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"ABSTRAKIllegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) fishing activities have been widely known as a threat to marine living resources. The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) has adopted its advisory opinion on the responsibility and the possible liability of the flag States who committed IUU fishing activities in an area under the jurisdiction of the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC). Other than the Opinion, many international scholars and legal instruments have arisen the same concern, however, the primary source on the Law of the Sea, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is silent in this matter. The issue is very relevant with the current case that encountered by the Indonesian Government with regard to the Chinese-flagged fishing boat, namely Kway Fey 10078, that had been suspected to conduct IUU fishing activities in the Indonesian exclusive economic zone (EEZ). In this particular case, the Chinese coast guard ship assisted the Kway Fey to escape from Indonesian jurisdiction by ramming into Kway Fey 10078. In consequence, the Indonesian Government cannot enforce its jurisdiction upon Kway Fey and the Chinese Government requested Indonesia to release eight Chinese nationals who are detained. This reaction shall question on how international provide legal solutions on how to effectively deal with IUU fishing activities."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang Siklus Hidup Norma anti-IUU Fishing di Indonesia. Praktik IUU Fishing membawa dampak negatif bagi perkembangan pengelolaan perikanan di Indonesia. Bentuk IUU Fishing tidak hanya dari aspek legal berupa pelanggaran kedaulatan, pemalsuan izin, melainkan juga bentuk kejahatan transnasional seperti perdagangan orang dan penyelundupan narkoba. Sebagai pemimpin regional, Indonesia mendorong negara di kawasan untuk menyadari ancaman dari aktivitas IUU Fishing. Akan tetapi, upaya bilateral dan multilateral tidak menghasilkan kesepakatan bersama karena perbedaan persepsi antarnegara di kawasan. Melalui uraian dari beberapa kasus IUU Fishing di perairan Indonesia, diperoleh penjelasan bagaimana norma anti-IUU Fishing berkembang. Melalui teori Siklus Hidup Norma, studi ini menguraikan tiga tahap perkembangan norma anti-IUU Fishing dan menunjukkan contoh keberhasilan Indonesia pada masa lalu ketika mendorong konsep negara kepulauan sehingga diakui oleh publik internasional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jika norma anti-IUU Fishing sudah melewati ambang batas, namun mengalami stagnasi pada tahap penerimaan (norm cascade). Hal itu mengakibatkan norma anti-IUU Fishing mengalami gejala penerimaan sebagian (partial cascade) dan tidak dapat menyelesaikan akhir yaitu internalisasi. Tiga faktor yang menghambat perkembangan norma anti-IUU Fishing yaitu: karakter intrinsik norma, kedekatan norma baru dengan norma lama, dan konteks temporal global norma.

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This research discusses the norm life cycle of anti-IUU Fishing norms in Indonesia. IUU Fishing activities have brought negative effects on the development of sustainable fisheries management in Indonesia. Types and forms of IUU Fishing are not only harmful from the legal perspective such as violation of the sovereignty, licenses forging but also involves transnational organized crimes such as people smuggling and drug transactions. As a leader in the region, Indonesia promotes anti-IUU Fishing norms to its neighbors. Nonetheless, bilateral and multilateral arrangements have failed to be seen as a solution as the diverse perception over IUU Fishing practices among ASEAN countries are considerably significant.

Discussions over several notable IUU Fishing cases and the response from Indonesia will be analyzed to demonstrate the emergence of anti-IUU Fishing norms and its development in Indonesia. By virtue of Norm Life-Cycle Theory, this study outlines three stages of the anti-IUU Fishing norm’s evolution and presents an example of Indonesia’s successful campaign in the past when promoting the concept of archipelagic country up until the efforts received international recognition. The research finds that anti-IUU Fishing norms was able to reach its tipping point. Nonetheless, it fails to conclude the second phase, Norm Cascades, which hinders its progress to the ultimate stage, internalization. Based on the norm life-cycle theory, this research argues that several factors halt the development of IUU Fishing norm: Intrinsic Character of Norms, Adjacency Claim to Previous or Existing Norms, and World Time Context."

"The increasing awareness of the importance of competition brings about the introduction for such a regulation at the national level and this is witnessed by the enactment of the Malaysian Competition Act 2010. The passing of a general competition law like the Competition Act 2010 will definitely have an impact on sectoral laws like the provisions in the Economic Regulation of the CMA 1998. Normally general competition law prevail over sector-specific law that regulates competition unless exemption to such laws is done which even if given, will have to be lifted at some time and the trend in the develop- ment in this area of law also supports this. Therefore, the integration of sector-specific competition laws into the general competition law will have to be made."

"Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing sebagai bentuk ancaman kontemporer merupakan hasil dari perkembangan kajian keamanan internasional yang tidak lagi terfokus pada militer, tetapi juga dimensi lain yang saling terkait yakni militer, sosial, politik, ekonomi dan lingkungan. Maraknya praktik IUU Fishing memberikan dampak buruk yang siginifikan kepada negara-negara korban, seperti Indonesia dan Australia. Menjawab masalah ini, kedua negara menetapkan cara penangangan luar biasa extraordinary measure yang diimplementasikan melalui produk kebijakan dengan pendekatan yang berbeda. Indonesia menggunakan pendekatan law enforcement dengan kebijakan penenggelaman kapal sedangkan Australia lebih memilih untuk melakukan pendekatan diplomasi dan perundang-undangan. Teori sekuritisasi dari Barry Buzan dan metode perbandingan politik digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebagai fondasi analisa dan bertujuan untuk menghadirkan kajian keamanan melalui politik perbandingan. Analisa pada penelitian ini ditekankan pada besarnya peran aktor sekuritisasi dalam kebijakan kedua negara. Hasil temuan dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa kedua negara mampu mengimplementasikan produk kebijakannya dengan efektif yang dibuktikan dengan peningkatan pada sumber daya perikanan dan pengurangan praktik IUU Fishing.

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Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing IUU Fishing as a form of contemporary threat is the result of the development of international security studies that is no longer focused on military, but also other aspects such as social, politics, economy, and environment. The rise of IUU Fishing gives a significant negative impact towards the victim countries, such as Indonesia and Australia. Answering this problem, both countries define extraordinary measure which is implemented through policy products with different approaches. While Indonesia is using the law enforcement approaches, Australia, in the other hand, prefers to approach diplomacy and legislation. Barry Buzan's theory of securitization and political comparison methods is used in this research as a foundation of analysis and aims to present security studies through comparative politics. The analysis of this research emphasizes the role of actors of securitization in both countries'policy. The result of this research shows that both countries are able to implement their policy product effectively which is proved by the increasing of fisheries resources and the decreasing of IUU Fishing. "

"Besarnya potensi perikanan Indonesia tidak diimbangi dengan pendapatan yang diperoleh negara akibat kegiatan IUU fisjing. IUU fishing memberikan dampak pada lingkungan, ekomini, maupun sosial. Pengawasan kegiatan IUU fishing di Indonesia dilakukan oleh Kementeria Kelautan dan Perikanan. Sistem pengawasan kegiatan IUU fishing di Indonesia dibagi menjadi empat yaitu pengawasan before fishing, while fishing, during landing, dan post landing. Pelaksanaan kegiatan pengawasan yang diakukan oleh Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan bekerja sama dengan BAKAMLA, POLAIR, dan TNI AL. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai bagaimana sistem pengawasan kegiatan IUU fishing yang dilakukan oleh Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan analisis deskriptif. Hasil skripsi ini menggambarkan bagaimana pengawasan yang dilakukan pada saat before fishing, while fishing, during landing, dan post landing.

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Indonesia have great potential of fisheries, but Indonesia get low income from fisheries cause IUU fishing. Activities of illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing give negative impact to environment, economy, and social. Controlling of IUU fishing in Indonesia is countered by Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. Controlling system of IUU fishing in Indonesia devide into controlling of before fishing, while fishing, during landing, and post landing. Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries make cooperation with BAKAMLA, POLAIR, and TNI AL in controlling of IUU fishing in Indonesia. This research use qualitative research metode with descriptive analysis. The research result describe about controlling in before fishing, while fishing, during landing, dan post landing."

