3%/3mm diperoleh 93% - 99%. Dari hasil penelitian ini didapati bahwa hasil kalkulasi dosis berdasarkan citra CBCT hampir sama dibandingkan dengan citra FBCT sehingga citra CBCT dilihat layak digunakan sebagai adaptive planning radiotherapy.  

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of dose calculation based on Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) as adaptive planning. Treatment planning was generated for 3 patients larynx, 7 patients lung and 5 patients prostate using Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) and Volumetric Arc Therapy (VMAT). Eclipse v13.6 treatment planning system (TPS) with Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm (AAA) and Acuros External Beam (AXB) algorithm has been used to calculate the dose.

This study was divided into three major parts : (1) HU calibration for CBCT images by using CIRS phantom 002LFC (2) dose volume histogram (DVH) analysis, (3) analysis of Gamma Passing Rate with criteria DD 2% / DTA 2mm and DD 3% / DTA 3mm using EPID. The DVH analysis for D_98%, D_50% dan D_2% deviation was evaluated and CT images with AAA algorithm used as reference. The highest deviation of D_98%, D_50% dan D_2% was found for larynx cancer with value  9,08% ± 2,21 (CBCT AXBm - CT AAA), 0,74% ± 0,37 (CBCT AXBw - CT AAA) and 3,79% ± 0,55 (CBCT AXBw - CT AAA).

Deviation of D_98%, D_50% dan D_2% for lung and prostate cancer is less than 2%. Range of conformity index based on CBCT images is 0,98 ± 0,011 and homogeneity index is in the range of 0,08 ± 0,015. The gamma criteria of dose difference and dose to agreement for 2%/2mm are 87% - 94% and for 3%/3mm are 96% - 98%. From the result, we found that the difference of dose calculation based on CBCT images is almost similar to CT images, so CBCT images are proper to be used for adaptive planning."

"Citra Cone Beam CT (CBCT) sangat berperan dalam menentukan keberhasilan verifikasi posisi pasien radioterapi, oleh karena itu jaminan kualitas sistem CBCT sangat diperlukan. Percobaan ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pesawat Linear accelerator yang dilengkapi dengan CBCT dan CT Simulator GE Bright Speed Edge. Fantom Catphan® 600 dan CBCT Electron DensityTM digunakan untuk menilai kualitas dari citra CBCT dan linearitas CT Number. Sesuai dengan uji kualitas, citra pada CBCT hanya dapat membedakan kontras rendah dan kontras tinggi (udara, jaringan dan tulang). Hasil uji ketebalan slice menunjukkan nilai yang didapat masih dalam batas toleransi ±0.5 mm. Pada uji kontras rendah bagian supra-slice untuk target kontras 1%, 0.5%, dan 0.3% nilai konstantanya sebesar 3, 2.5, dan 4.5, sedangkan pada bagian sub-slice untuk target kontras jarak 7, 5, dan 3 mm memiliki nilai konstanta 5 mm. Hasil pengujian resolusi tinggi pada CBCT dan CT Simulator adalah 3 lp/cm dan 7 lp/cm. Hasil pengujian uniformitas pada CBCT tidak memenuhi standar dari batas toleransi rata-rata CT Number tepi dan tengah kurang dari 5 HU, dan nilai setiap titik tepi dan tengah ±2 HU.

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Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) image is very important in verification of patient positioning in the treatment couch radiotherapy machine so quality control of the system is required. The experiment was performed using the Linear accelerator with equipped with CBCT and CT simulator GE Bright Speed Edge. Catphan® 600 and CBCT Electron DensityTM phantom was used to evaluate the quality of CBCT and CT Number linearity. According to the image quality test, the CBCT image only be able to distinguish low contrast and high contras for air, tissue and bone.

Quantitavely, the slice thickness was in tolerance limit ±0.5 mm, low contrast with constant value of 3, 2.5, dan 4.5 for supra-slice contrast targets 1%, 0.5%, dan 0.3% whereas sub-slice targets axis lenghts for 3, 5, and 7 mm with constant value of 5 mm, the high resolution appear in 3 lp/cm and 7 lp/cm for CBCT and CT simulator, respectively. On the one hand, CBCT uniformity was out of tolerance limit with average CT number edge and central less than 5 HU, and ±2 HU for the edge and center point."

