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"ABSTRAKPrevalensi H.pylori di Indonesia berbeda pada masing-masing daerah dan etnis di Indonesia. Prevalensi, faktor virulensi dan faktor risiko infeksi H.pylori di Indonesia timur belum banyak diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan data prevalensi infeksi H.pylori, faktor virulensi Cag Pathogenecity Island (Cag-PAI) yang dihubungkan dengan gambaran endoskopi dan histopatologi serta faktor risiko infeksi H.pylori di Indonesia timur.Penelitian ini menganalisis data secara retrospektif dari pengumpulan sampel di kota Kupang, Kolaka, Palu, Ternate dan Merauke. Data yang didapatkan berupa hasil wawancara, pemeriksaan esofagogastroduodenoskopi, pemeriksaan histopatologi, dan pemeriksaan gen Cag-PAI pada kuman H.pylori. Data dari pemeriksaan rapid urease test, histopatologi dan dikonfirmasi dengan IHK mendapatkan angka prevalensi rata-rata adalah 16,6%. Prevalensi tertinggi didapatkan di Kupang (36,4%) diikuti Merauke (20%). Berdasarkan etnis prevalensi terbesar ditemukan pada etnis Timor (40%), etnis Bugis (20,8%) dan etnis Papua (20%). Gambaran endoskopi pada pasien dengan H.pylori positif yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah gastritis (64,7%) diikuti gambaran gastritis atrofik (26.5%) dimana proporsi gambaran gastritis atrofik lebih besar pada H.pylori positif. Pasien dengan H.pylori positif didapatkan memiliki derajat inflamasi dan atrofi yang lebih berat. Faktor virulensi Cag-PAI didapatkan di Kupang (39,4%), Merauke (20%) dan Kolaka (15,2%). Adanya faktor virulensi Cag-PAI secara signifikan bermakna terhadap derajat beratnya inflamasi dan atrofi (p<0.05). Faktor sosial ekonomi, sumber air, konsumsi alkohol dan merokok tidak bermakna secara statistik sebagai faktor risiko infeksi H.pylori. Prevalensi H.yplori di Indonesia timur cukup tinggi jika dibandingkan wilayah Indonesia lainnya. Terdapat faktor virulensi Cag-PAI pada beberapa daerah di Indonesia timur yang berhubungan dengan derajat beratnya inflamasi dan atrofi gaster."

"Data epidemiologi infeksi Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) terus berubah dalam beberapa dekade terakhir. Indonesia dilaporkan memiliki prevalensi infeksi H. pylori yang rendah dibandingkan dengan negara lain di Asia. Beberapa penelitian di Indonesia melaporkan bahwa sanitasi yang buruk, usia, agama, etnis merupakan faktor risiko untuk infeksi H. pylori. Dibandingkan dengan tes diagnostik lainnya, tes urine merupakan tes yang dapat diandalkan untuk mendeteksi H. pylori di Indonesia karena tes tersebut bersifat non-invasif dengan harga yang cukup terjangkau dan memiliki akurasi yang tinggi. Meskipun banyak penelitian telah dilakukan mengenai prevalensi infeksi H. pylori pada beberapa etnis di Indonesia, peneliti masih memiliki beberapa pertanyaan yang belum terjawab mengenai infeksi H. pylori di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan untuk membangun pusat penelitian H. pylori yang menyediakan fasilitas untuk kultur, evaluasi resistensi antibiotik, dan memperoleh informasi genotipe yang dapat menjelaskan perbedaan dalam infeksi H. pylori di antara berbagai etnis di Indonesia."

