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"Colon polyp is a term used for abnormality from bulging tissue above surrounding colonic mucosal layer. Adenoma polyp was the commonly found polyp that progress to colorectal cancer. Most of those patients was asymptomatic. Undetected and unmanaged polyp was a risk factors of colorectal cancer even."

"Colorectal polyp is one important factors that have roles in developing malignancy of lower gastrointestinal tract. Adenomatous polyp is the most common colorectal polyps and it has been known as a lesion precusor for transformation process in developing gastrointestinal malignancy...."

"Colon polyps can be a predisposing factor for colon cancer; they should be immediately removed once they are found. Most of colon cancer arises from adenoma. Most adenoma cases are asymptomatic. It is frequently detected at the first time when someone undergoes screening for colorectal cancer with the imaging modalities in the medical check-up. Approximately, 10-40% of patients without any symptoms with the positive result of occult blood test suffer from adenoma. By using colonoscopy, we can detect for adenoma cancer and adenoma polyps, so colonoscopic procedure is recommended for individuals with the high risk for colorectal cancer. Excision and polyp removal during colonoscopy is a treatment choice to lower the risk for developing colon cancer. Surgical intervention is usually required in the management of adenoma polyps for those with an extremely large size which cannot be resected through endoscopy. There are some suggestions for preventing of adenoma growing such as vegetable and fruit diet, limit intake of meat and fatty food. And finally do physical activities regularly and stay away from alcohol and cigarettes"

"Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the top three leading causes of death in both men and women. However, screening can help detect and prevent CRC. Multiple guidelines recommend CRC screening using stool-based screening and direct visualization via colonoscopy. Anatomically, women have a longer total colonic length, especially in the transverse colon, which makes it redundant; thus it is more difficult to perform complete endoscopy in women. Women also have a higher risk of developing right-sided colon cancer of the flat and depressed type, which is harder to detect than the other types. Moreover, women are less likely to undergo colonoscopy due to embarrassment, especially when the procedure is performed by male gastroenterologists, and the lack of available female gastroenterologists further complicates the problem. The current COVID-19 pandemic also decreases patients’ willingness to undergo screening due to the fear of contracting the COVID-19. Delay in diagnosis leads to more advanced tumors upon detection and ultimately decreases the survival rate, especially in women, as they have lower 1-year survival rate when CRC is detected in its later stages than in men. Innovative options for CRC screening have recently emerged, including colon capsule endoscopy, which can be performed in a clinic and may reduce the need for colonoscopy. However, sex-specific CRC screening guidelines and tools are not available. The objective of this review is to identify the barriers and challenges faced when performing screening colonoscopy in women, especially during the pandemic and to encourage the development of sex-specific CRC screening."

"ABSTRACTWe conducted this study to establish whether drinking alcohol alters the risk of early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC) in Japanese patients with Lynch syndrome (LS). The subjects were 66 LS patients with pathogenic mutation of mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6) from the nationwide Japanese retrospective multicenter study. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to investigate the factors correlating with early-onset CRC diagnosis, using clinical data such as gender, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, body mass index, gene mutation (MLH1, MSH2 vs MSH6), and family cancer history. Alcohol was significantly correlated with an increased risk of early-onset CRC [HR 2.44, 95% CI 1.13-5.16 (p = 0.02)], but tobacco use was not [HR 0.8, 95%CI 0.38-1.62 (p = 0.53)]. These findings suggest that alcohol consumption is correlated with an earlier onset of CRC in Japanese patients with LS."

"Colorectal cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Early detection of colorectal cancer is necessary in term of increasing survival. Immunochemical fecal occult blood test (I-FOBT) is one of the simple and inexpensive screening modality that can be used widely. No data has been available yet regarding the usage of I-FOBT in Indonesia. This study is a prevalance study of I-FOBT in asymptomatic population in Indonesia. A cross sectional study was conducted in asymptomatic population visiting five public health service centers in Depok district, West Java, Indonesia. This study was performed from January to March 2012. Case report form from and I-FOBT kit were used to assess and screen the patient. Statistic analysis was performed using Chi-square test. The prevalence of positive I-FOBT was almost equally distributed among age group. Female dominated whole patients 202 (72.7%). Most of them had middle to low education level 116 (41.7%). As many as 50.7% patients had normal body mass index. we had 11 (4%) patients with positive result of I-FOBT. Prevalence of positive result of I-FOBT in asymptomatic in Indonesia was 4% further studies were needed to confirm sensitivity and specifity of I-FOBT in Indonesia."