"Uji fungsi CBCT perlu dilakukan untuk memastikan performa terbaik pada CBCT. Uji fungsi yang dilakukan pada penelitian in adalah akurasi isocenter,kualitas citra 3D dan 2D dengan menggunakan fantom Ball bearing, Catphan, dan LEEDS. Uji fungsi dilakukan dengan 2 mode yang berbeda yaitu mode service dan clinical yang memiliki resolusi 540 x 540 dan 270 x 270. Pengukuran dengan menggunakan ball bearing dapat melihat pergeseran isocenter pada sumbu x, y, z. Pergeseran terbesar terjadi pada rotasi 0º sebesar 0.23 cm sumbu x 0.02 cm sumbu z. Hasil perbandingan evaluasi citra 3D pada mode service dan clinical menunjukan bahwa CT number keduanya tidak terlalu banyak perbedaan. Resolusi tinggi pada mode service mencapai 8lp/cm sedangkan pada mode clinical resolusi tidak mampu membedakan sama sekali. Uji citra 2D menggunakan tiga jenis fantom LEEDS. Kontras rendah dapat dilihat dan dievaluasi pada LEEDS TOR 18 FG,TOR CDR,dan TO10. Kontras tinggi hanya dapat dilihat pada LEEDS TOR 18 FG dan TOR CDR. Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dari hasil evaluasi kontras rendah dan perbedaan signifikan terjadi pada kontras tinggi.dan uji resolusi antara kedua mode. Fantom NORMI 4 juga digunakan pada penelitian ini, dan tidak ada perbedaan hasil dari uji kontras tinggi dan kontras rendah antara NORMI 4 dan LEEDS. Hasil kontras tinggi dari fantom NORMI 4 adalah 4 lp/mm. Oleh karena itu fantom NORMI 4 dapat dijadikan alternatif lain untuk menilai resolusi dan kontras pada citra 2D. Perhitungan CBDIw dengan fantom CTDI berdiameter 16 cm adalah 8.3 mGy. Uji fungsi sebaiknya menggunakan resolusi tertinggi.

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Performence test of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) must be done to ensure CBCT is on its best performance. The performance test done in this study are isocenter accuracy, 3D and 2D image quality using ball bearing phantom, CATPHAN, LEEDS test object, and Normi. The test was done using 2 different mode wich are service and clinical mode that has resolution of resolution 540 x 540 and 270 x 270. Ball bearing measurements showed that this technique can detect isocenter shift on the axis of x, y, and z. The largest isocenter displcement occurred at 0 º rotation at 0.23 cm x-axis 0.02 cm z-axis. 3D image comparison using service and clinical mode, show that CT Number value are not much different. High contras resolution at service mode is 8 lp/cm but on clinical mode is not able to distinguish at all. 2D image comparison were done using three types LEEDS test object, low contrast can be observed and evaluated on LEEDS TOR 18 FG, TOR CDR, and TO10, high contrast can be bserved on LEEDS 18 FG and TOR CDR. From LEEDS test object there were no significant difference were shown on low contrast comparison and significant difference were shown on high contrast and resolution test. Normi 4 phantom also used on this study, and there were no difference in trend result on high and low contrast between NORMI 4 phantom and LEEDS test object. Result of NORMI 4 measurement high contrast resolution is 4 lp/mm. Therefore Normi 4 can be used as an alternative to asses the image resolution and contrast in 2D images on CBCT. CBDIw calculations with 16 cm diameter CTDI phantom was 8.3 mGy. Performance tests should use the highest resolution."

