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"Litium Titanat Oksida (Li4Ti5O12) adalah kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai anoda untuk baterai Litium ion. Dalam penelitian ini, Li4Ti5O12 disintesis oleh solid-state dengan kadar ZnO Nanorod yang berbeda. Tiga variasi penambahan kadar ZnO Nanorod yaitu 0%, 4% dan 7% dengan label LTO anoda, LTO/ZnO 4% dan LTO/ZnO Nanorod 7%. Uji karakterisasi terhadap zat yang digunakan adalah SEM dan XRD. Uji karakterisasi bertujuan untuk mengamati terbentuknya ZnO Nanorod dengan metode Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) dan efek penambahan kadar ZnO Nanorod terhadap LTO pada struktur morfologi sampel. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kapasitas optimum masing-masing sampel adalah 127.73 mAh/g untuk LTO anoda, 120.74 mAh/g untuk LTO/ZnO 4% dan 125.00 mAh/g untuk LTO/ZnO 7%. Nilai konduktifitas tertinggi yang didapatkan dari pengujian Electrochemical Impedance Spectrometry (EIS) adalah LTO/ZnO 4%. Berdasarkan hasil XRD, Hasil dari semua variabel dipengaruhi oleh impuritas yang terdapat dalam material aktif yang digunakan.

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Lithium Titanate Oxide (Li4Ti5O12) is a promising candidate for an anode material in Lithium-ion battery. In this research, Li4Ti5O12 is synthesized using the solid-state method with the addition of ZnO Nanorod. The variable used for this research are at 0%, 4% and 7% and each sample is labelled as LTO anode, LTO/ZnO 4% and LTO/ZnO 7%. Characterization tests were made to all the sample by using SEM and XRD. Characterizations were done to examine the structure of ZnO Nanorod as well as the effect of the addition of ZnO Nanorod to the sample and the elements consisting in the active material.

Result shows that LTO anode has the highest capacity at 127.73 mAh/g followed by LTO/ZnO 7% at 125.00 mAh/g and LTO/ZnO 7% 120.74 mAh/g. The conductivity tested using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) shows that the highest conductivity is possessed by LTO/ZnO 4%. The outcome of the research is affected by the impurities in the active materials as shown in the XRD result."

"Mengikuti studi literatur, ekstraksi mangan dan litium dari larutan asam dapat dicapai dengan menggunakan natrium karbonat, menghasilkan presipitat karbonat mangan dan litium. Setelah reaksi, padatan disaring menggunakan filter pelat dari larutan asam. Subsistem filter reaktor kedua kemudian dipasang sebagai sejumlah besar litium yang tidak bereaksi dan litium karbonat terlarut yang tersisa. Dengan cara ini, produk padat mangan dan litium karbonat diperoleh pada 99,5% berat. Aliran daur ulang awalnya direncanakan. Namun, setelah pertimbangan dan penyelidikan lebih dalam dalam neraca massa dan spesifikasi peralatan, hal itu dipertimbangkan. Dengan demikian, aliran daur ulang dapat dianggap dilewati. Area pabrik ini mahal, memiliki total biaya tetap berdasarkan lokasi US$164.864.820 di Jakarta, Indonesia. Artinya, rencana proses ini masih memerlukan optimasi dan pertimbangan ulang. Pabrik ini juga mengeluarkan emisi karbon sebesar 80.910,20 kg CO2 per tahun. Dengan optimasi peralatan lebih lanjut, hal ini dapat dikurangi. Analisis bahaya awal menunjukkan bahwa bahaya yang ditimbulkan dalam proses ini agak minimal dan terkait dengan aliran dan bahan peralatan. Tumpahan, korosi, dan erosi adalah bahaya utama yang dapat dicegah dan dikurangi dengan perawatan dan pemeriksaan rutin.

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Following a literature study, the extraction of manganese and lithium from an acidic solution can be achieved using sodium carbonate, producing carbonate precipitates of manganese and lithium. Following reaction, solids are filtered out using a plate filter from the acidic solution. A second reactor-filter subsystem is then set in place as a sizeable amount of unreacted lithium and dissolved lithium carbonate remain. In this way, a solid product of manganese and lithium carbonates are obtained at 99.5% by weight. A recycle stream was initially planned. However, after deeper consideration and investigation in mass balances and equipment specifications, it was considered. Thus, the recycle stream can be considered by-passed. This plant area is costly, having a locationfactored total fixed cost US$164,864,820 in Jakarta, Indonesia. This means that this process plan still requires optimisation and reconsiderations. This plant also gives off a carbon emission of 80,910.20 kg CO2 annually. With further equipment optimisation, this can be reduced. Preliminary hazard analysis shows that the hazards posed in this process are rather minimal and are related with flowrates and equipment materials. Spillage, corrosion, and erosion are the major hazards which can be prevented and mitigated by routine maintenance and check-up."

