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"Nannochloropsis spp. adalah mikroalga yang menghasilkan asam omega-3 eicosapentaenoic (EPA) dan protein kasar bernilai tinggi, di mana keduanya bermanfaat bagi kesehatan dan diet manusia. Ekstraksi protein dari non-defatted, ethanol-defatted, dan isopropanol-defatted Nannochloropsis kering menggunakan Aqueous Two-Phase Systems (ATPS) dilakukan. Kurva binodal pertama kali ditentukan secara eksperimental dengan bahan yang digunakan: polietilen glikol (PEG) 400, 1000, dan 4000 terhadap buffer fosfat (K2HPO4-KH2PO4) dengan pH 9. Diketahui bahwa protein larut dalam PEG, menghasilkan total konsentrasi protein dalam fase atas. Memvariasikan berat molekul PEG memberikan efek yang dapat diamati pada kurva binodal; semakin tinggi berat molekul, semakin dekat kurva ke sumbu x dan y. Mengindikasikan bahwa berat molekul PEG yang lebih tinggi meningkatkan kemungkinan dua solusi terpisah menjadi beberapa lapisan. Selain itu, Tie Line Length (TLL) dengan nilai rata-rata 40% (w / w) dipilih untuk semua PEG untuk menstandarisasi komposisi akhir. Selain itu, protein di lapisan atas ditentukan menggunakan uji protein Lowry dengan spektrofotometer pada absorbansi 750 nm.Hasil menunjukkan bahwa biomassa yang tidak dihilangkan lemaknya dalam PEG400 menghasilkan pemulihan protein terbanyak pada 21,73%, diikuti oleh biomassa yang dihilangkan lemaknya oleh etanol di PEG400 dan biomassa yang dihilangkan lemaknya oleh isopropanol di PEG400 masing-masing dengan protein 12,67% dan 10,98% yang pulih. Diperkirakan bahwa mayoritas protein terdenaturasi selama proses penghilangan lemak menjadikannya tidak larut, dan  menghasilkan kadar protein yang rendah. Pemanfaatan biomassa mikroalga basah diduga dapat mengatasi masalah ini untuk penelitian di masa depan.

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Nannochloropsis spp. is a microalga which produces high-value omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and crude protein, where both are beneficial for human health and diet. Protein extraction from non-defatted, ethanol-defatted, and isopropanol-defatted dried Nannochloropsis biomass using Aqueous Two-Phase Systems (ATPS) was performed. Binodal curves were first determined experimentally for the solutions used: polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400, 1000, and 4000 against phosphate (K2HPO4-KH2PO4) buffer with pH 9. It is known that proteins are soluble in PEG, yielding the total protein concentrates in the top phase. Varying molecular weights of PEG gave observable effects on the binodal curves; the higher the molecular weight, the closer the curve was to the x and y axis. Indicating that higher molecular weight of PEG increases the chance of the two solutions separating into layers. Furthermore, a Tie Line Length (TLL) with average value of 40% (w/w) was selected for all PEGs to standardize the final composition. Additionally, proteins in the top layers were determined using the Lowry protein assay with a spectrophotometer at 750 nm absorbance.

Results showed that non-defatted biomass in PEG400 yielded the most protein recovery at 21.73%, followed by ethanol-defatted biomass in PEG400 and isopropanol-defatted biomass in PEG400 with 12.67% and 10.98% protein recovered, respectively. It is suspected that the majority of the protein denatured during the defatting process making them insoluble, hence, the low protein yields. Utilization of wet microalga biomass might overcome this issue for future research."

"Asam dokosaheksanoat (DHA) merupakan asam lemak omega-3 esensial yang berperan penting terhadap kerja otak, jaringan saraf serta retina. Saat ini, mikroalga mendapat perhatian sebagai sumber alternatif yang potensial dalam menghasilkan asam lemak omega-3, yang biasanya didapatkan dari produk ikan. Sebagai sumber DHA konvensional, minyak ikan memiliki kandungan DHA yang rendah, yang dapat memicu penangkapan ikan berlebihan (over fishing) apabila dibutuhkan jumlah DHA yang banyak. Mikroalga Thraustocytrids ditengarai sebagai mikroalga yang sangat potensial dalam menghasilkan DHA.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan isolat mikroalga Thraustocytrids yang mampu menghasilkan (DHA). Mikroalga Thraustochytrids diisolasi dari guguran daun mangrove yang terletak di Kawasan Mangrove Lampung dengan metode direct planting. Mikroalga yang tumbuh diamati morfologinya dengan mikroskop cahaya. Koloni Thraustochytrids yang tumbuh dipurifikasi hingga dihasilkan koloni tunggal yang selanjutnya diperbanyak dan dibuat biomassanya. Asam lemak diekstraksi dan dimetilasi dengan metode direct transesterification serta diidentifikasi kandungan DHAnya dengan menggunakan Kromatografi Gas- Spektrofotometri Massa.Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan terdapat DHA pada sampel minyak mikroalga Thraustochytrids. Keberadaan DHA dipastikan oleh kecocokan fragmentasi massa DHA sampel dan fragmentasi massa DHA pada database spektrum massa NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology).