"Transshipment adalah praktik umum yang dilakukan oleh individu dalam bisnis perikanan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas penangkapan ikan dan mengurangi biaya bahan bakar dan dapat dianggap sebagai praktik yang hemat biaya. Namun praktik ini menjadi bahan perdebatan karena mengarah pada Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing. Illegal Transshipment mengaburkan transparansi penangkapan ikan karena sulitnya melacak di mana dan bagaimana ikan ditangkap, dan dengan demikian menyebabkan kurangnya pengawasan dalam praktiknya. Indonesia dan Panama adalah dua dari banyak negara yang wilayahnya menjadi hotspot praktik transshipment. Hal ini karena Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan yang luas dan pusat perdagangan perikanan di Asia Tenggara. Di sisi lain, Panama merupakan salah satu pusat perdagangan di mana sebagian besar kargo dari atau ke Panama tiba di tujuannya melalui proses transshipment. Regulasi antara Indonesia dan Panama mengenai transhipment diatur melalui regulasi nasional masing-masing negara, serta regulasi dari organisasi internasional dan regional seperti Uni Eropa dan Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs). Melalui metode penelitian hukum normatif akan dianalisis bagaimana prosedur transshipment diatur menurut hukum Indonesia dan Panama, beserta persamaan dan perbedaannya. Penelitian ini juga menjelaskan keterkaitan antara praktik Illegal Transshipment dengan IUU Fishing. Penelitian ini kemudian menyarankan agar prosedur transshipment dibahas dan diatur dalam undang-undang perikanan Indonesia dan Panama, perlunya International Fishing License yang berbeda untuk kapal Indonesia yang melakukan layanan internasional dan harus ada unit penegak hukum dari RFMO yang wilayahnya sering terjadi transshipment.

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Transshipment is a common practice carried out by individuals in the fishery business to increase the effectiveness of fishing and reduce fuel costs in order fft to be considered cost-effecive practices. However, this practice has become a matterrof debate because it leads to Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing. Illegal Transshipment obscures the transparency of fishing due to its difficulty to track where and how the fish are caught, and thus leading to a lack of oversight in the practice. Indonesia and Panama are two of the many countries whose territory is a hotspot for transshipment practices. This is because Indonesia is a vast archipelagic country and fishing trade center in South East Asia. On the other hand, Panama is one of the trade centers where most of the cargo from or to Panama arrives at its destination through the transshipment process. Regulations between Indonesia and Panama regarding transshipment are regulated through the national regulations of their respective countries, as well as regulations from international and regional organizations such as the European Union and Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs). Through the normative legal research method will analyze how the transshipment procedures are regulated according to Indonesian and Panamanian laws, along with its similarities and differences. This study also explained the link between Illegal Transshipment practices and IUU Fishing. This research then suggests that transshipment procedures is discussed and regulated in the Indonesian and Panamanian fisheries laws, the need for a different International Fishing License for Indonesian vessels that perform international services and there must be a law enforcement unit from RFMOs whose areas often occur transshipment."

"Tugas Karya akhir ini membahas mengenai tindakan penegakan hukum yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Indonesia dalam memberantas tindakan yang tergolong kepada Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated IUU Fishing sebagai upaya menjaga kedaulatan wilayah laut Indonesia. Oleh karena itu tulisan ini berfokus kepada langkah-langkah penegakan hukum yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Indonesia dalam upaya memberantas IUU Fishing yang terjadi wilayah laut Indonesia, yang kemudian dianalisis menggunakan teori sistem hukum yang dikemukakan oleh Lawrence M. Friedman. Hasil dari tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa penegakan hukum terhadap IUU Fishing yang dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah Indonesia telah memenuhi ketiga unsur sistem hukum yang dikemukakan oleh Lawrence M. Friedman sebagai indikator yang menentukan efektif atau tidaknya suatu penegkan hukum. Adapun ketiga unsur sistem hukum tersebut adalah unsur struktur hukum yang ditandai dengan adanya institusi yang melaksanakan penegakan hukum terhadap IUU Fishing, kemudian unsur substansi dan kultur hukum yang ditandai dengan terciptanya peraturan-peraturan hukum, yang diiukuti dengan sikap tegas dan komitmen pemerintah Indonesia dalam melaksanakan penegakan hukum dalam upaya menjaga kedaulatan wilayah laut.

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This final paper discusses about law enforcement actions conducted by the Government of Indonesia in eradicating the actions that considered Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated IUU Fishing in an effort to maintain the Indonesia marine territorial sovereignty. Therefore, this paper focuses on law enforcement measures conducted by the Government of Indonesia in an effort to eradicate IUU fishing that occurs in Indonesia sea territory, which are then analyzed using the legal system theory propounded by Lawrence M. Friedman. The results of this paper show that law enforcement against IUU fishing implemented by the Government of Indonesia has met the three elements of the legal system propunded by Lawrence M. Friedman as an indicator that determines whether the law enforcement is effective or not. The three elements of the legal system is an element of the legal structure that is characterized by the institutions that implemented law enforcement against IUU fishing, then the element of substance and legal culture that is characterized by the creation of legal regulations, which followed with the attitude and commitment of the Government of Indonesia in performing law enforcement in an effort to maintain the marine territorial sovereignty."

