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Perkembangan additive manufacturing dan/atau 3D printing yang sangat pesat tidak hanya memengaruhi bidang manufaktur saja tetapi turut serta memberi pengaruh terhadap bidang kesehatan. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan mulainya 3D printing diperkenalkan secara klinis untuk pengembangan biomaterial dan biofabrikasi. Adapun keberadaan alat fabrikasi 3D printing, terutama Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), semakin mudah dijumpai. Sehingga, 3D printing ini menjadi teknologi yang semakin bernilai terutama untuk menghadapi era yang serba cepat. 4D printing merupakan konsep dimana fabrikasi struktur dilakukan secara lapis dan kemudian mengalami perubahan bentuk pasca pemberian stimulus eksternal. Konsep tersebut turut memiliki peluang untuk diimplementasikan terutama pada aplikasi biomedik. Sehingga, diharapkan bahwa 4D printing dapat mengoptimalkan fabrikasi dan pengaplikasian alat kesehatan saat perawatan dilakukan. Di samping itu, Polylactic acid (PLA) sebagai salah satu polimer yang populer digunakan dalam struktur 4D printing memiliki karakteristik yang tepat untuk aplikasi tersebut. Dengan demikian, agar dapat mengetahui konsistensi hasil fabrikasi dan fenomena yang terjadi pada struktur 4D printing dengan material PLA, kalibrasi alat fabrikasi FDM serta perancangan dan fabrikasi struktur dilakukan. Kedua hal tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa parameter proses yang lebih rinci dapat menghasilkan struktur yang sesuai dengan desain. Selain itu, struktur yang dihasilkan memiliki kemampuan untuk bertransformasi secara melengkung pada dua dimensi (bending 2D).

 

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The rapid development of additive manufacturing and/or 3D printing not only affects manufacturing sector but also giving influence towards healthcare field. This is indicated by the beginning of 3D printing introduced clinically for the development of biomaterials and bio fabrication. The presence of 3D printing fabrication machine, especially the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) printer, even easier to find. This makes the 3D printing becomes increasingly valuable technology while facing this fast-paced era. 4D printing is a fabrication concept by building the structure layer by layer and then undergoes such a shape transformation due to external stimulus. The concept also has a chance to be applied in biomedical application. Therefore, it is expected that 4D printing could optimize the fabrication and application of medical devices when treatment is carried out. In addition, Polylactic acid (PLA), one of the popular polymers used in the 4D printing, has excellent characteristics for the application. Thus, in order to know the consistency of fabrication results and the phenomena that occur in the PLA 4D printed structure, the calibration of FDM fabrication tools, structural design and fabrication is conducted. Both of those indicate that more detailed process parameters can produce structures that are in accordance with the design. In addition, the resulting structure has the ability in order to transform in a curved manner (bending 2D).

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"Saat ini teknologi 3D printing telah dikembangkan pada bidang farmasi khususnya teknologi produksi sediaan padat yang disebut tablet 3D printing. Hal ini dapat mendukung tujuan personalisasi sediaan farmasi khususnya terkait dosis obat. Salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk personalisasi dosis obat untuk pasien yaitu tablet 3D printing. Penetapan dosis dibuat dengan merancang tablet 3D printing dengan volume tertentu menggunakan perangkat lunak untuk menyesuaikan dosis yang dibutuhkan. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji beberapa polimer yang dapat digunakan sebagai filamen dengan metode fused deposition modeling untuk pembuatan tablet 3D printing dan menganalisis profil pelepasan obat dari tablet 3D printing tersebut. Kajian ini berfokus untuk mempelajari karakteristik yang terdapat pada beberapa polimer yaitu poli asam laktat, polivinil alkohol, poli kaprolakton, polivinil pirolidon, poletilen oksida, etilen vinil asetat, etil selulosa, hidroksipropilmetil selulosa, dan hidroksipropil selulosa berupa sifat termoplastik, biodegradasi, dan sifat mekaniknya agar dapat diaplikasikan pada fused deposition modeling 3D printing. Selain itu, dipelajari pula pelepasan obat dari matriks tablet 3D printing. Hasil-hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa polimer yang dapat digunakan harus memiliki sifat termoplastik dan biodegradable. Polimer di atas dapat digunakan untuk membentuk filamen untuk pembuatan tablet 3D printing. Pilihan polimer yang digunakan berpengaruh pada profil pelepasan obat dari tablet 3D printing. Oleh karena itu, diajukan gagasan untuk membuat tablet dengan teknologi 3D printing dapat memfasilitasi modifikasi bentuk, ukuran, dosis dan profil pelepasan obat dari tablet. Tablet 3D printing dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut menggunakan metode ini sehingga tujuan personalisasi obat dapat terwujud.

