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"Pelacakan banjir adalah prosedur untuk menentukan waktu dan besarnya aliran di suatu titik dari suatu hidrograf yang diketahui atau diasumsikan pada satu atau lebih titik di hulu. Pelacakan banjir dapat dilakukan sebesar areal DAS ataupun alur DAS. Pada penelitian ini, pelacakan banjir dilakukan pada alur. Terdapat dua metode pelacakan banjir di alur yang memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan, yaitu metode Muskingum-cunge dan metode Kinematic Wave. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efisiensi dari metode pelacakan banjir melalui alur menggunakan metode Muskingum-cunge (metode dengan kebutuhan data sedikit) dan metode Kinematic Wave (metode yang kebutuhan datanya lebih detail). Efisiensi dievaluasi berdasarkan perbandingan hasil simulasi terhadap data pengamatan. Hasil simulasi kedua metode berupa hidrograf yang menunjukan besar debit dalam rentang waktu tertentu. Aspek utama hidrograf yang dibandingkan adalah besar debit puncaknya. Dari hasil perbandingan yang telah dilakukan, dapat diketahui bahwa hasil simulasi menggunakan metode Kinematic Wave memberikan besar debit puncak yang lebih mendekati pengamatan dibandingkan debit puncak simulasi dengan metode Muskingum-cunge. Akan tetapi, beda kedua hasil simulasi menunjukan hasil tidak begitu jauh, walaupun metode Kinematic Wave menggunakan data yang lebih detail. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut disimpulkan bahwa metode Muskingum-cunge lebih efisien dibanding metode Kinematic Wave dalam melakukan pelacakan banjir karena memberikan hidrograf yang cukup mendekati dengan kebutuhan data yang lebih sedikit.

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Flood routing is a procedure to determine the time and magnitude of a flow at a point from a hydrograph that is known or assumed at one or more points upstream. Flood tracking can be done as large as watershed area or watershed flow. In this study, flood tracking was carried out on the reach. There are two methods of flood tracking in the reach that have significant differences, namely Muskingum-cunge method and Kinematic Wave method. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of the method of flood tracking through flow using the Muskingum-cunge method (a method with little data requirements) and the Kinematic Wave method (a method that needs more detailed data). Efficiency is evaluated based on comparison of simulation results with observational data. The simulation results of the two methods are in the form of a hydrograph which shows the amount of discharge in a certain time period. The main aspect of the hydrograph that is compared is the large peak discharge. From the results of comparisons that have been made, it can be seen that the simulation results using Kinematic Wave method give a large peak discharge which is closer to the observation than the peak simulation discharge with Muskingum-cunge method. However, the two different simulation results show results not so far, although the Kinematic Wave method uses more detailed data. Based on these results it can be concluded that Muskingum-cunge method is more efficient than Kinematic Wave method in conducting flood tracking because it provides a hydrograph that is close enough to fewer data requirements.

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"Flood is indeed a big problem in Jakarta as a metropolitan city. From the colonial era to present day, flood has not yet been resolved adequately. Fisiography cycles, space competition, and the management of flood seem to be significant factors affected the continuous problem of flood in Jakarta.Seeing from the perspective of tisiography which is related to geomorphology, geology, and hydrology, ?lowland of Jakarta formed from rivers? sedimentation thousand years ago. This in fact has formed areas below the sea level like swamp and lake areas. Sedimentation process was accelerated after the eruption of the Motmt Salak in 1699, in which newly lowland has been increasing each year around 15-50 metres depending on flood and wind direction. Due to this sedimentation, Jakarta topography is flat where water could not tlow smoothly.The emergence of Jakarta as settlement areas originated from the Sunda Kelapa Kingdom that developed in the Jakarta coastal area. This process of settlement has developed rapidly along with the VOC conquered Jakarta. Being a central of the colonial trading, population has increased dramatically that also extended the size of Jakarta. In 1830, the city extended toward southem part, well-know as Weltevreden. Menteng was built in 1918 alter the development of Jakarta itself.The increasing number of population from 1948 - 1950 was occurred when the capital of the country moved from Yogyakarta to Jakarta. After 1970s population booming has happened in Jakarta which consequently increasing number of buildings could not be avoided. The construction of housing complexes, trading centres, and industries have even conducted in the restricted areas for any buildings, including the environmental geology area of 1,2 and 3. The impact of these constructions could be clearly seen through the decreasing of absorbing water areas. Therefore, flooding areas have increased rapidly. From 1892 to 1930 flood had been around Weltevreden area, but in 1985 floods have reached the outskirts of Jakarta, including Bintaro, Ciputat, and Pasar Minggu.To solve the flood, structural approach has been applied since 1911. During colonial period flood, especially in 1919, the canal of Kali Malang and Manggarai water control were built. After the independence, 1970 - 1985, floods have been managed by constructing Cengkareng drain, Cakung drain and so forth. Though government has spent a lot of funding, flood could not be stopped it. Flood is indeed a difficult homework for government of Jakarta."

