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"Minyak serai wangi merupakan minyak atsiri yang berasal dari tanaman serai wangi (Cymbopoghon nardus) yang memiliki aktivitas repelensi terhadap nyamuk Anopheles. Sifat minyak serai wangi yang mudah menguap dan berminyak dalam pengaplikasian menimbulkan masalah dalam formulasi repelan nyamuk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan minyak serai wangi dalam bentuk nanoemulsi gel, mengevaluasi sediaan dan menguji stabilitas fisik nanoemulsi gel. Nanoemulsi gel dibuat dengan berbagai konsentrasi minyak serai wangi yaitu 2,5%, 5% dan 6,5% menggunakan berbagai konsentrasi tween 80 dan sukrosa palmitat sebagai surfaktan dan propilenglikol sebagai kosurfaktan. Sediaan nanoemulsi gel minyak serai wangi menunjukkan penampilan fisik yang cukup stabil selama penyimpanan 4 minggu pada suhu rendah (4°C ± 2°C), cycling test serta uji sentrifugasi. Formulasi terbaik dari ketiga formulasi adalah nanoemulsi gel F2 yang mengandung minyak serai wangi 5% karena memiliki stabilitas yang cukup baik, ukuran globul yang lebih kecil dan viskositas yang lebih kental.

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Citronella oil is an essential oil of Lemongrass (Cymbopoghon nardus) which has a repellent activity against Anopheles mosquitoes. The volatile and oily nature of citronella oil in application creates problems in the mosquito repellant formulation. This study aims to formulate citronella oil into nanoemulsion gel form, evaluate the preparation and test the physical stability of the nanoemulsion gel. Nanoemulsion gel was formulated in various concentrations of citronella oil, which were 2.5%, 5% and 6.5% using various concentrations of Tween 80 and sucrose palmitate as surfactant and propylenglycol as a cosurfactant. The citronella oil nanoemulsion gel preparation showed a fairly stable physical appearance during 4 weeks of storage at low temperature (4 ° C ± 2 ° C), cycling test and centrifugation test. The best formulation of the three formulations is nanoemulsion gel F2 containing 5% citronella oil because it has fairly stable stability, smaller globule size and more viscous."

"Continued geographic expansion of dengue viruses and their mosquito vectors has seen the magnitude and frequency of epidemic dengue/​dengue hemorrhagic fever (DF/​DHF) increase dramatically. Recent exciting research on dengue has resulted in major advances in our understanding of all aspects of the biology of these viruses, and this updated second edition brings together leading research and clinical scientists to review dengue virus biology, epidemiology, entomology, therapeutics, vaccinology and clinical management."

"Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) adalah penyakit infeksi akut yang disebabkan oleh virus dengue. Kota Tanjungpinang merupakan daerah endemis DBD karena sejak tahun 2005 hingga 2015, selalu ada kasus DBD.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan antara keberadaan jentik dan pemberantasan sarang nyamuk (PSN) dengan kejadian DBD di Kota Tanjungpinang Propinsi Kepulauan Riau tahun 2015. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi analitik dengan rancangan studi kasus kontrol. Populasi dalam penelitian ini ini adalah penduduk kota Tanjungpinang. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan, hubungan antara Keberadaan Jentik dengan DBD adalah sebesar OR = 1,9 ; (95 % CI = 0,939 ? 3,955) dan hubungan antara Pemberantasan Sarang Nyamuk (PSN) dengan DBD adalah sebesar OR = 0,9 ; (95 % CI = 0,478 ? 1,758) setelah dikontrol variabel kovariat.

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Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ( DHF ) is an acute infectious disease caused by the dengue virus. Tanjungpinang a dengue endemic area because since 2005 until 2015 , there is always a case DBD.Tujuan this study was to determine the relationship between the existence of larva and mosquito nest eradication ( PSN ) with incidence of dengue in Tanjungpinang , Riau Islands Province in 2015. This research used studies analytical case control study . The population in this study are the city dwellers Tanjungpinang. Results of this study found that the relationship between the presence of the dengue larva amounted OR = 1.9 ; ( 95 % CI = 0.939 to 3.955 ) and the relationship between mosquito nest eradication ( PSN ) with DBD amounted OR = 0.9 ; ( 95 % CI = 0.478 to 1.758 ) after controlling for covariates variables."

"ABSTRACTThe tobacco extract has larvicidal activity because it contains nicotine and some toxic compounds. The need toform tobacco extracts in nanoemulsion was due to its smaller particle size, larger surface area, and slow release of activecompounds. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of tobacco extract nanoemulsion against Aedes aegypti larvae.Nanoemulsion tobacco extract is made by high energy method using ultrasonication with frequency 20 kHz for 45 minutes.The tobacco extract was mixed with Tween 20 surfactant with the ratios are 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:3 (w/w). From the result,bioassay test of larvicidal nanoemulsion with LC50 was 823.74 ppm (F1:0.5), 702.07ppm (F1:1), and 578.48 ppm (F1:3),lower than LC50 of tobacco leaf extract without nanoemulsion 1022.97 ppm. The decrease in LC50 values was directlyproportional to the decrease in particle size. The lowest LC50 values are obtained by the formula F1:3 with an averageparticle size of 631 nm. This study shows that even if the nanoemulsion was not achieved, the emulsion of tobacco extractis potential to control the Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae effectively, due to lower than 750 ppm LC50 for (F1:1 and F1:3,24 hr)."