"Latar belakang: Kejadian penyakit ginjal kronik (PGK) pada anak berkembang dengancepat menuju penyakit ginjal tahap akhir (PGTA), yang sering disertai gejala saluran cerna termasuk infeksi Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Faktor risiko infeksi H. pylori pada anak PGTA yang menjalani dialisis termasuk status nutrisi, status sosioekonomi, kepadatan lingkungan, tipe dan durasi dialisis.Tujuan: Mengidentifikasi faktor risiko infeksi H. pylori pada anak dengan PGTA yangmenjalani dialisis. Metode: Penelitian cross-sectional ini menganalisis data primer pasien anak dengan PGTA yang menjalani dialisis di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) Kiara pada tahun 2023.Hasil: Jumlah subyek penelitian ini adalah 47 anak yang terdiri dari 30 (63,8%) lelaki dan 17 (36,2%) perempuan. Nilai rerata usia adalah 13,15 ± 2,72 tahun. Mayoritas pasien tinggal pada pedesaan (57,4%), menjalani hemodialisis (70,2%) dengan durasi dialisis ≥1 tahun (55,3%), mengalami malnutrisi (51,1%) dengan status sosioekonomi rendah (61,7%), crowding index (CRI) >2 (66%), terinfeksi H. pylori (80,9%), memiliki skor frequency scale for the symptoms of GERD (FSSG) ≥8 (61,7%) dan skor pediatric quality of life inventory (PedsQL) <70 (97,9%). Berdasarkan analisis multivariat, faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan infeksi H. pylori pada pasien anak dengan PGTA adalah kepadatan lingkungan (p=0,012) dan status sosioekonomi (p=0,048). Kesimpulan: Prevalens infeksi H. pylori pada anak dengan PGTA yang menjalani dialisis adalah sebesar 80,9% dengan reratan usia pasien 13.15 ± 2,72 tahun. Dari hasil analisis multivariat, faktor risiko infeksi H.pylori adalah kepadatan lingkungan (p=0,012) dan status sosioekonomi (p=0,048). Mayoritas pasien memiliki kualitas hidup yang terganggu.

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Background: The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children increases rapidly towards end stage renal disease (ESRD) which is often accompanied with gastrointestinal symptoms include Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Risk factors for H. pylori infection in ESRD children undergoing dyalisis include poor nutritional and low socioeconomic status, crowded environments, type and duration of dialysis. Objective: To identify risk factors of H. pylori infection in pediatric ESRD patients undergoing dialysis.

Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed primary data on pediatric ESRD patients undergoing dialysis at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central Public Hospital in 2023.

Results: The number of subjects in this study were 47 children, 30 (63.8%) boys and 17 (36.2%) girls. The mean value for age was 13.15 ± 2,72 years. Most patients lived in rural areas (57.4%), had hemodialysis (70.2%) with duration of ≥1 year (55.3%), had malnutrition (51.1%), with low socioeconomic status (61.7%), crowding index (CRI) >2 (66%), infected by H. pylori (80.9%), had frequency scale for the symptoms of GERD (FSSG) score of ≥8 (61.7%) and pediatric quality of life inventory (PedsQL) score <70 (97.9%). Based on multivariate analysis, the risk factors associated with H. pylori infection in pediatric ESRD patients were environmental density (p=0,012) and socioeconomic status (p=0,048).

Conclusion: Prevalence of pediatric ESRD patients who had dialysis that were infected by H. pylori was 80.9% and the age’s average value was 13.15 ± 2,72 years. Based on multivariate analysis, the risk factors for H. pylori infection were environmental density (p=0,012) and socioeconomic status (p=0,048). Most of the patients had low quality of life."

"Dyspepsia is a common complain in clinical practice. Correlation between helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and functional dyspepsia had been reported in many studies, but studies that analyzed the severity of dyspepsia and H. pylori were limited and the result were controversial. This study is about to know the correlation between the severity of dyspepsia and H. pylori infection. A retrospective descriptive analysis to patients with dyspepsia at Permata Bunda Hospital, Medan was done in 2010-2014. Simple random sampling was done to get 44 patient with dyspepsia, 22 are H. pylori positive and 22 patients are H. pylori negative. The severity of dyspepsia assessed with porto alegre dyspeptic symptoms questionnaire (PADYQ) scoring instrument. Univariate and bivariate analysis (Chi-square and spearman correlation) were done using SPSS version 22. Epigastric pain is teh most common symptom in dyspepsia patients. There is a correlation between ulcer type dyspepsia and H. pylori infection (p=0.030), while dysmotility type and mixed type were not correlated. The severity of epigastric pain has significant positive correlation with H. pylori (r=0.386;p=0.01), while the severity of other symptoms such as nausea, vomit, and abdominal bloating have negative correlation with H.pylori. Dyspepsia total scoring is significantly lower in H. pylori positive than in H.pylori negative (p=0.033). There is a positive correlation between the severity of nausea, vamit, and abdominal bloating and H.pylori infection, and correlation between lower dyspepsia total scoring and H.pylori pain."