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that is essential for the proper functioning of the brain, neural tissues and retina. In recent years, microalgae have gained attention as a potential alternative source of omega-3 fatty acid, which are commonly sourced from fish stocks. Fish stocks, as the conventional source of DHA have a very low concentration of DHA, which could bring overfishing issue as an impact of getting a high concentration of DHA. Thraustochytrids is known as a potential microalgae source of DHA.

The purpose of this study is to isolate a Thraustochytrids microalgae that can produce DHA. Thraustochytrids microalgae were isolated from fallen mangrove leaves at Lampung Mangrove Zone with direct planting technique. The morphology of growing microalgae was observed with light microscope. The growing Thraustochytrids colony was purified until a single colony was obtained. The selected colony was cultured and was dried to make its biomass. Fatty acid was extracted and methylated using direct transesterification method. The presence of DHA in microalgae isolate was identified with Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrophotometer.

The result of DHA identification proved that the isolate of Thraustochytrids microalgae was contained DHA. The presence of DHA in the microalgae oil sample was confirmed by the similarity of DHA mass fragmentation in the sample and DHA mass fragmentation in NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) Library Database."

"Media culture is one of the important factors in the growth of mivroalgae. Culture medium contains macro and micro nutrition required for the growth of microalgae. Composition of nutrition concentrations determine the production of microalgae biomass and nutrient content. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of medium composition of media for microalgae Scenedesmus sp. This study was conducted in a laboratory scale. The growth medium that were used in this tudy were BBL sm, SS, MN, M4N, "Sederhana 2", and "Sederhana 3" medium. The microalgae that were used in this study were mixed culture Chlorophyceae microalgae which is dominated by scenedesmus sp. The parameters observed were pH, optical density (OD), cell density and temperature. the results show that of the 6 variations of the growth medium used in this study M4N medium is the best medium for the growth of microalgae. At the end of the operation, cell density of Scenedesmus sp. from M4N medium was 306.83 x 106 cell/ML with a dark green color for the culture. The coefficient growth of Scenedesmus sp. which is grown in M4N medium was 0,36. This is likely to be due to the composition of nutrients in the medium M4N which were more complete than other media."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian pengaruh pemberian mikroalga hijau-biru (Spirulina maxima) terhadap pertumbuhan dan kecerahan warna pada ikan cupang (Betta splendens). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Spirulina maxima dalam meningkatkan kecerahan warna biru dan pertumbuhan pada ikan cupang (Betta splendens). Metode yang digunakan memrupakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap yang terdiri dari satu uji coba, empat kelompok perlakuan penambahan bubuk Spirulina maxima (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) yang didapati dari perhitungan Pearson square, dan lima kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat perbedaan nyata secara uji Anava dengan hasil penambahan bubuk spirulina dosis 15% dengan hasil terdapat perubahan warna yang lebih cerah 11,28% dan mampu meningkatkan massa ikan sebesar 0,746 gram.

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Research on the effect of giving blue-green microalgae (Spirulina maxima) on growth and color brightness in Betta fish (Betta splendens) aims to determine the effect of Spirulina maxima in increasing blue color brightness and growth in Betta fish (Betta splendens) and to determine the appropriate concentration of Spirulina maxima addition. to increase color brightness and growth in betta fish (Betta splendens). The method used was a completely randomized design consisting of one trial, four treatment groups with the addition of Spirulina maxima powder (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) obtained from Pearson square calculations, and five replications. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the Anova test with the addition of spirulina powder at a dose of 15% with the result that there was a brighter color change of 11.28% and was able to increase the mass of fish by 0.746 grams."