"Karsinoma kolorektal (KKR) merupakan tumor ganas saluran cerna dan menjadi penyebab kematian keempat terbanyak akibat penyakit keganasan di seluruh dunia. Gejala klinik KKR sering tidak spesifik mengakibatkan sebagian besar kasus terdiagnosis pada stadium lanjut. Kolonoskopi masih digunakan sebagai baku emas penegakan diagnosis KKR, namun terdapat kendala akses pasien untuk kolonoskopi akibat keterbatasan fasilitas. Pemeriksaan darah samar merupakan metode penapisan awal KKR yang relatif murah dan tidak invasif. Pemeriksaan darah samar yang sering dilakukan menggunakan metode guaiac-based FOBT (gFOBT) atau Fecal Immunochemical Tes (FIT). Sistem skoring Asia Pasific Colorectal Cancer Screening (APCS) merupakan suatu cara untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penapisan pasien berdasarkan data umur, jenis kelamin, riwayat keluarga menderita neoplasma kolorektal, dan riwayat merokok. Saat ini di Indonesia belum diketahui peran kombinasi sistem skoring APCS dan pemeriksaan darah samar feses untuk meningkatkan efektivitas dan efisiensi penapisan karsinoma kolorektal di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menganalisis kombinasi pemeriksaan darah samar feses dan skor APCS dibandingkan dengan histopatologi sebagai baku emas. Penelitian ini memeriksa 78 pasien tersangka KKR yang diperiksa darah samar feses metode gFOBT dan FIT, dihitung skor APCS dan dilakukan biopsi kolonoskopi. Pemeriksaan FIT memiliki nilai prediktif yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan metode gFOBT. Hasil uji diagnostik kombinasi pemeriksaan darah samar feses dengan skor APCS ≥ 2 menunjukkan kombinasi skor APCS dengan metode FIT memiliki nilai spesifisitas, prediksi positif, prediksi negatif yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kombinasi metode gFOBT dan skor APCS ≥ 2.

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Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a malignant tumor of the digestive tract and the fourth cause of death due to malignancy throughout the world. The clinical symptoms of CRC are not specific resulting in advanced stage when first diagnosed. Colonoscopy is used as the gold standard for the diagnosis of CRC, but there are difficulties for patient to access colonoscopy due to limited facilities. Occult blood test is relatively cheap and non-invasive initial screening methods. Occult blood test is often done using the guaiac-based (gFOBT) or Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) methods. The Asia-Pacific Colorectal Cancer Screening (APCS) scoring system is a tool to increase patient screening efficiency based on risks factor developed in the Asia-Pacific region, including age, sex, family history of colorectal neoplasm, and smoking history. At present the role of the APCS scoring system and fecal occult blood test to increase effectiveness and efficiency of colorectal carcinoma screening in Indonesia is still unknown. This study was aimed to analyze the combination of feccal occult blood test with APCS score showed in accordance with histopatology results. FIT has better predictive value compared to gFOBT. Combination of APCS score ≥ 2 and FIT is also gives higher specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value compared when combined with gFOBT."

"Karsinoma Kolorektal (KKR) merupakan keganasan keempat terbanyak dan penyebab kematian ketiga di dunia. Gejala awal KKR yang tidak jelas mengakibatkan sebagian besar pasien datang dalam stadium lanjut. Kolonoskopi sebagai standar diagnostik bersifat invasif, mahal, membutuhkan banyak persiapan, dan tidak dimiliki oleh semua rumah sakit di Indonesia. Pemeriksaan CEA serum saat ini hanya digunakan untuk menilai prognosis. Pemeriksaan CEA feses memberikan harapan dalam deteksi KKR dan terdapat peningkatan sensitivitas dan spesifisitas apabila dikombinasikan dengan parameter lain. Sistem skoring Asia Pacific Colorectal Cancer Screening (APCS) berdasarkan data umur, jenis kelamin, riwayat keluarga menderita KKR dan riwayat merokok dapat meningkatkan efisiensi penapisan pasien KKR. Penelitian ini menganalisis kombinasi pemeriksaan CEA feses dan serum serta skor APCS dibandingkan dengan histopatologi sebagai baku emas. Desain penelitian potong lintang terhadap 60 pasien terduga KKR yang diperiksa CEA feses dan serum, dihitung skor APCS dan dilakukan biopsi kolonoskopi. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan perbedaan bermakna kadar CEA feses, CEA serum dan skor APCS pada kelompok KKR dan non-KKR. Median kadar CEA feses kelompok KKR dan non-KKR adalah 10726 ng/mL (32,9 – 30000 ng/mL) dan 3671,8 ng/mL (35,9 – 29454,8 ng/mL), median kadar CEA serum kelompok KKR dan non-KKR adalah 8,95 ng/mL (0,5 – 7757,9 ng/mL) dan 1,75 ng/mL (0,5 – 5,8 ng/mL), dan skor APCS kelompok KKR dan non-KKR adalah 3 dan 2. Berdasarkan hasil analisis multivariat variabel yang memiliki kemaknaan secara statistik dalam probabilitas terjadinya KKR adalah CEA feses dan CEA serum dengan rumus y = 1/ (1 + Exp (0,93 –1,56*CEA feses – 1,87*CEA serum)).