"Kota Singkawang merupakan salah satu kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat yang berada pada dataran aluvial, sehingga mengakibatkan kota tersebut menjadi rawan akan bahaya banjir. Banjir terjadi setiap tahunnya dan mengakibatkan kerugian baik secara sosial dan ekonomi. Banjir di pusat Kota Singkawang terakhir kali terjadi pada tahun 2016 yang mengakibatkan banyaknya bangunan yang tergenang dan ratusan warga harus dievakuasi. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengidentifikasi tingkat bahaya banjir, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan melakukan penilaian kerugian ekonomi. Tingkat bahaya banjir diperoleh dengan melakukan overlay pada parameter karakteristik banjir, yaitu frekuensi, durasi, dan tinggi banjir. Metode dalam penilaian kerugian dilakukan dengan metode stratified random sampling dengan total sampel sebanyak 99 sampel, dimana diambil 3 sampel untuk tiap nilai bangunan pada tiap kelas bahaya banjir terdapat 11 nilai bangunan di pusat Kota Singkawang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daerah penelitian di dominasi oleh banjir dengan bahaya rendah dan sedang dengan persentase luasan 44,02 dan 43,03, serta bahaya tinggi sebesar 12.95 yang didominasi pada wilayah barat daerah penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil penilaian kerugian, diperoleh total kerugian akibat banjir sebesar Rp15.838.232.500 1,150 million USD. Terdapat perbedaan sebaran kerugian pada wilayah barat dan timur daerah penelitian, dimana kerugian pada wilayah barat lebih tinggi karena didominasi oleh bangunan-bangunan dengan kategori usaha. Hasil penelitian tidak hanya sebatas jumlah kerugian, namun juga melihat distribusi spasial dari kerugian tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan sebagai upaya pengembangan mitigasi bencana pada wilayah dengan tingkat bahaya banjir serta kerugian ekonomi yang tinggi, serta dapat digunakan sebagai acuan dalam proses perencanaan pembangunan agar lebih memperhatikan aspek kebencanaan.

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Singkawang City is in the Province of West Kalimantan, which is located above an alluvial plain, that causing the city to be prone of flood. Floods that occur annually have result in social and economic losses. The last flood that occurred in the centre of Singkawang City happened in 2016, which resulted in many flooded buildings and hundreds evacuated resident. Based on that background, this research is to identify the hazard level of flooding and then proceed with the assessment of economic losses based on the floods that occurred. The flood hazard level is obtained by overlaying the flood characteristics parameters, i.e. frequency, duration, and height of the flood. The method for assessing the rate of the damage is done by stratified random sampling method with total sample of 99 samples, in which 3 samples were taken for each building value in each level of flood hazard there are 11 building values in the centre of Singkawang City.

The result showed that the region was dominated by floods with high and medium classification, with percentage of area 44,02 and 43,03, and high classification with percentage of 12,95, which is dominated in western part of the region. The loss assessment for this research shows that the total loss from the flood is Rp15.838.232.500 1.150 million USD. There is a difference in the distribution of losses in the western and eastern part of the research area, where the losses in the western part of the region are higher, which is because it is dominated in the business district. The result of this study not only limited to the amount of losses, but also to identify the spatial distribution of these losses. This research is conducted as an effort to develop disaster mitigation in areas with high flood hazard and economic losses, also can be used as a reference in the regional development to pay more attention to the disaster aspect."