"Peningkatan jumlah penduduk dunia berdampak terhadap peningkatan kebutuhan di berbagai aspek seperti makanan bergizi dan obat-obatan.Untuk memenuhi peningkatan kebutuhan tersebut, salah satu sumber daya yang dapat digunakan adalah mikroalga.Mikroalga mampu menghasilkan berbagai jenis senyawa fungsional.Salah satu mikroalga yang banyak dibudidayakan adalah Spirulina platensiskarena kemampuannya untuk bertumbuh dengan cepat serta kegunaan dari senyawa yang dikandungnya.Fikosianin adalah salah satu senyawa yang terkandung dalam Spirulina sp dan banyak digunakan dalam aspek kesehatan, salah satunya sebagai antioksidan.Walaupun demikian, metode ekstraksi fikosianin yangumum diterapkan masih belum berkerja secara optimum.Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan metode ekstraksi, waktu ekstraksi dan jenis pelarut yang sesuai agar dapat mengoptimalkan hasil ekstraksi.Penelitian ini menggunakan 2 metode ekstraksi yaitu sonikasi pada 37 kHz serta vortex dengan kecepatan 2000 rpm.Masing-masing metode dilakukan sebanyak 2 kali.Variabel bebasyang diamati dalam setiap metodeadalah jenis pelarut dan durasi ekstraksi.Fikosianin tertinggi dihasilkan dengan metode vortex selama 25 menit menggunakan pelarut buffer fosfat.Ekstrak tersebut menghasilkanyield sebesar 9,62 mg/g alga kering dengan kemurnian sebesar 0,74.

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Increasing growth of world population will affect in increasing the needs in several aspects such as nutritious foods and drugs. In order to fulfill the increased needs, one of the prominent source is microalgae. Microalgae can produce various functional compounds. One of the commonly cultivated microalgae is Spirulina platensis because of its ability to grow fast and its compound product's functionality.

Phycocyanin is one of the essential compound that is produced by Spirulina sp.and has been widely used in health aspect, for example as an antioxidant. Unfortunately, the current phycocyanin extraction methods still need to be improved. Hence, this research aims to determine extraction method and its suitable operating condition such as extraction time and solvent type that will yield the optimum result.

This research use the extraction method of sonication at 37 kHz and vortex at 2000 rpm.Each method is done twice. The independent variables are process duration and solvent type. The highest phycocyanin content is produced by vortex at 25 minutes with solvent phosphate buffer. The yield and purity of the extract are 9,62 mg g dry algae and 0,74, respectively."

"ABSTRAKBiodiesel dan biobutanol merupakan contoh sumber energi alternatif pengganti bahan bakar cair yang bersifat karbon netral dan mempunyai beberapa keunggulan dari segi lingkungan apabila dibandingkan dengan bahan bakar fosil. Biodiesel dapat diperoleh dari tanaman, dan juga mikroalga melalui proses ekstraksi. Sedangkan biobutanol dapat diperoleh melalui proses fermentasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan bakteri C. acetobutylicum dalam memfermentasi mikroalga Nannochloropsis sp dalam menghasilkan biobutanol, serta pengaruhnya terhadap perolehan lipid. Fermentasi terhadap mikroalga Nannochloropsis sp untuk produksi biobutanol sebagai perlakuan awal sebelum ekstraksi lipid mikroalga. Fermentasi dilakukan menggunakan bakteri C. acetobutylicum selama 96 jam. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bakteri C. acetobutylicum mampu menghasilkan butanol 2.61 v/v sebagai hasil yang tertinggi. Proses tersebut menggunakan media hidrolisat dan biomassa mikroalga Nannochloropsis sp hasil hidrolisis viscozyme. Hasil ekstraksi lipid mikroalga Nannochloropsis sp menunjukkan hasil tertinggi dengan diperoleh lipid 25,4 per gram berat kering. Ekstraksi dilakukan pada hidrolisat dan biomassa hasil hidrolisis viscozyme yang tersisa setelah fermentasi.

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ABSTRACT Biodiesel and biobutanol are the examples of alternative energy sources to replace liquid fuel with the carbon neutral characteristic. It also has other benefits related to the environment compared with fossil fuel. Biodiesel can be obtained from plant and microalgae through the extraction process, while biobutanol obtained through fermentation. Fermentation used carbohydrates of microalgae cells wall or other parts as energy and carbon sources. The aim of this study is to determine the ability of C. acetobutylicum bacteria in the fermentation of Nannochloropsis sp microalgae to produce biobutanol, as well as its effect on lipid acquisition. Fermentation of Nannochloropsis sp microalgae for biobutanol production as an initial treatment before lipid extraction. Fermentation was performed with C. acetobutylicum bacteria for 96 hours. The result showed that C. acetobutylicum bacteria were able to produce 2.61 v v butanol as the highest result. This process used Nannochloropsis sp microalgae hydrolysates and biomass of viscozyme hydrolysis yield. The result of Nannochloropsis sp microalgae extraction also showed the highest lipid content 25.4 per gram dry weight. This used hydrolysates and biomass of viscozyme hydrolysis that remaining after fermentation as media."