"Latar Belakang: Osteoporosis merupakan penyakit tulang sistemik yang ditandai dengan penurunan massa tulang/densitas radiografik tulang dan kerusakan mikroarsi-tektur jaringan tulang. Berbagai indeks radiomorfometrik telah banyak digunakan untuk mengevaluasi tulang pada kasus osteoporosis radiograf panoramik dua dimensi. Analisis Fraktal Dimensi (FD) juga telah digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi struktur pada radio-graf dental dua dimensi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi hubungan peruba-han densitas radiografik tulang rahang terkait BMD dengan menggunakan modalitas pen-citraan tiga dimensi CBCT, yang diwakili pemeriksaan indeks radiomorfometrik (CTCI, CTMI, CTI-S, CTI-I) dan FD value dengan memperhitungkan faktor-faktor risiko yang berpengaruh pada densitas radiografik tulang rahang di antaranya usia, jenis kelamin, jumlah gigi yang tersisa dan ketinggian tulang mandibula. Tujuan: Mengembangkan me-tode deteksi perubahan densitas radiografik tulang rahang pada kasus-kasus kedokteran gigi dengan pemeriksaan CBCT pada individu yang berisiko untuk mendeteksi osteopo-rosis. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder berupa 87 data set file DICOM CBCT dari pasien lansia dengan rentang usia 50-79 tahun di Klinik Radiologi Kedokteran Gigi RSKGM FKG UI dan Rumah Sakit Pondok Indah Jakarta. Penilaian indeks radio-morfometrik CTCI, jumlah gigi yang tersisa, ketinggian tulang mandibula dilakukan me-lalui panoramik rekonstruksi CBCT dengan slice thickness 30 mm. Pengukuran indeks radiomorfometrik CTMI, CTI-S, CTI-I dan FD value dilakukan pada potongan koronal mandibula di regio foramen mentale terlihat paling jelas dan jarak mesiodistal terlebar. Penilaian FD dilakukan pada dua Region of Interest (ROI) berbentuk persegi berukuran 3x3 mm pada tulang trabekular dan kortikal. Hasil: Indeks radiomorfometrik CTCI, CTMI, CTI-S, CTI-I menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik (p=0.000) dengan FD value ROI tulang kortikal, sementara ROI tulang trabekular tidak menunjuk-kan hubungan yang bermakna. CTCI menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna dengan faktor risiko ketinggian tulang mandibula (p=0.004). CTMI menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna dengan jumlah gigi yang tersisa (p= 0.027) dan ketinggian tulang mandibula (p=0.010). Sementara FD value pada kedua ROI dan faktor risiko usia, jenis kelamin, jumlah gigi yang tersisa serta ketinggian tulang mandibula tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang ber-makna secara statistik. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pertama meng-gunakan modalitas CBCT yang membandingkan indeks radiomorfometrik melalui pano-ramik rekonstruksi dan analisis FD pada ROI trabekular dan kortikal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengukuran FD value pada tulang kortikal lebih dapat diandalkan dibandingkan tulang trabekular untuk mendeteksi perubahan densitas radiografik tulang rahang terkait osteoporosis.

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ackground: Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass/radiographic bone density and changes in bone microarchitecture. Various radio-morphometric indices have been widely used to evaluate bone in osteoporosis cases on two-dimensional panoramic radiographs. Fractal Dimension (FD) analysis has also been used to identify structures on two-dimensional dental radiographs. This study was con-ducted to evaluate the relationship of radiographic density changes of the jawbones re-lated to BMD by using a three-dimensional imaging modality CBCT, represented by ra-diomorphometric indices (CTCI, CTMI, CTI-S, CTI-I) and FD value taking into account the risk factors that affect the radiographic density of the jawbone including age, gender, number of remaining teeth and mandibular bone height. Objective: To develop a method for detecting radiographic density changes of the jawbone in dental cases by CBCT ex-amination in individuals at risk for detecting osteoporosis. Methods: This study used sec-ondary data in the form of 87 DICOM CBCT file data sets from elderly patients with an age range of 50-79 years at the RSKGM FKG UI and Pondok Indah Hospital Jakarta. Assessment of the CTCI, number of remaining teeth, and mandibular bone height were performed through CBCT panoramic reconstruction with a slice thickness of 30 mm. The CTMI, CTI-S, CTI-I, and FD values were measured on the coronal section of the mandi-ble in the mental foramen region which was most clearly visible and the widest mesi-odistal distance. FD assessment was carried out in two Regions of Interest (ROI) with a rectangular shape measuring 3x3 mm in trabecular and cortical bone. Results: The radi-omorphometric indices CTCI, CTMI, CTI-S, and CTI-I showed a statistically significant correlation (p=0.000) with the FD value ROI of cortical bone, while the ROI of trabecular bone did not show a significant correlation. CTCI showed a significant difference with risk factors for mandibular bone height (p=0.004). CTMI showed a significant difference in the number of remaining teeth (p=0.027) and mandibular bone height (p=0.010). Mean-while, the FD value for both ROI and risk factors for age, sex, number of remaining teeth, and mandibular bone height did not show a statistically significant correlation. Conclu-sion: This study is the first study using the CBCT modality comparing radiomorphomet-ric indices through panoramic reconstruction and FD analysis on ROI of trabecular and cortical bone. The results showed that measuring the FD value of cortical bone is more reliable than trabecular bone for detecting radiographic density changes of the jawbone associated with osteoporosis"