"Sesuai dengan ketentuan yang tercantum dalam Konvensi Hukum Laut Internasional 1982 atau UNCLOS 1982 (United Nation Convention of the Law of the Sea), Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan memiliki wilayah perairan yang meliputi perairan pedalaman, laut territorial, zona tambahan, zona ekonomi eksklusif (ZEE), landas kontinen (LK), dan laut lepas. Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia memiliki garis pantai yang sangat panjang dan berbatasan dengan sepuluh negara. Hal tersebut menyebabkan delimitasi batas maritim merupakan hal yang penting bagi Indonesia. Permasalahan delimitasi batas maritim Republik Indonesia dengan Malaysia bersumber dari ketidakjelasan batas-batas negara dan status suatu wilayah yang saling bertumpang tindih menurut versi masing-masing. Situasi inilah yang menjadi sumber konflik khususnya dalam penegakan hukum terhadap IUU Fishing dalam wilayah Overlapping terutama mengenai klaim yurisdiksi batas-batas maritimnya. Implikasi nyata dari belum selesainya batas maritim ini jelas akan menimbulkan permasalahan penegakan hukum di daerah overlapping claim. Permasalahan yang sering timbul ketika proses negosiasi delimitasi batas maritim sedang berlangsung adalah apabila terjadi pelanggaran ketentuan hukum nasional dari kedua negara, sehingga sering menimbulkan ketidak pastian hukum terkait siapa yang memiliki kewenangan untuk menegakkan ketentuan hukum nasional di perairan perbatasan yang belum ditentukan diantara kedua negara. Ketidakpastian tersebut sering berakibat pada penangkapan nelayan kedua negara. Terkait hal tersebut UNCLOS 1982 hanya memberikan kewajiban kepada kedua negara untuk membentuk pengaturan sementara di perairan perbatasan yang belum ditentukan untuk mencegah terjadinya konflik. Tesis ini lebih lanjut akan menganalisa mengenai bagaimana hukum nasional dan internasional serta praktek negara-negara terkait penegakan hukum di perairan perbatasan yang belum ditentukan.. Berdasarkan praktek negara dan hukum internasional penegakan hukum berdasarkan klaim unilateral di perairan perbatasan yang belum ditentukan (overlapping claim) dapat menimbulkan konflik dan memperlambat penyelesaian delimitasi batas maritim antara kedua negara.. Penyelesaian batas maritim tersebut dilakukan secara diplomasi melalui perundingan batas sesuai dengan UNCLOS 1982. Tesis ini akan memberi gambaran, menemukan fakta dan data baru serta meneliti tentang wilayah perairan overlapping dan menjelaskan status terakhir delimitasi batas maritim Indonesia dengan Malaysia dan bagaimana implementasi penegakan hukum terhadap IUU Fishing di area itu.

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In accordance with the provisions of the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Indonesia as an archipelagic state has a water area containing the internal waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone (EEZ), Continental Shelf (CS), and high seas. Indonesia as the largest archipelagic country in the world has a very long coastline and is bordered by ten countries. This makes delimitation of the maritime boundary is genuinely important for Indonesia. The process of maritime boundary delimitation Indonesia between Malaysia often source from undefined borders and overlapping claim according to each countries version. The problem that often arises when the maritime boundary delimitation negotiation process is underway is if there is a violation of the provisions of the national law of both countries, which often leads to legal uncertainty over who has the authority to enforce national law provisions in the unresolved maritime boundary between the two countries. Such uncertainty often results in interception of violations occurring in undefined border waters by the two disputing countries. In this regard, UNCLOS only provides obligations to both countries to establish provisional arrangements in undefined border waters to prevent conflicts. This thesis will further analyze the national and international regulations as well as the practice of law enforcement both countries in overlapping claim waters. The completion of the maritime border diplomacy is conducted through the boundary negotiations in accordance with UNCLOS 1982. This paper will gives overview, to discover new facts and to researches about waters area in overlapping claim and to explain the latest status of Indonesian maritime boundary delimitation with Malaysia and to what extent the implementation of law enforcement in those areas."