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Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common malignancy and third most deadly cancer in the world. The early nonspecific symptoms of CRC resulting most patients come in an advanced stage. Colonoscopy as a diagnostic standard is invasive, expensive, requires some preparation, and not available in all hospitals in Indonesia. Serum CEA is currently used only for prognostic purposes. Fecal CEA has advantage in detection of CRC and sensitivity and specificity increased as combined with the other parameters. The Asia Pacific Colorectal Cancer Screening (APCS) scoring system based on data of age, sex, family history of CRC and smoking history improve screening efficiency of CRC patients. This study analyzed combination of fecal and serum CEA, and APCS scores with histopathology as the gold standard. This is a cross sectional study in 60 suspected CRC who were examined for fecal and serum CEA, calculated APCS scores and performed colonoscopic biopsies. In this study, there were significant differences of fecal CEA, serum CEA and APCS scores in CRC and non-CRC groups. The median fecal CEA levels in CRC and non-CRC groups were 10726 ng/mL (32.9 – 30000 ng/mL) and 3671.8 ng/mL (35.9 – 29454.8 ng/mL), the median serum CEA levels in CRC and non-CRC groups were 8.95 ng/mL (0.5 – 7757.9 ng/mL) and 1.75 ng/mL (0.5 – 5.8 ng/mL), and APCS scores of CRC and non-CRC groups were 3 and 2. Based on the multivariate analysis, fecal and serum CEA were variables statistically significance in probability of CRC with formula y = 1/ (1 + Exp (0.93 – 1.56*fecal CEA – 1.87*serum CEA))."

"Tujuan: Menghitung Tingkat Utilisasi Radioterapi aktual (TURa) dan optimal (TURo) untuk kanker kolon dan rektum di Indonesia. Metodologi: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang terhadap data sekunder registrasi/rekam medis kanker di rumah sakit (RS) dengan pusat radioterapi di Indonesia tahun 2019. Data dikumpulkan secara total sampling untuk menghitung TURo, TURa, dan persentase yang tidak terpenuhi. Hasil: Terdapat 32 RS yang datanya dapat diolah (1.211 dan 1.762 pasien kanker kolon dan rektum). Rata-rata pasien berusia sekitar 52-54 tahun (10-94 tahun), jenis kelamin laki-laki (51,1%) dan berasal dari Sumatera Utara atau Jawa Tengah. Sebagian besar datang dengan stadium lokal lanjut dan lanjut (III dan IV), tidak diradiasi (76,9%). TURa kolon 14 RS adalah 5,3% (0-33,3%), sedangkan TURo kolon 3,3 (3-3,7%) dengan persentase yang tidak terpenuhi -60,6% (-76,7 sampai -43,2%). Untuk TURa dan TURo rektum adalah 22,8% (0-100%) dan 41% (28-66%). Persentase yang tidak terpenuhi kanker rektum adalah 44,4% (18,6-65,5%). Kesimpulan: TURa kanker kolon terkesan sudah memenuhi TURo, tetapi ketika disesuaikan dengan data dalam lingkup yang lebih besar, masih terdapat celah yang belum terpenuhi. Untuk kanker rektum, masih diperlukan peningkatan utilisasi. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut pada indikasi radiasi yang belum terlalu jelas. Selain itu, peningkatan TUR perlu mempertimbangkan faktor pasien, klinisi ataupun birokrasi.

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Aims: To calculate the actual and optimal Radiotherapy Utilization Rate (RTUa and RTUo) of colon and rectal cancer in Indonesia. Methodology: This cross-sectional study used secondary cancer registry/medical records from hospitals with radiotherapy centers in Indonesia in 2019. Total sampling was used for data collection to calculate RTUa, RTUo and percentage of unmet needs. Results: Out of 32 hospitals (1,211 and 1,762 colon and rectal cancer patients), the mean age was 52-54 years old (10-94), male (51.1%), from North Sumatra or Central Java province. Most patients came with locally advanced and advanced stages (III and IV), not irradiated (76.9%). RTUa of colon in 14 hospitals was 5.3% (0-33.3%), whereas RTUo was 3.3 (3-3.7%). The unmet needs was -60.6% (-76.7 to -43.2%). For rectal, the RTUa and RTUo were 22.8% (0-100%) and 41% (28-66%). The unmet needs for rectal was 44.4% (18.6-65.5%). Conclusion: Despite the impression of fulfilling the RTUo of colon cancer, gaps are to be filled when adjusted with a broader scope of data. Moreover, for rectal cancer, there was still an unmet need for utilization. Further research is needed, especially in cancer with obscure radiotherapy indications. The increase in RTU should also consider patient, clinician and bureaucratic factors."