"Latar Belakang : Tebal ramus mandibula merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang harus diperhatikan saat melakukan Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy BSSO . Fraktur unvaforable atau bad split dapat terjadi saat melakukan BSSO apabila ramus mandibula tipis. Data antropometri tentang tebal ramus mandibula masih belum banyak diteliti. Data antropometri tentang tebal ramus mandibula bisa dipakai sebagai acuan jika akan melakukan BSSO. Tujuan : untuk mengetahui tebal ramus mandibula berdasarkan CBCT Scan sebagai acuan tindakan BSSO. Metode : Subjek penelitian ini terdiri dari 61 sampel data DICOM CBCT Scan yang kemudian dilakukan reorientasi dalam 3 bidang dan dilakukan pengukuran pada tebal ramus mandibula menggunakan software Osirix LXIV. Hasil : Didapatkan rata-rata tebal ramus mandibula pada laki-laki 8.049 1.205 mm dan pada perempuan 8.463 1.358 mm. Pada kelompok usia 18-30 tahun didapatkan rata-rata tebal ramus mandibula 8.087 1.29 mm, kelompok usia 31-40 tahun 8.176 1.49 mm, kelompok usia 41-50 tahun 8.742 1.04 mm. Kesimpulan : Berdasarkan CBCT Scan, secara statistik tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna tebal ramus mandibula pada jenis kelamin laki-laki dan perempuan maupun pada kelompok usia.

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Backgorund: Ramus mandibular thickness is one of the most important factor that has to be concerned when performing Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy BSSO . Unfavorable fracture or bad split could happen when performing BSSO if the ramus mandible thickness is thin. There only a few regarding antropometric data about thickness of mandibular ramus.

Objective: To measure thickness of mandibular ramus based on CBCT Scan as a reference when performing BSSO.

Methods: Subject of this research consist of 61 data sample DICOM CBCT Scan which reoriented in three planes and measuring thickness of the ramus mandible using Osirix LXIV.

Result: Mean thickness of the ramus mandible for male is 8.049 1.205 mm and female 8.463 1.358 mm. In group age of 18 30 mean thickness of the ramus mandible is 8.087 1.29 mm, group age 31 40 is 8.176 1.49 mm, group age 41 50 is 8.742 1.04 mm.

Conclusion: Based on CBCT Scan there are no difference statistically between thickness of ramus mandible in male and female, and group of age."

"Technology and principles using cone beam computed tomography / Matthew Jacobson -- The nature of ionizing radiation and the risks from maxillofacial cone beam computed tomography / Sanjay M. Mallya and Stuart C. White -- Diagnosis of jaw pathologies using cone beam computed tomography / Sharon Brooks -- Diagnosis of sinus pathologies using cone beam computed tomography / Aaron Miracle and Christian GuÌ?ldner -- Orthodontic and orthognathic planning using cone beam computed tomography / Lucia H.S. Cevidanes, Martin Styner, Beatriz Paniagua, JoaÌ?o Roberto Gonçalves -- Three-dimensional planning in maxillofacial reconstruction of large defects using cone beam computed tomography / Rutger Schepers, Gerry M. Raghoebar, Lars U. Lahoda, Harry Reintsema, Arjan Vissink, and Max J. Witjes -- Implant planning using cone beam computed tomography / David Sarment -- CAD/CAM surgical guidance using cone beam computed tomography / George A. Mandelaris and Alan L. Rosenfeld -- Assessment of the airway and supporting structures using cone beam computed tomography / David D. Hatcher -- Endodontics using cone beam computed tomography / Martin D. Levin -- Periodontal disease using cone beam computer tomography / Bart Vandenbergh"