"Banjir merupakan bencana yang paling sering terjadi di Indonesia, termasuk di Jakarta. Jakarta telah mengalami banjir besar akibat hujan yang lebat terutama pada tahun 1996, 2002, 2007, 2013, dan 2014 yang mengakibatkan kerusakan yang cukup besar dan memakan korban jiwa. Menganalisis pola spasial tingkat kerentanan wilayah Kecamatan Cengkareng terhadap banjir berdasarkan keterpaparan bahaya banjir dan penilaian kerentanan sosial merupakan tujuan dari penelitian ini. Data kejadian banjir tahun 2015-2019 digunakan untuk mendapatkan wilayah keterpaparan banjir. Data kependudukan digunakan untuk mendapatkan wilayah tingkat kerentanan sosial. Kerentanan wilayah terhadap banjir di Kecamatan Cengkareng didominasi oleh tingkat kerentanan sangat rendah yakni dengan persentase 93,8% dari total luas wilayah. Sisanya merupakan tingkat kerentanan rendah sebesar 1,4%, sedang 2,5%, tinggi 2,1% dan sangat tinggi 0,2%. Tingkat kerentanan sangat tinggi hanya terdapat di RW 16 Kelurahan Cengkareng Timur dengan luas banjir 4 hektar. Tingkat kerentanan wilayah sangat tinggi dibentuk oleh tingkat keterpaparan banjir tinggi dan tingkat kerentanan sosial sangat tinggi.

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Flood is the most frequent disaster in Indonesia, including in Jakarta. Jakarta has experienced heavy flooding due to heavy rain, especially in the 1996, 2002, 2007, 2013 and 2014 which caused considerable damage and casualties. Analyzing the spatial pattern level of vulnerability of place in Cengkareng District towards flood based on flood exposure and social vulnerability assessment is the purpose of this study. Data of flood events in 2015-2019 were used to obtain the area of flood exposure. Population data is used to obtain the area of social vulnerability. Vulnerability of place in Cengkareng District towards Flood is dominated by a very low level of vulnerability with a percentage of 93.8% of the total area. Low vulnerability percentage is 1.4%, moderate 2.5%, high 2.1% and very high 0.2%. The very high level of vulnerability only takes place in RW 16 of Cengkareng Timur Sub-District with a flood area about 4 hectares. The very high level of vulnerability formed by a high level of flood exposure and a very high level of social vulnerability."

"ABSTRAKKota Padang diketahui rawan terhadap bencana alam banjir, berdasarkan kejadian banjir tahun 2012 yang berdampak luas di Kota Padang. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengumpulkan respon masyarakat yang berkaitan dengan banjir dengan wilayah studi Tabing Banda Gadang Kota Padang. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis strategi adaptasi masyarakat terhadap dampak peristiwa alam ekstrim khususnya banjir, yang termasuk permasalahan serius di Kota Padang. Rumah tangga disurvei dengan teknik wawancara mendalam dan kuesioner yang dilakukan di wilayah terdampak banjir.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan masyarakat wilayah studi melakukan adaptasi terhadap banjir meliputi strategi adaptasi struktural dan non struktural yaitu penggunaan kembali barang yang tidak rusak, memindahkan barang ketempat yang lebih tinggi, gotong royong, pinjaman keuangan informal, meninggikan rumah. Selain itu terdapat kendala dalam adaptasi struktural dan non struktural untuk kemungkinan perulangan banjir masa depan, hal ini dipengaruhi berbagai hambatan untuk beradaptasi antara lain adalah keuangan, teknologi konstruksi untuk terhindar dari dampak banjir, oleh karena itu untuk adaptasi struktural dan non struktural di anggap masih rendah. Selanjutnya relokasi sebagai strategi menghindari banjir didukung oleh masyarakat terutama yang berada pada bekas aliran sungai yang dianggap zona bahaya tinggi. Pengalaman banjir, tingkat kerusakan, dan persepsi bahaya terhadap banjir juga memainkan peran penting dalam strategi adaptasi ini.