"ABSTRAKIntensifnya respon Indonesia terhadap isu IUU fishing pada akhir tahun 2014 hingga tahun 2016 telah mengidikasikan adanya upaya sekuritisasi isu ini oleh Pemerintahan Presiden Joko Widodo. Berdasarkan teori konteks dalam sekuritisasi milik Thierry Balzacq, penelitian ini menganalisis konteks apa yang mempengaruhi sekurtisasi isu IUU fishing tersebut. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah analisis konten terhadap lsquo;penyampaian-penyampaian rsquo; tentang IUU fishing oleh Pemerintah, artikel-artikel yang dimuat oleh media massa nasional, serta regulasi-regulasi dalam rezim IUU fishing regional dan internasional. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa diskursus tentang IUU fishing di ranah domestik dan rezim internasional maupaun regional tentang IUU fishing merupakan konteks yang mempengaruhi sekuritisasi karena keduanya menjadi sumber makna tekstual dan sumber makna kultural tentang IUU fishing bagi Indonesia.

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ABSTRACTIndonesia rsquo s intensive response to IUU fishing by the end of 2014 until 2016 has been indicated Joko Widodo administration rsquo s securitization of this issue. In light of Balzacq rsquo s theory of context in securitization, this research analyzes the context which affects the securitization of IUU fishing in Indonesia. The methodology employed in this research is a content analysis of the speeches delivered by government officials, as well as editorials put forward by national media. In addition, it also looks at international IUU fishing regime rsquo s regulation. This research finds that the discourse on IUU fishing in domestic, international and regional IUU fishing regimes are the contexts which shape the frames of securitization by providing the source of textual and cultural meanings of IUU fishing for Indonesia."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tentang tindakan penegak hukum di laut yang dilakukanpemerintah Indonesia, terutama penyidik dari instansi Kementerian Kelautan danPerikanan serta TNI Angkatan Laut guna memberantas tindak pidana perikanandengan cara mengambil tindakan khusus berupa pembakaran dan/ataupenenggelaman kapal ikan asing (KIA) pelaku tindak pidana perikanan di ZonaEkonomi Eksklusif Indonesia (ZEEI). Oleh karena itu penelitian ini akanmenjelaskan tentang dasar hukum, praktek negara-negara dan prosedurpenenggelaman KIA pelaku tindak pidana perikanan baik berdasarkan hukuminternasional maupun hukum nasional. Pembahasan penelitian dianalisismenggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif dandijabarkan secara preskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa adabeberapa negara, misalnya Argentina, Australia, Filipina dan Malaysia yangmempunyai kebijakan yang sama dengan Indonesia untuk memusnahkan KIApelaku tindak pidana perikanan, walaupun dengan teknis pelaksanaan yangberbeda. Tindakan yang diambil oleh Indonesia dan negara-negara tersebut telahmemiliki dasar yang kuat berupa peraturan perundang-undangan nasional yangmengacu pada UNCLOS 1982. Rekomendasi penelitian ini adalah apabilamelakukan penenggelaman KIA pada tahap pemeriksaan di laut sebagaipelaksanaan Pasal 69 (4) UU No 45 Tahun 2009 tentang Perubahan terhadap UUNomor 31 Tahun 2004 tentang Perikanan, agar tindakan khusus tersebut hanyadilaksanakan di Perairan Indonesia (Perairan Pedalaman, Perairan Kepulauan, danLaut Teritorial karena masih banyak batas ZEEI yang belum disepakati dengannegara-negara lain yang berbatasan wilayah lautnya dengan Indonesia.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis examines the actions of law enforcements at sea conducted by theIndonesian government, especially the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheriesand the Indonesian Navy to combat Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU)Fishing by taking special measures to burn and/or sink foreign fishing vesselscommitted IUU fishing in the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).Therefore, this research will explain the legal basis, state practices and proceduresfor sinking foreign fishing vessels both based on international law and nationallaw. This thesis will analyze the judicial process with a qualitative approach anddescriptive elaboration. The study shows that there are several countries, such asArgentina, Australia, the Philippines and Malaysia that have the same policieswith Indonesia in which they destroy foreign fishing vessels, even though thetechnical implementations are different. The actions taken by Indonesia and thesecountries have legal standing of national legislation referring to UNCLOS 1982.Therefore, it is recommended to sink foreign fishing vessels at sea as theimplementation of Article 69 (4) Fisheries Act 2009 Numbor 45, the specialmeasures will only be carried out in Indonesian waters (internal waters,archipelagic waters and territorial seas because there are still many IndonesianEEZ boundaries that have not been agreed with other countries."