"Penyakit DBD termasuk penyakit berbasis lingkungan ,jumlah dan penyebarannya kasus cenderung meningkat, seringkali menimbulkan KLB. Tujuan penelitian ini diketahuinya gambaran perilaku masyarakat dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku masyarakat dalam pemberantasan sarang nyamuk demam berdarah dengue (PSN-DBD) di Kecamatan Kuningan Kabupaten Kuningan. Desain penelitian cross sectional yang dilakukan pada 6 desa, 10 kelurahan dengan responden ibu rumah tangga dengan wawancara. Hasil penelitian diperoleh gambaran perilaku baik dalam PSN-DBD 51,3%, pengetahuan responden tinggi 94%%, sikap responden bersikap positif 61,3%, reponden belum terpapar penyuluhan 57,3%. Variabel yang berhubungan dengan perilaku masyarakat adalah pendidikan (P Value=0,0001), pengetahuan (P Value=0,001), pemeriksaan jentik (P Value=0,001), sarana dan prasarana (P Value=0,001), dan biaya (P Value=0,004). Dan faktor yang paling dominan adalah pendidikan. Saran : Peningkatan upaya penyuluhan dan pendidikan masyarakat tentang DBD.

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DHF including environmentally based disease, the number and distribution of cases is likely to increase, often causing outbreaks. The purpose of this study known picture of people's behavior and the factors related to people's behavior in the mosquito nest eradication of dengue hemorrhagic fever (PSN-DBD) in Kuningan Kuningan District. Cross-sectional design of the study conducted in 6 villages, 10 villages with respondents housewife with interviews.

The results obtained in both the behavioral description PSN-DBD 51.3%, high 94% of respondents knowledge%, positive attitude 61.3% of respondents, the respondents have not been exposed to 57.3% extension. Variables related to the behavior of people is education (P value = 0.0001), knowledge (P value = 0.001), examination of larvae (P value = 0.001), facilities and infrastructure (P value = 0.001), and cost (P Value = 0.004). And the most dominant factor is education.

Suggestion: Increase outreach efforts and public education about dengue."

"Demam berdarah dengue (DBD) merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat utama di Indonesia. Populasi nyamuk Aedes aegypti dewasa yang padat adalah faktor risiko dari kejadian DBD. Keadaan ini juga bisa dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik individu dan diperparah dengan kondisi lingkungan, perilaku individu dalam memberantas sarang nyamuk serta mencegah gigitan nyamuk. Penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross-sectional ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara kepadatan nyamuk Ae. aegypti dewasa di rumah dengan kejadian DBD di Kelurahan Tegal Alur, Kalideres, tahun 2019. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan wawancara pada 152 responden dan menangkap nyamuk di 55 rumah terpilih di 4 RW dengan kasus terbanyak. Pengukuran kepadatan dilakukan dengan menghitung sampel nyamuk Ae. aegypti menggunakan rumus angka istirahat per rumah (RR). Hasil studi memperlihatkan bahwa ada hubungan bermakna antara kepadatan nyamuk Ae. aegypti di rumah dengan kejadian DBD. Analisis juga menunjukkan faktor lingkungan yang berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian DBD adalah penggunaan AC (3,77; 1,67-8,51), sedangkan karakteristik individu yang berhubungan termasuk usia (36,14; 11,84-110,29), jenis kelamin (5,01; 2,24-11,22), dan keberadaan individu (14,04; 5,06-39,01). Faktor perilaku yang memiliki hubungan dengan kejadian DBD ialah penggunaan kawat anti nyamuk (2,74; 1,28-5,87).

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Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is one of the main public health concerns in Indonesia. Aedes aegypti mosquito abundance is a risk factor for DHF. This condition is also influenced by individual characteristics and worsened by environmental factors, eradication of mosquito nests and prevention of mosquito bites practice. This quantitative study with a cross-sectional design aims to analyze the correlation of adult Ae. aegypti density in houses with DHF in Tegal Alur, Kalideres, 2019. The data were obtained from interviewing 152 study subjects and collecting adult mosquitoes in 55 selected houses in 4 high incidence RW. Adult Ae. aegypti density were determined by resting rate (RR) formula which defined as the number of resting mosquitoes per house.

The result showed that there is a significant relationship between Ae. aegypti mosquito density with DHF incidence. There are also significant correlation between environmental factor which is air-conditioner use (3,77; 1,67-8,51); individual characteristics including age (36,14; 11,84-110,29), sex (5,01; 2,24-11,22), and

individual whereabouts (14,04; 5,06-39,01); along with behavioral factor which is the use of mosquito nets (2,74; 1,28-5,87)."