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Currently 3D printing technology has been developed into the pharmaceutical field, especially solid preparations technology namely 3D printed tablets. This can support the purpose of personalizing medicine, especially related to drug dosages. Determination of dosage is made by designing tablets with certain volume using software to adjust the required dose. The purpose of this paper is to review several polymers that can be used in 3D printing with the fused deposition modeling as filament forming for the manufacture of 3D printed tablets and to analyze various types of drug release profiles. This review focuses on studying the characteristics found in several polymers, polylactic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polycaprolactone, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, and hydroxypropyl cellulose in the form of thermoplastic, biodegradable, and mechanical properties so that they can applied in fused deposition modeling 3D printing technique. In addition, the drug release profile from 3D printed tablet is also studied. Research results show that polymers that can be used must have thermoplastic properties and are biodegradable. The polymers that have been mentioned can be used to form filaments for making 3D printed tablets. Drug release profile is very dependent on the polymer used on 3D printed tablets. Tablets made with this technology can be modified in both shape and size that affect the drug release profile from the matrix. 3D printed tablets has the potential to be developed using this method so that the goal of drug personalization can be realized."

"The book includes the best articles presented by researchers, academicians and industrial experts at the International Conference on Innovative Design and Development Practices in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering (I-DAD 2018). The book discusses new concept in designs, and analysis and manufacturing technologies for improved performance through specific and/or multi-functional design aspects to optimise the system size, weight-to-strength ratio, fuel efficiency and operational capability. Other aspects of the conference address the ways and means of numerical analysis, simulation and additive manufacturing to accelerate the product development cycles.Describing innovative methods, the book provides valuable reference material for educational and research organizations, as well as industry, wanting to undertake challenging projects of design engineering and product development."

"This book provides details on the innovations made to achieve sustainability in manufacturing. It highlights the trends of current progress in research and development being done to achieve overall sustainability in manufacturing technology. Green-EDM, Hybrid machining, MQL assisted machining, sustainable casting, welding, finishing and casting, energy and resource-efficient manufacturing are some of the important topics discussed in this book."

"This book presents selected proceedings of the International Conference on Production and Industrial Engineering (CPIE) 2018. Focusing on recent developments in the field of production and manufacturing engineering, it provides solutions to wide-ranging contemporary problems in manufacturing engineering and other allied areas using analytical models and the latest numerical approaches. The topics covered in this book include conventional and non conventional machining, casting, welding, materials and processing. As such it is useful to academics, researchers and practitioners working in the field of manufacturing and production engineering.;"

"This book provides a solid background for understanding the immediate past, the ongoing present, and the emerging trends of additive manufacturing, with an emphasis on innovations and advances in its use for a wide spectrum of manufacturing applications. It contains contributions from leading authors in the field, who view the research and development progress of additive manufacturing techniques from the unique angle of developing high-performance composites and other complex material parts. It is a valuable reference book for scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs who are seeking technologically novel and economically viable innovations for high-performance materials and critical applications. It can also benefit graduate students and post-graduate fellows majoring in mechanical, manufacturing, and material sciences, as well as biomedical engineering."

"Hamburan K⁺n dihitung dengan menggunakan teknik standar partial wave dan juga teknik tiga dimensi (3D). Hasil perhitungan partial wave dibandingkan terhadap hasil perhitungan 3D untuk mem-verifikasi konvergensi perhitungan partial wave. Observable yang dihitung yaitu penampang lintang diferensial, polarisasi, dan depolarisasi. Interaksi yang dipakai berdasarkan pertukaran meson dan hyperon sampai orde 2.

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K+n scattering is calculated by applying the standar partial wave technique and a 3D technique. The partial-wave calculations are compared to the 3D calculations in order to verify the convergence of the partial-wave calculations. The observables being calculated are differential cross section, polarization, depolarization. Interactions being used is the one based on meson and hyperon exchange up to second order."