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"Perubahan distribusi kekuatan antara kekuatan baru (emerging powers) seperti Tiongkok, India, dan Brazil tengah menggeser sistem internasional menjauhi nilai-nilai liberal. Dalam ranah ekonomi politik internasional, pembahasan mengenai Beijing Consensus muncul sebagai tantangan terhadap nilai-nilai neoliberal Washington Consensus. Tulisan ini melihat perdebatan mengenai karakteristik Beijing Consensus sebagai model pembangunan—prinsip dan praktik kebijakan apa saja yang direkomendasikan untuk mencapai pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tinggi. Tulisan ini juga menganalisis pendapat dalam 19 tulisan akademis mengenai signifikansi dan legitimasi Beijing Consensus sebagai sebuah konsep. Tulisan ini menemukan konsensus mengenai karakteristik Beijing Consensus yang menyarankan pembangunan melalui liberalisasi ekonomi secara bertahap dan peran pemerintahan terpusat yang pragmatis dan tidak terikat ideologi dalam mengambil kebijakan. Sementara itu, tulisan ini menemukan perdebatan mengenai legitimasi konsep Beijing Consensus, terutama saat disandingkan dengan konsep Washington Consensus yang rekomendasi kebijakannya lebih jelas dan terperinci. Perdebatan ini berakar pada perdebatan mengenai definisi model pembangunan itu sendiri

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.Changes in the distribution of power among emerging powers such as China, India and Brazil are shifting the international system away from liberal values. In International Political Economy, the concept of Beijing Consensus emerged as a challenge to the neoliberal values ​​of Washington Consensus. This paper examines the debate surrounding characteristics of the Beijing Consensus as a development model—what policy principles and practices are recommended for achieving high economic growth. This paper also analyzes opinions in 19 academic literatures regarding the significance and legitimacy of the Beijing Consensus as a concept. This paper finds consensus that Beijing Consensus suggests achieving development through gradual economic liberalization and the significant role of a centralized and pragmatic government, unrestrained by ideological constraints in deciding policies. Meanwhile, this paper also finds a debate on the legitimacy of the Beijing Consensus as a concept, especially when juxtaposed with the Washington Consensus which policy recommendations are clearer-cut and more detailed. This debate has its roots in the debate about what is the definition of a ‘development model’.

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"Tiongkok merupakan negara yang tertutup dan cenderung agresif dalam menjalankan hubungan luar negerinya. Selama tiga dekade terakhir, pertumbuhan kapabilitas Tiongkok secara besar-besaran menimbulkan kecurigaan bagi negara-negara lainnya di kawasan, tidak terkecuali ASEAN. Memasuki akhir tahun 1990an, Tiongkok kemudian mengubah pendekatannya dengan menerapkan konsep keamanan baru dalam menjalin kerjasama dengan ASEAN. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif, penelitian ini bertujuan memahami alasan Tiongkok dengan menerapkan konsep keamanan baru dan berusaha mengetahui keterkaitan konsep keamanan baru Tiongkok dengan kondisi soft power Tiongkok di ASEAN. Untuk memahami kedua hal tersebut, tulisan ini menggunakan konsep reassurance dan soft power sebagai kerangka berpikir. Konsep reassurance yang merupakan cara yang dilakukan negara untuk meyakinkan negara lain terhadap intensi baik yang dimilikinya. Dalam penerapannya, strategi ini ternyata dapat memiliki peran dalam peningkatan soft power suatu negara. Berdasarkan asumsi di atas, akan dianalisis alasan Tiongkok menerapkan konsep keamanan baru sebagai strategi reassurance dan dampaknya terhadap soft power Tiongkok di ASEAN.

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Before the late 1990s, China’s overtly aggressive actions in the South China Sea and its unwillingness to engage the region on a multilateral basis led to mistrust and fear on ASEAN. Moreover, China’s overwhelming development in economy and defense has strengthens the rise of “China threat” perception. Since the late 1990s, however, China’s policy toward ASEAN has shifted from one based on coercive behavior to regional institutions and accommodating approach based on active participation in ASEAN-based fora and a willingness to undertake actions that give the appearance of embracing ASEAN diplomatic norms. China promotes the implementation of its New Security Concept in any cooperation with ASEAN to gain trust and legitimacy. To provide the analysis, this writing takes reassurance and soft power theory as analytical framework. Reassurance is a strategy aim to reassure others about their benign intentions. Apparently, the application of this strategy could bring significant effect on the rise of soft power. By using qualitative method, this writing intent to understand why China implements the New Security Concept and observe its relevance with China’s Soft power in ASEAN."

"Bioconsensus is a rapidly evolving scientific field in which consensus methods, often developed for use in social choice theory, are adapted for such areas of the biological sciences as taxonomy, systematics, and evolutionary and molecular biology. Typically, after several alternatives are produced using different data sets, methods or algorithms, one needs to find a consensus solution. The axiomatic approach of this book explores the existence or nonexistence of consensus rules that satisfy particular sets of desirable well-defined properties. The axiomatic research reviewed here focuses first on the area of group choice, then in areas of biomathematics where the objects of interest represent partitions of a set, hierarchical structures, phylogenetic trees, or molecular sequences. Axiomatic Consensus Theory in Group Choice and Biomathematics provides a unique comprehensive review of axiomatic consensus theory in biomathematics as it has developed over the past 30 years. Established here are the theory's basic results using standard terminology and notation and with uniform attention to rigor and detail. This book cites both traditional and current literature and poses open problems that remain to be solved. The bibliographic notes in each chapter place the described work within a general context while providing useful pointers to relevant research. The bibliographic references are a valuable resource for both students and experts in the field."