"Latar Belakang: Prevalensi infeksi Helicobacter pylori yang masih tinggi di beberapa negara. Penelitian di Guang Zhou terjadi penurunan seroprevalensi infeksi Helicobacter pylori antara tahun 1993 2003 dari 62 5 menjadi 47. Studi prevalensi di salah satu RS swasta Jakarta menunjukkan penurunan prevalensi infeksi Helicobacter pylori dari 12 5 di tahun 1998 menjadi 2 9 di tahun 2005 Perlunya diketahui seroprevalensi dikomunitas saat ini apakah sesuai dengan penurunan yang terjadi pada penelitian berbasis rumah sakit dan faktor faktor yang mempengaruhi infeksi Helicobacter pylori di masyarakat. Tujuan: Mengetahui seroprevalensi dan faktor faktor sosiodemografis yang berhubungan dengan infeksi Helicobacter pylori. Metode: Studi potong lintang terhadap 111 pasien dispepsia yang berobat di Puskesmas Kelurahan Kalibaru Jakarta Utara Januari-Februari 2015. Dilakukan analisa bivariat untuk mengetahui hubungan faktor faktor dengan infeksi Helicobacter pylori menggunakan uji chi square dan uji T tidak berpasangan serta alternatifnya. Analisa multivariat menggunakan uji regresi logistik. Hasil dan Pembahasan: Pada 111 pasien dewasa dengan keluhan dispepsia yang berobat ke Puskesmas Kelurahan Kalibaru didapatkan seroprevalensi Helicobacter pylori sebesar 22 5 95 IK 14 8 30 2. Usia tidak berhubungan dengan infeksi Helicobacter pylori p 0 270. Semakin tinggi tingkat sosial ekonomi semakin rendah rasio odds infeksi Helicobacter pylori OR 0 2 95 IK 0 02-1 71. Semakin tinggi indeks kepadatan penduduk semakin tinggi rasio odds infeksi Helicobacter pylori OR 1 2 95 IK 0 37-4 49. Semakin rendah clean water index semakin tinggi rasio odds infeksi Helicobacter pylori OR 1 5 95 IK 0 57-4 04. Semakin rendah status sanitasi semakin tinggi rasio odds infeksi Helicobacter pylori OR 2 5 95 IK 1 01-6 19. Kesimpulan: Seroprevalensi Helicobacter pylori pada pasien dispepsia kelurahan Kalibaru sebesr 22 5 95 IK 14 8 30 2. Didapatkan hubungan antara sanitasi lingkungan dengan Helicobacter pylori.

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Background: The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in some countries remains high. Study in Guang Zhou showed a decrease in seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori from 62 5 in 1993 to 47 in 2003. Prevalence studies in one of the private hospitals in Jakarta showed a decrease in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection from 12 5 in 1998 to 2 9 in 2005. It is important to know the seroprevalence in community nowadays and its related factors in society.

Objective: To identify seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and its socio demogrphic related factors.

Method: A cross sectional study in 111 patients with dyspepsia who got treatment in Kalibaru Primary Health Care in North Jakarta from January to February 2015. A bivariate analysis was done to know relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and its related factors using chi square unpaired t test and their alternatives. Multivariate analysis was done using logistic regression test.

Result: Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori of 111 dyspepsia patients who get treatment in Kalibaru Primary Helath Care in this study was 22 5 95 CI 14 8 30 2. There is no relationship between age and Helicobacter pylori infection p 0 270 Higher socio economic class was related to lower risk Helicobacter pylori infection OR 0 2 95 IK 0 02-1 71. Higher crowding index was related to higher risk Helicobacter pylori infection OR 1 2 95 IK 0 37-4 49. Lower clean water index was related to higher risk Helicobacter pylori infection OR 1 5 95 IK 0 57-4 04. Lower sanitation status was related to higher risk Helicobacter pylori infection OR 2 5 95 IK 1 01-6 19.

Conclusion: Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patient with dyspepsia in Kalibaru village was 22 5 95 CI 14 8 30 2. There is a relation between sanitation and Helicobacter pylori infection. "