"Mikroalga merupakan solusi alternatif untuk menyelesaikan masalah kekurangan gizi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar protein dan asam amino pada mikroalga Scenedesmus sp dan Coelastrum sp. Kadar protein diukur menggunakan metode Biuret dan kurva standar BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) yang diukur pada panjang gelombang 540 nm.Hasil pengukuran kadar protein dengan metode Biuret didapatkan persentase proteinnya yaitu 4.16 % untuk mikroalga Scenedesmus sp dan 1.64 % untuk mikroalga Coelastrum sp. Penentuan kandungan asam amino dilakukan menggunakan metode KCKT (Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi).Hasil analisis kandungan asam amino menunjukkan hasil bahwa asam amino esensial leusin merupakan asam amino esensial yang memiliki kandungan terbanyak pada mikroalga Coelastrum sp dan pada mikroalga Scenedesmus sp asam amino esensial lisin merupakan asam amino yang memiliki kandungan terbanyak. Sedangkan untuk kandungan asam amino non esensial diperoleh hasil bahwa asam amino glutamat merupakan asam amino yang memiliki kandungan terbanyak pada mikroalga Scenedesmus sp dan Coelastrum sp.Pada penelitian ini dilakukan juga perhitungan jumlah sel alga dengan metode kapasitansi dimana hasil perhitungan dibandingkan dengan perhitungan jumlah sel menggunakan Counting chamber dan nilai absorbansi dengan spektrofotometer, dan didapatkan perbandingan yang sama dari besar kapasitansi, jumlah sel, dan absorbansi.

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Microalgae is an alternative solution to solve the problem of the lack of nutrient in Indonesia. The aims of this research is to determine protein concentration and amino acids in the microalgae Scenedesmus sp. and Coelastrum sp. Measurument of protein concentration using the Biuret method with a standard curve of BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) is measured at a wavelength of 540 nm.

The results of protein obtained with Biuret method is 4.16% to microalgae Scenedesmus sp. and 1.64% for microalgae Coelastrum sp. Determination of the amino acid is done using HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography).

Results of the analysis of amino acid content shows that the highest essential amino acid of microalgae coelastrum sp is leucine, and lysine is the highest essential amino acid of microalgae scenedesmus sp. And glutamic is the highest non-essential amino acid of microalgae Scenedesmus sp. and Coelastrum sp.

In this research, we also calculate the number of algal cells with a capacitance method in which the calculation results as compared with the calculation of the number of cells using the Counting chamber and absorbance values with a spectrophotometer, and obtained the same proportion of large capacitance, the number of cells, and absorbance."

"Microalgae can bring solution for reducing CO2 and as alternative sustainable energy source. CO2 reduction by microalgae was done by fixation of CO2 during photosynthesis while they grow. The objective of the study is to get pH condition from CO2 injection into cultivated microalga that gives better productivity of biomass"

"Penelitian mengenai keragaman mikroalga epifitik di Ciliwung wilayah perbatasan Depok sampai Jakarta Selatan telah dilakukan pada bulan Agustus hingga Desember tahun 2017. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan keragaman epifitik pada setiap lokasi penelitian dan hubungan dengan parameter lingkungan di setiap lokasi penelitian. Sampel diambil secara purpose random sampling agar dapat mempresentasikan hasil penelitian.Hasil identifikasi sampel diperoleh 28 jenis mikroalga epifitik dengan 5 divisi terdiri atas divisi Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Cyanophyta, Rhodophyta dan Euglenophyta. Frekuensi kehadiran mikroalga epifitik berkisar antara 163-606 jenis mikroalga. Frekuensi kehadiran jenis mikroalga tertinggi pada lokasi pertama yaitu Jembatan Panus dibandingkan dua lokasi lain, sedangkan frekuensi kehadiran jenis mikroalga terkecil di lokasi 3 yaitu TB. Simatupang.

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Research on analysis The diversity of Epiphytic microlagae in Ciliwung of border Depok until Jakarta Selatan was conducted on Agustus and December 2017. The aims of this study was to describe the uniformity of epiphytic miroalgae from research site and the relationship of environmental parameters at each research sites. Samples were taken purposive random sampling.

The indentification result of sample obtained 28 spesies, 5 division consist of divisions of Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Cyanophyta, Rhodophyta and Euglenophyta.The presence frequency of epiphytic microalgae ranges from 163 to 606 cells. The highest frequency of presence of microalgae type in the first location is Panus Bridge compared to two other locations, while the smallest type of microalgae presence at location 3 is TB. Simatupang."