"Duesenfeld, sebuah perusahaan teknologi yang berbasis di Jerman, menyediakan teknologi daur ulang baterai menggunakan proses hidrometalurgi untuk memulihkan logam berharga dari limbah baterai. Dalam laporan ini, konten utama berfokus pada Area 200 di dalam pabrik Duesenfeld. Area ini terutama mencakup pemulihan besi dan aluminium hidroksida sebagai produk padat. Area 200 dibagi menjadi tiga unit operasi utama yaitu unit oksidasi, unit pengendapan, dan unit pemisahan. Debit input Area 200 adalah 31.222,86 ton/tahun atau sekitar 11.583,06 m³/tahun. Perhitungan neraca massa menggunakan beberapa asumsi yaitu 99% besi dan aluminium diperoleh kembali dalam bentuk produk padat, dan 100% reaksi oksidasi. Dari perhitungan tersebut, Area 200 mampu menangkap 610,93 ton/tahun besi hidroksida dan 1350 ton/tahun aluminium hidroksida. Selain itu, hasil perhitungan konsumsi energi adalah 5,21 kWh/hari untuk R-201, 49,99 kWh/hari untuk R-202, dan 7,5 kWh/hari untuk F-201. Perhitungan ukuran peralatan meliputi reaktor oksidasi (R- 201), reaktor presipitasi (R-202), dan filter pelat dan bingkai (F-201). Selain itu, total biaya modal yang dihitung adalah AU$3223314.20, dan biaya operasi adalah AU$862.910,3. Emisi lingkungan dari Area 200 hanya terdiri dari pembuangan air limbah dari konsumsi air untuk pencucian filter cake dan emisi CO2 tidak langsung. Hasil perhitungan konsumsi air adalah 1961,18 ton/tahun yang selanjutnya dibuang dan masuk ke fasilitas pengolahan air limbah. Rekomendasi untuk pekerjaan lebih lanjut mencakup desain terperinci untuk peralatan utama, kontrol proses, P&ID, dan analisis ekonomi keseluruhan

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Duesenfeld, a technology company based in Germany, provides a battery recycling technology using hydrometallurgical process to recover valuable metals from battery waste. In this report, the content primarily focuses on Area 200 within the Duesenfeld’s plant. This area mainly covers the recovery of iron and aluminium hydroxides as a solid product. Area 200 is divided into three main unit operations which are oxidation unit, precipitation unit, and separation unit.  The input flowrate of Area 200 is 31,222.86 ton/year or around 11,583.06 m³/year. The material balance calculation uses several assumptions: 99% of iron and aluminium is recovered in the form of solid product, and 100% oxidation reaction. From the calculation, Area 200 able to capture 610.93 ton/year of iron hydroxide and 1350 ton/year of aluminium hydroxide. Moreover, the calculated energy consumptions for the critical equipment are  5.21 kWh/day for R-201, 49.99 kWh/day for R-202, and 7.5 kWh/day for F-201.The sizing of critical equipment includes oxidation reactor (R-201), precipitation reactor (R-202), and plate and frame filter (F-201). Moreover, the calculated total capital cost is AU$3223314.20, and the operating cost is AU$862,910.3 The environmental emissions from Area 200 only consist of wastewater disposal from water consumption for filter cake washing and indirect CO₂ emissions. The water consumption is calculated to be 1961.18 ton/year which thereafter the water is disposed and enters wastewater treatment facility. Recommendations for further work include detailed design for the major equipment, process control, P&ID, and detailed overall economic analysis."

"Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LiFePO4) adalah kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan sumber energi elektrik yang ramah lingkungan. Penambahan Ni komposit dalam baterai berbasis Li-ion dapat meningkatan performa dari baterai LiFePO4. Dalam penelitian ini, LiFePO4 akan disintesis dengan menggunakan Fe2O3, H3PO4, dan LiOH melalui cara solid-state dan dilakukan perlakuan panas yaitu sintering. Setelah itu, prekursor dikompositkan dengan tiga variasi penambahan konten Nikel dalam % berat, yaitu 5, 7 dan 10% melalui metode solid-state dengan ball mill diberi label LFP/5-Ni, LFP/7.5-Ni dan LFP/10-Ni. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan XRD dan SEM untuk mengamati efek penambahan Nikel pada struktur dan morfologi sampel yang dihasilkan.

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Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LiFePO4) is a promising candidate as an environmental friendly electric energy sources. The addition of Nickel composite in Lithium-ion battery based can enhance the performance of LiFePO4 batteries. In this experiment, LiFePO4 was synthesized using Fe2O3, H3PO4, and LiOH by solid-state method and heat treated with sintering process. After that, the precursor were composited with the various Nickel composition, in % wt, 5, 7.5 and 10% with solid-state method by using ball mill and labeled as LFP/5-Ni, LFP/7.5-Ni and LFP/10-Ni respectively. The characterizations were made using XRD and SEM testing. These were performed to observe the effect of Nickel addition on structure and morphology of the resulting samples."

"[Komposit Li4Ti5O12 dan Sn untuk material anoda baterai lithium-ion dipreparasi dengan 2 rute, yaitu sintesis Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) dengan metode hidrotermal dan mixing LTO dan Sn menggunakan ball mill. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh suhu kalsinasi yang optimum pembentukan fasa spinel LTO serta penambahan berat serbuk Sn yang tepat untuk memperoleh peningkatan performa LTO. Sampel dikarakterisasi menggunakan DT/TGA, XRD, SEM EDX, dan EIS. Sedang properti elektrokimia dianalisis menggunakan tes charge/discharge battery analyzer. Hasil menunjukkan telah terbentuk fasa spinelLTO dan butir tumbuh 17, 20, dan 40 nm masing-masing untuk suhu kalsinasi 500, 600, dan 700oC. Foto SEM memperlihatkan butir-butir berbusa dan mengalami aglomerasi yang merupakan efek dari proses sintesis hidrotermal. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh sampel komposit LTO 500oC dan Sn 10% dengan nilai konduktivitas tertinggi yaitu 9,06 x 10-7 S/cm. Uji cyclic voltammetry menunjukkan pasangan anodik-katodik tegangan reduksi-oksidasi LTO 1,5 dan 1,7 V, serta 1,71 dan 2,11 V untuk TiO2. Sedangkan tegangan litiasi Sn terdeteksi0,61 V. Untuk uji charge/discharge komposit LTO 500oC dan Sn 10% memperlihatkan penambahan Sn akan memberi keuntungan saat tegangan rendah(0,6 V) yaitu komposit masih memiliki kapasitas. Kapasitas spesifik untuk komposit LTO 500oC dan Sn 10% mencapai 110 mAh/g dengan C/3.;Li4Ti5O12 and Sn composites as anode material for lithium-ion battery have been prepared with two routes, ie. synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 (namely LTO) with hydrothermal method and mixing LTO and Sn using mechanical ball milling method. The purposes of this study are to obtain the optimum calcination temperatures LTO spinel phase formation and the precise addition of Sn powder is to obtain the improved performance of LTO. Samples have been characterized byDT/TGA, XRD, SEM EDX, and ElS. Meanwhile, electrochemical properties were analyzed using a charge-discharge test battery analyzer. Results showed that LTO spinel phase has been formed and the grains growth 17, 20, and 40 nm respectively for calcination temperature 500, 600, and 700°C. SEM photograph showing a grain foaming and run into agglomeration which is the effect of hydrothermal synthesis process. From this study, LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite has the highest conductivity value ie 9.06 x 10-7 S/cm. Test cyclicvoltammetry showed a couple of anodic-cathodic reduction-oxidation voltage LTO 1.48 and 1.74 V, and 1.65 and 2.11 V for TiO2. Lithiation voltage for Sn at 0.61 V. For test charge/discharge LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite showed the addition of Sn will benefit current low voltage (0.6 V) is a composite still has capacity. Specific capacity for LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite up to 110 mAh/g with C/3.;Li4Ti5O12 and Sn composites as anode material for lithium-ion battery have beenprepared with two routes, ie. synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 (namely LTO) withhydrothermal method and mixing LTO and Sn using mechanical ball millingmethod. The purposes of this study are to obtain the optimum calcinationtemperatures LTO spinel phase formation and the precise addition of Sn powder isto obtain the improved performance of LTO. Samples have been characterized byDT/TGA, XRD, SEM EDX, and ElS. Meanwhile, electrochemical properties wereanalyzed using a charge-discharge test battery analyzer. Results showed that LTOspinel phase has been formed and the grains growth 17, 20, and 40 nmrespectively for calcination temperature 500, 600, and 700°C. SEM photographshowing a grain foaming and run into agglomeration which is the effect ofhydrothermal synthesis process. From this study, LTO 500oC and 10%Sncomposite has the highest conductivity value ie 9.06 x 10-7 S/cm. Test cyclicvoltammetry showed a couple of anodic-cathodic reduction-oxidation voltageLTO 1.48 and 1.74 V, and 1.65 and 2.11 V for TiO2. Lithiation voltage for Sn at0.61 V. For test charge/discharge LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite showed theaddition of Sn will benefit current low voltage (0.6 V) is a composite still hascapacity. Specific capacity for LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite up to 110mAh/g with C/3., Li4Ti5O12 and Sn composites as anode material for lithium-ion battery have beenprepared with two routes, ie. synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 (namely LTO) withhydrothermal method and mixing LTO and Sn using mechanical ball millingmethod. The purposes of this study are to obtain the optimum calcinationtemperatures LTO spinel phase formation and the precise addition of Sn powder isto obtain the improved performance of LTO. Samples have been characterized byDT/TGA, XRD, SEM EDX, and ElS. Meanwhile, electrochemical properties wereanalyzed using a charge-discharge test battery analyzer. Results showed that LTOspinel phase has been formed and the grains growth 17, 20, and 40 nmrespectively for calcination temperature 500, 600, and 700°C. SEM photographshowing a grain foaming and run into agglomeration which is the effect ofhydrothermal synthesis process. From this study, LTO 500oC and 10%Sncomposite has the highest conductivity value ie 9.06 x 10-7 S/cm. Test cyclicvoltammetry showed a couple of anodic-cathodic reduction-oxidation voltageLTO 1.48 and 1.74 V, and 1.65 and 2.11 V for TiO2. Lithiation voltage for Sn at0.61 V. For test charge/discharge LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite showed theaddition of Sn will benefit current low voltage (0.6 V) is a composite still hascapacity. Specific capacity for LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite up to 110mAh/g with C/3.]"