"Latar Belakang: Kualitas pencitraan 3 dimensi salah satunya bergantung pada resolusi voxel dan diduga dapat mempengaruhi proses identifikasi titik anatomis. Belum banyak penelitian yang dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh variasi ukuran voxel terhadap ketepatan diagnosis sehingga belum terdapat suatu protokol dalam pemilihan ukuran voxel yang dapat digunakan dalam memanfaatkan CBCT sebagai perangkat diagnostik dalam bidang kedokteran gigi. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai reprodusibilitas identifikasi titik anatomis pada gambar volumetrik hasil pemindaian CBCT dengan mempertimbangkan parameter pemindaian yang mempengaruhi kualitas gambar (ukuran voxel) sehingga pemindaian dapat dilakukan dengan dosis radiasi yang optimal sesuai dengan prinsip ALARA. Metode: Objek penelitian berupa satu buah tengkorak kering yang dipindai dengan CBCT i-CAT 17-19 (Imaging Science, Amerika Serikat) pada ukuran voxel 0,4 mm dan 0,25 mm. Hasil pemindaian ditampilkan dengan perangkat lunak OsiriX dalam bentuk MPR. Identifikasi 9 titik anatomis sefalometri oleh 34 orang ortodontis pada bidang sagital, aksial dan koronal secara berurut sebanyak 2 kali untuk tiap gambar dengan selang waktu 1 minggu. Koordinat titik-titik anatomis tersebut dicatat dan reprodusibilitas masing-masing titik pada kedua gambar diuji dengan menghitung simpangan koordinat yang ditentukan oleh subjek penelitian terhadap ODM dan kemudian diuji t berpasangan. Hasil: Hasil uji t berpasangan pada kedua kelompok data berdasarkan resolusi voxel menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna simpangan koordinat yang di tentukan oleh subjek penelitian terhadap rerata koordinat yang didapat dari penelitian ini kecuali pada titik Pog dalam arah medio-lateral. Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan reprodusibilitas dalam menentukan titik anatomis sefalometri pada gambar 3D yang direkonstruksi dengan ukuran voxel 0,25 mm dan 0,4 mm.

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Background: 3D imaging quality was assumed to be influenced by its voxel resolution. Up to now, there has only been few studies on how voxel sizes influence the accuracy of diagnosis, hence there is no concensus of voxel sizes protocol to utilize CBCT as a diagnostic imaging in dentistry, especially in the field of Orthodontics. This study was aimed to assess the influence of voxel sizes to the reproducibility of cephalometric landmarks obtained from a CBCT in order to achieve optimum radiation dose according to  the ALARA principle. Methods: One dried skull was scanned by CBCT machine (i-CAT 17-19; Imaging Science, USA) with 0.4 mm and 0.25 mm voxel sizes. The images were saved in DICOM format to be observed and traced by 34 orthodontists using OsiriX software. Landmark identification was undertaken twice by each subject on MPR view using 3D landmark definition. Deviation of each landmark was calculated to the observers’ mean for each data set. Reproducibility of each landmark was identified on those two data sets and was tested using paired t-test. Result: This study showed that there were no significant differences on those two data sets of coordinate deviation from the observers’ mean except only for Pog (medio-lateral). Conclusion: Voxel size did not seem to influence the landmark identification reproducibility in 3D cephalometric obtained from CBCT."