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ABSTRACT

Padang city has long been known to be at risk from flood hazard, based on the 2012 flood events that have a wide impact in the Padang city. This study is intended to gather public response and local knowladge relating to flood the study area in Tabing Banda Gadang. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the adaptation strategy of local community against extreme natural events, especially the impact of the floods, which belong amongst the most serious problem in Padang city, especially in Tabing Banda Gadang. A households were surveyed by using in-depth interviews and questionnaires carried out in the flood affected areas.

The result of the study area various adaptation strategies have been adopted by the local community, structural and non structural adaptations include re-use material left undamaged, moving household equipment to higher place, mutual cooperation, informal financial loans and raise level of home. Meanwhile as for changes to the possibility future of flooding, the majority of respondents said their communities are unlikely to perform structural and non structural change to the possibility future of flooding, because it is influenced by a variety of barriers to change and adapt, among others, finance, construction technology to avoid the impact of flooding. Therefore, adaptation strategies to the structural and non-structural considered is remain low. On the other side of the relocation as a strategy to avoid flooding is supported by the communities, especially household those located are the former river channel that are considered high hazard zones. Flood experience, the level of damage, and individual flood danger perception also played an important role."

"Selama ini jumlah air hujan yang jatuh di permukaan bumi diupayakan mengalir secepat mungkin ke badan air di hilir supaya tidak terjadi genangan yang tidak diinginkan (banjir). Hal ini dikondisikan dengan pembuatan berbagai prasarana yang mampu mengalirkan limpasan air hujan/presipitasi secepat mungkin ke hilir. Metode tersebut adalan metode konvensional untuk pengelolaan air hujan. Kelemahan metode ini muncul dari adanya permasalahan kekurangan jumlah dan mutu air bersih, serta penurunan muka air tanah pada musim kemarau, sehubungan dengan berkurangnya kemampuan infiltrasi lahan. Konsep Low-Impact Development (LID) menawarkan gagasan dalam upaya pengendalian banjir yang mempertimbangkan segi konservasi air. Ide yang dikemukakan ialah pengelolaan dengan menerapkan hidrologi secara terpadu dalam skala mikro serta dukungan penggunaan metode sederhana dan non-teknis untuk membuat suatu lansekap yang multifungsi. Skripsi ini meneliti seberapa besar dampak hidrologis yang terjadi dan seberapa jauh pengaruhnya pada pengendalian banjir yang mempertimbangkan konservasi air pada kawasan Sub DAS Sugu Tamu, Depok, bila diterapkan metode LID. Hasilnya berupa penerapan konsep LID dalam bentuk sistem terpadu Best Management Practices (BMP) yang sesuai dengan karakteristik hidrologis kawasan Sub DAS Sugu Tamu. Usulan BMP berupa kombinasi tampungan retensi dan tampungan detensi."

"Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Citarum merupakan DAS terbesar dan terpanjang di Jawa Barat, Luas DAS Citarum : 6.614 Km2, Panjang DAS Citarum : 269 Km (Sungai Utama). Berasal dari mata air Gunung Wayang melalui 8 Kabupaten yakni Bandung, Kota Bandung, Kota Cimahi, Sumedang, Cianjur, Purwakarta, Bogor dan Karawang sebagai muara Sungai Citarum. Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Citarum pada umumnya kurang mempertimbangkan aspek lingkungan dan daya dukungnya, sehingga semakin lama daya dukung lingkungan semakin memprihatinkan. Hal ini tentu saja dapat menimbulkan berbagai macam masalah tersendiri salah satunya dapat terjadi bencana banjir. Musibah banjir sudah rutin terjadi dan hampir tiap tahun di rasakan oleh masyarakat di daerah hulu DAS Citarum khususnya yang berada di kabupaten Bandung. Masalah pada DAS Citarum merupakan suatu masalah yang sudah berlangsung sejak tahun 1931 dan disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Hingga kini belum ada penanganan yang tepat dalam mengatasi bencana banjir Citarum. Dalam penelitian ini terdapat 2 (dua) skenario pengendalian pemanfaatan lahan, yakni skenario pertama dibuat agak ekstrem dimana akan dihutankan kembali sebagian besar wilayah DAS Citarum hulu, dan untuk skenario kedua di buat pembagian porsi tata guna lahan yang agak realistis. Efektifitas upaya pengendalian banjir didalam penelitian ini adalah melalui pengendalian pemanfaatan lahan dan normalisasi alur sungai. Hasil yang ingin dicapai adalah membuktikan bahwa dengan adanya pengendalian pemanfaatan lahan akan mempengaruhi besarnya debit limpasan akibat hujan, melalui pengaturan tata guna lahan (land use).