"Litium Ferro Phosphate, LiFePO4 (LFP) adalah kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan katoda baterai lithium ion. Dalam penelitian ini, LFNP/C disintesis dengan metode solid-state dari precursor LFP, Nikel menjadi variasi penambahan konten LFP dalam bentuk doping, yaitu, 6, 7,5 dan 9%, diberi label sampel LFNP/C-Ni6%, LFNP/C-Ni7.5% dan LFNP/C-Ni9%. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan XRD, SEM, EDX, dan MAPPING. Ini dilakukan untuk mengamati efek penambahan Nikel pada struktur, morfologi, dan komposisi sampel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase optimum doping Nikel adalah 7.5% karena telah menunjukan hasil yang memuaskan di performa CV,CD, dan EIS dengan ukuran kristal 76.93 nm. Dalam pengujian cyclic voltametry, konduktivitas dan kapasitas sampel meningkat dan disebabkan oleh penambahan Nikel pada LFP.

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Lithium Ferro Phosphate, LiFePO4 (LFP) is a promising candidate as a cathode material for lithium ion batteries. In this study, LFNP / C was synthesized by the solid-state method of the LFP precursors, Nickel became a variation of LFP content addition in the form of doping, namely, 6, 7.5 and 9%, labeled LFNP / C-Ni6% sample, LFNP / C-Ni7.5% and LFNP / C-Ni9%. Characterization was done using XRD, SEM, EDX, and MAPPING. This was done to observe the effect of adding Nickel to the structure, morphology, and composition of the sample. The results showed that the optimum percentage of Nickel doping was 7.5% because it had shown satisfactory results in the performance of CV, CD, and EIS with a crystal size of 76.93 nm. In cyclic voltametry testing, the conductivity and capacity of the sample increases and is caused by the addition of Nickel to LFP."