"Latar Belakang: Komplikasi serius yang menyertai tindakan odontektomi adalah cedera nervus alveolaris inferior. Hal penting untuk mengetahui secara tepat posisi gigi molar tiga mandibula impaksi terhadap kanalis mandibula, dengan pemeriksaan radiologi baik 2 dimensi (radiograf panoramik) maupun 3 dimensi (CBCT Scan). Tujuan: Mengevaluasi posisi gigi molar tiga mandibula impaksi yang memiliki kedekatan terhadap kanalis mandibula pada radiograf panoramik berdasarkan  CBCT Scan. Metode: Penelitian deskriptif analitik menggunakan data radiograf Panoramik dan DICOM File CBCT Scan yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dari  beberapa fasilitas kesehatan yang ada di Jakarta dari bulan November 2010 sampai Desember 2017. Pemeriksaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan komputer yang dilengkapi sistem operasi Macintosh atau Windows serta Planmeca  Romexis Ò imaging software viewer. Analisa data menggunakan SPSS 22 dan uji Chi-Square. Hasil: 48 pasien dengan 61 sampel  memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Kategori posisi berdasarkan radiograf panoramik paling banyak ditemukan adalah peningkatan radiolusensi. Kategori posisi berdasarkan CBCT Scan yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah posisi inferior. Berdasarkan uji statistik ditemukan terdapat perbedaan proporsi yang bermakna (p<0.05) antara kategori Radiograf Panoramik dan kategori lingual-bukal-inferior pada CBCT Scan. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini dapat dijadikan acuan untuk mengevaluasi posisi gigi molar tiga mandibula terhadap kanalis mandibula dalam memperkirakan resiko terjadinya komplikasi cedera nervus alveolaris inferior selama tindakan odontektomi.

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Introduction:The serious complication associated odontectomy is inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury.  It is essential to investigate accurately the position of impacted mandibular third molars improved the mandibular canal is by radiological examination in nor 2-dimensional (radiograph panoramic) and 3-dimensional (CBCT Scan). Obejctive: The aim of this study is to evaluate the positions of impacted mandibular third molars in which have proximity the mandibular canal on a panoramic radiography based on CBCT Scan. Materials and Methods: This study use descriptive analytic with panoramic radiograph and DICOM File data CBCT Scan that qualified inclusion criteria from several healthcare facilites in Jakarta from November 2010 until  December 2017. The research is done using a computer equipped with Macintosh or Windows operating system and Planmeca Romexis Ò imaging software viewer. Data analysis using SPSS 22 and Chi-Square test. Result: We got 48 patient with 61 teeth sample that qualified inclusion criteria. The most common found position we got from panoramic radiograph is increasing radiolucency. While, from CBCT scan we got the inferior position as the most common found position. Based on statistical test of result between Panoramic Radiograph and CBCT Scan we found that there is proportionally significance (p< 0.05) among category of panoramic radiograph and category of lingual-buccal-inferior on CBCT scan. Conclusion: This study can be used as a reference to evaluate the positions of mandibular third molars against the mandibular canal in prediction the risk of complications of inferior alveolar nerve injury during odontectomy."

"This unique, findings-oriented guide to computed tomography is organized to reflect the way radiologists really work: progressing from general impressions to definitive diagnoses. In nearly 1000 high-quality scabs, the radiologist will find CT findings depicting frequently encountered congenital and acquired diseases and disorders. Included in the wide-ranging survey of CT findings are traumatic injuries; congenital anomalies; and infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, and degenerative disease processes. For convenience, these are grouped anatomically by brain, head and neck, spine, musculoskeletal system, chest, abdomen, and pelvis. In addition, the book's extensive index systematically cross-references diseases and CT findings, providing even greater accessibility to key information"--Provided by publisher."

"ABSTRACTThe aims of this study were to reveal the usefulness of a newly developed method for measuring tongue volume (TV) and oral cavity capacity (OCC) and to assess the relationship between them. The tongue was coated with a contrast agent, and the TV and OCC were determined using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). We enrolled 20 adults who were scheduled to undergo CBCT to evaluate the relationship of the third molar roots to the alveolar nerve before molar extraction. Each participants tongue was coated with a contrast agent, and CBCT of the tongue and oral cavity was performed. Using computer software, we evaluated reconstructed 3D images of the TV, oral cavity proper volume (OCPV), and OCC. The mean TV was 47.07 ± 7.08 cm3. The mean OCPV and OCC were 4.40 ± 2.78 cm3 and 51.47 ± 6.46 cm3, respectively. There was a significant correlation between TV and OCC (r = 0.920; p < 0.01) but not between TV and OCPV. The mean TV/OCC ratio was 91 ± 5%. The proposed method produced CBCT images that enabled effective measurement of TV and OCC. This simple method of measuring TV and OCC will be useful in the diagnosis on the tongues with abnormal size."