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Watershed Citarum is the largest and longest river basin in West Java, Citarum watershed area: 6614 km2, watershed Citarum Length: 269 km (River Main). Derived from the Fountain of Mount Wayang through the District 8, Bandung, Cimahi, Sumedang, Cianjur, Purwakarta, Bogor and Karawang as Citarum River estuary. Watershed Management Citarum in general less environmental aspects into consideration and the carrying capacity, so the longer the carrying capacity of the environment has become increasingly serious. This of course can cause a variety of problems one of them is flood. Floods have occurred regularly, and almost every year in felt by people in the region upstream watershed Citarum especially those in Bandung regency. Problems in the watershed Citarum is a problem that has been going since 1931 and is caused by several factors that influence it. Until now no proper treatment in overcoming floods Citarum. In this study there are 2 (two) scenarios of community participation, which first made its rather extreme scenario where the public will reforest the entire watershed area upstream Citarum, and for the second scenario for the distribution portion of the land use rather realistic. Effectiveness of flood control efforts in this research is through control of land use and river channel normalization. Results to be achieved is to prove that with the control of land use will affect the amount of discharge runoff due to rain, through the regulation of land use."

"Pelacakan banjir yang dilakukan pada daerah tangkapan air dapat menggunakan transform method. Berdasarkan tingkat kebutuhan data yang diperlukan terdapat 2 perbedaan metode pada Komponen Transform Method yang cukup signifikan, yaitu SCS Unit Hydrograph dan Kinematic Wave. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menguji efisiensi penggunaan metode pada Komponen Transform Method HEC-HMS dengan membandingkan hidrograf aliran menggunakan metode SCS Unit Hydrograph (metode bersifat lump sump) dengan metode Kinematic wave (metode kebutuhan data saluran detail) terhadap sifat DAS Urban dan Rural. Efisiensi penggunaan metode akan dilihat berdasarkan perbandingan hasil hidrograf aliran. Perbandingan dilakukan dari 2 cara yaitu menghitung perbandingan debit puncak hidrograf pada masing-masing kondisi perhitungan dan tingkat kecocokan hidrograf. Tingkat kecocokan hidrograf dilihat dengan memplot nilai debit secara akumulatif dari kedua hidrograf hasil simulasi metode SCS Unit Hydrograph dengan metode Kinematic Wave. Hasil perbandingan hidrograf pada penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Sifat DAS Urban lebih sesuai menggunakan metode Kinematic wave dimana membutuhkan data yang lebih detail dikarenakan kondisi DAS yang lebih komplex. Sehingga apabila penggunaan metode pelacakan banjir lebih disesuaikan dengan kondisi sifat DAS, maka akan mendapatkan hasil analisis hidrologi yang lebih efektif.

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Flood tracking carried out in the catchment area can use transform method. Based on the level of data needed, there are 2 significant differences in the Transform Method method, namely the SCS Unit Hydrograph and Kinematic Wave. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of using the method on the Transform Method Component of HEC-HMS by comparing flow hydrographs using the SCS Unit Hydrograph method (method is lump sump) with the Kinematic wave method (method of detailed channel data requirements) on the nature of Urban and Rural Watersheds. The effectiveness of using the method will be seen based on the comparison of the results of the hydrograph. Comparison is done from 2 ways, namely calculating the ratio of peak hydrograph discharge to each calculation condition and the level of hydrograph compatibility. The hydrograph suitability level was seen by plotting accumulative discharge values from the two hydrographs produced by the SCS Unit Hydrograph method using the Kinematic Wave method. The results of the hydrograph comparison in this study indicate that the nature of the Urban Watershed is more suitable to use the Kinematic wave method which requires more detailed data because the watershed conditions are more complex. So that if the use of the flood tracking method is more adapted to the conditions of the watershed nature, it will get a more effective hydrological analysis."