"Kepadatan nyamuk merupakan salah satu faktor risiko terjadinya Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD). Hal ini dapat disebabkan oleh kondisi curah hujan tinggi yang terjadi di Kecamatan Kelapa selama Januari-Februari yang menimbulkan banyaknya genangan air di sekitar rumah penduduk sebagai tempat perindukan nyamuk akibat sanitasi yang buruk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara kepadatan nyamuk Aedes aegypti dengan kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) di Kecamatan Kelapa Kabupaten Bangka Barat dengan menggunakan studi cross-sectional selama Mei-Juni 2016. Sampel penelitian ini adalah seluruh warga Kecamatan Kelapa yang terpilih secara acak-proporsional berjumlah 230 orang dan 60 rumah yang terpilih sebagai lokasi pengambilan sampel nyamuk dalam rumah secara acak dari 230 responden terpilih. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan nyamuk Aedes aegypti di dalam rumah responden masih tergolong tinggi (51,7%) dan kejadian DBD sebesar 20%. Kepadatan nyamuk menunjukkan hubungan yang tidak signifikan dengan kejadian DBD (p=0,458). Faktor lain yang berhubungan dengan kejadian DBD yaitu keberadaan jentik (p=0,017), usia <15 tahun (p=0,002), kepadatan hunian tinggi (p=0,006), tidak melakukan PSN 3M Plus secara rutin (p=0,024), kebiasaan menggantung baju (p=0,033), dan rumah yang tidak dipasang kawat kasa pada ventilasi (p=0,014). Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kepadatan nyamuk Aedes aegypti tidak berhubungan dengan kejadian DBD. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka perlu adanya monitoring lebih lanjut terhadap populasi nyamuk dan kasus DBD, kerja sama sektoral, serta peran serta masyarakat dalam perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat.

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The density of mosquitoes is a risk factor for the occurrence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). It can be caused by conditions of high rainfall that occurred in Kelapa District during January-February which raises the amount of stagnant water around houses as a breeding place due to poor sanitation. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the density of Aedes aegypti with the incidence of DHF in West Bangka Regency Kelapa District using cross-sectional study during May-June 2016. Samples were all chosen citizens of Kelapa District with proportional random sampling and 60 chosen houses from 230 citizen?s houses as the sampling sites of mosquitoes.

The analysis showed that the density of Aedes aegypti in the house still relatively high (51,7%) and the incidence of dengue by 20%. Mosquito density showed no significant association with the incidence of DHF (p=0,458). Other factors associated with incidence of dengue are the existence of larva (p=0,017), age <15 years (p=0,002), high house density (p=0,006), did not do PSN 3M Plus regularly (p=0,024), the habit of hanging shirt (p=0,033), and the house which not fitted wire netting on ventilation (p=0,014).

This study concluded that the density of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes is not associated with the incidence of dengue. Based on this result, we need further monitoring of mosquitoes populations and dengue cases, sectoral cooperation, and community participation for clean and healthy living behavior."

"Interleukin (IL)-18 (interferon-g inducing factor) merupakan salah satu sitokin yang diproduksi makrofag, berperan dalam diferensiasi sel T-helper menjadi T-helper-1, dan produksi interferon g. T-helper-1 berperan dalam imunitas seluler khususnya pada infeksi virus termasuk infeksi dengue. Dilakukan studi deskriptif korelatif mengenai hubungan kadar IL-18 dengan derajat penyakit pada penderita demam dengue (DD) dan demam berdarah dengue (DBD) yang dirawat. Pada 42 subyek yang terdiri dari 20 (47,6%) penderita demam dengue dan 22 (52,3%) demam berdarah dengue (derajat I sampai IV menurut kriteria WHO tahun 1999). Didapatkan kadar IL-18 secara bermakna lebih tinggi pada DHF dibandingkan DF. Didapatkan korelasi kadar IL-18 dengan nilai hematokrit dan hitung trombosit. Studi ini menunjang kemungkinan keterlibatan IL-18 dalam patogenesis DBD pada pasien dewasa. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 86-9)

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Interleukin (IL)-18 ( interferon-g inducing factor) is one of cytokines, produced by macrophage, take part in differentiation T-helper (Th) to Th1 and interferon g producing. T-helper1 play role in cellular immunity especially in viral infection include dengue. A descriptive correlative study has done to know the correlation between IL-18 levels and disease severity in admitted dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) patients. In 42 subjects consist of 20 (47.6%) DF and 22 (53.3%) DHF (grade I to IV WHO criteria, 1999) showed that IL-18 levels significantly higher in DHF than DF patients. There are significant correlation between IL-18 levels and hematocrit and low platelet value. This study supports the possible role of IL-18 in pathogenesis DHF in adults. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 86-9)"

"Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a rare but life threatening medical condition. Early recognition and treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is important especially in patients who do not present with the classic pentad to reduce the high mortality. Herein, we describe a case of a patient who does not fulfil the classic pentad features thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura that was induced by dengue fever. The patients’ initial full blood picture did not have all the typical features of microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia but there were fragmented red blood cells. However, even a small number of fragmented red blood cells in the peripheral blood should alert physicians of the possible diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura together with other symptoms. Furthermore, signs and symptoms of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and dengue fever can overlap such as fever, thrombocytopenia, neurological deficit mimicking dengue encephalopathy and dengue induced acute kidney injury."