"ABSTRAKKanker kolorektal menduduki peringkat ketiga jenis kanker yang paling sering terjadi di dunia. Data mengenai gambaran tatalaksana kanker kolorektal di RSUP Fatmawati belum pernah tercatat dan belum pernah dievaluasi keberhasilanya. Untuk itu kami mengumpulkan data penderita kanker kolorektal sehingga kami bisa menggambarkan profil penderita kanker kolorektal di RSUP Fatmawati.Metode : Penelitian ini dirancang secara potong lintang retrospektif analitik, di RSUP Fatmawati Jakarta dengan mencatat rekam medis penderita kanker kolorektal yang mendapatkan tatalaksana pembedahan dan terapi adjuvan pada tahun 2010 – 2012.Hasil : Selama 3 tahun periode Januari 2010 sampai dengan 2012, kami dapatkan 122 penderita kanker kolorektal yang di tatalaksana di Departemen Bedah RSUP Fatmawati Jakarta, yang sesuai kriteria inklusi 85 penderita. prevalensi dari tahun ke tahun semakin tambah, dengan jenis kelamin pria lebih banyak (55%) dan wanita (45%). Kelompok usia terbanyak pada penderita usia 50 tahun ke atas (55%), dan. lokasi tumor terbanyak pada kolon kanan (21%). Sebagian besar datang mencari pertolongan dengan keluhan utama buang air besar yang berdarah dan berlendir (47%). Stadium klinis penderita datang dengan stadium I (1%), stadium II (20%), stadium III (50%), stadium IV (28%). Sebagian besar temuan histopatologi adalah adenokarsinoma, dengan differensiasi baik (42%), differensiasi baik-sedang (8%), differensiasi sedang (24%), differensiasi sedang-buruk (4%), differensiasi buruk (10%), dan musinosum (12%). Hanya 68% penderita kanker kolorektal yang mendapatkan kemoterapi adjuvan.Simpulan : Berdasarkan penelitian ini kami menyimpulkan bahwa RSUP Fatmawati dengan jumlah insidensi kanker kolorektal bertambah tiap tahunnya. Rerata pasien yang berkunjung ke pelayanan kami adalah penderita pada stadium III. Kecenderungan insidensi pada usia muda semakin bertambah, kemoterapi adjuvan atau paliatif belum maksimal, neoadjuvan kemoradiasi atau radiasi tidak ada pada pelayanan kami. Sebagian besar penderita diberikan kemoterapi capecetabine oral. Sebagian besar terdapat ketidaksesuaian antara staging klinis dengan staging histopatologis. Data yang didapatkan ini merupakan data pertama yang kami buat di Departemen Bedah RSUP Fatmawati.

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ABSTRACTColorectal cancer was the third most frequent type of cancer that occurs in the world. Data of colorectal cancer management in Fatmawati hospital has not been recorded and has not been evaluated. we collected the data and we can describe the profile of colorectal cancer patients in Fatmawati hospital.Method : The study was designed as a cross-sectional retrospective analytic, in Fatmawati hospital Jakarta recorded base on colorectal cancer patient medical record who received surgery and adjuvant therapy in 2010-2012 .Result : During the 3 years, period from January 2010 to 2012, we got the 122 colorectal cancer patients in in the Department of Surgery Fatmawati hospital Jakarta, appropriate inclusion criteria 85 patients. Prevalence from year to year was increased, with more male gender (55%) and female (45%). The age group most in people aged 50 years and over ( 55 % ). Most tumor location in the right colon (21%). Most come for help with a chief complaint of bloody and mucus stool (47%). Clinical staging of patients with stage I came (1 %), stage II (20%), stage III (50%), stage IV (28%). Most of the findings histopathology is adenocarcinoma, with good differentiated (42%), well-moderate differentiated (8%), moderate differentiated (24%), moderate-poor differentiated (4%), poor differentiated (10%), and mucinous (12%). Only 68 % of patients with colorectal cancer who received adjuvant chemotherapy.Conclusion : Based on this study we conclude that the number of colorectal cancer patients in Fatmawati increased every each year. The most patients who visited our departement was in stage III. Tendency prevalence was increased at a young age, adjuvant or palliative chemotherapy is not maximized, neoadjuvant chemoradiation or radiation does not exist in our services. Most of the patients given oral chemotherapy capecetabine. Mostly there was a mismatch between clinical staging and histopathological staging. The data obtained was the first data that we created in the Department of Surgery Fatmawati hospital Jakarta ."