"Telah diketahui bahwa H.pylori adalah penyebab gastritis kronik aktif. Semakin aktif gastritis kronik, semakin besar kemungkinan adanya infeksi H.pylori. Penyebaran H.pylori pada lambung tidak merata dan karenanya biopsi sebaiknya diambil paling seqikit dari 2 tempat. Sebagian besar biopsi yang diterima Bagian Patologi Anatomik FKUljRSCM hanya dari 1 tempat di antrum. Oleh karena itu dilakukan penelitian yang menelaah lebih lanjut hubungan antara berbagai derajat aktivitas gastritis kronik den~an keberadaan H.pylori sehingga biopsi yang hanya ,dari 1 tempat di antrum- tersebut dapat bermanfaat. Dalam penelitian ini dari 168 sediaan didapatkan 4 kasus gastritis superfisialis dan 164 gastritik atrofik. Pada 164 kasus gastritis atrofik yang terbanyak adalah gastritis atrofik aktif yaitu 152 kasus sedangkan gastritis atrofik tenang hanya 12 kasus. Gastritis atrofik aktif terdiri atas 103 kasus aktif akut dan 38 kasus di antaranya terdapat H.pylori. Keberadaan H.pylori pada gastritis atrofik aktif akut dan aktif kronik berbeda bermakna, juga pada gastritis atrofik aktif akut ringan sampai berate Hasil penelitian ini dalam hal penemuan H.pylori sama dengan hasil penelitian lain yang menggunakan lebih dari 1 biopsi. Adanya H.pylori gastritis atrofik aktif akut ringan yang disertai sebukan ringan sampai berat sel mononukleus juga berbeda bermakna. Karena itu pada gastritis kronik dengan sebukan padat sel mononukleus perlu dicari pula sel polimorfonukleus, dan jika ditemukan sel tersebut kemungkinan ada H.pylori.

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It has been known that H.pylori was the etiology of active chronic gastritis and the more active the gastritis, the more likely H.pylori was present. The distribution of H.pylori in the stomach was patchy and therefore at least two b~opsies were recommended. In The Anatomic Pathology Department of The Medical Faculty of The University of Indonesia/Dr.Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, most of the specimens only consisted of 1 biopsy from the antrum. Based on that reason, the aim of this study is to elaborate the relationship between variations of grades of chronic active gastritis and the presence of H.pylori from the specimen that only consisted of 1 biopsy taken from the antrum. The result of this study consisted of 4 superf~cial gastritis and 164 atrophic gastritis. In 152 from 164 atrophic gastritis showed active atrophic gastritis and 12 cases showed quiescent atrophic gastritis. In 103 from 152 cases are acute active atrophic gastritis and H.pylori was seen in 38 from 103 cases. The H.pylori's presence in acute and chronic active gastritis was statistically significant and was found in all the specimens from mild to the severe grade of acute active atrophic gastritis. The result of this study showed no difference in the p-resence of H.pylori with the result from studies using more than 1 biopsy. The presence of H.pylori was also significant in mild acute atrophic gastritis with mild upto severe infiltration of mononuclear cells. That was the reason tor a very car~ful examination to look for polimorphonuclear cells infiltration in chronic gastritis with severe mononucleus infiltration, and if there were polimorphonuclear cells, a search for H.pylori should be done."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang : Risiko infeksi Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) dikaitkan denganbanyak faktor yang terkait dengan pejamu-agen-lingkungan. Etnis adalah salahsatu faktor dari pejamu yang banyak diteliti di luar negeri. Prevalensi infeksiH.pylori didapatkan lebih tinggi pada etnis tertentu seperti misalnya di China.Berdasarkan teori Migrasi dan teori Transmisi diduga infeksi H.pylori akandibawa oleh penduduk yang bermigrasi dari daerah dengan prevalensi tinggi ketempat tujuan migrasi. Etnis Tionghoa di Kalimantan Barat berasal dari daerahChina Selatan dimana prevalensi infeksi H.pylori tinggi. Diperkirakan adaperbedaan angka prevalensi infeksi H.pylori pada etnis Tionghoa dibandingkanpada etnis asli Kalimantan Barat, yaitu etnis Dayak.Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui perbedaan angka prevalensi, karakteristikepidemiologis dan gambaran hasil pemeriksaan endoskopi pada subjek etnisTionghoa dan Dayak dengan sindrom dispepsia.Metode : Penelitian ini adalah studi potong lintang untuk mengetahui perbedaanangka prevalensi infeksi H.pylori. Penelitian dilakukan di RSU Santo AntoniusPontianak dari bulan Desember 2014 sampai Juni 2015 dengan metodepengambilan sampel secara consecutive sampling. Angka prevalensi infeksiH.pylori disajikan dalam angka persentase, sedangkan perbedaan karakteristikepidemiologis dan perbedaan gambaran hasil pemeriksaan endoskopi pada etnisTionghoa dan Dayak dianalisis dengan analisis bivariat menggunakan chi-squaredengan tingkat kemaknaan (p) = 0,05.Hasil : Dari 203 subjek yang diteliti, terdiri dari 102 subjek etnis Tionghoa dan101 subjek etnis Dayak didapatkan angka prevalensi H.pylori sebesar 40,8%.Prevalensi pada etnis Tionghoa didapatkan lebih tinggi dibanding etnis Dayak,berturut-turut sebesar 48,0% dan 33,7%. Tidak ada perbedaan karakteristikepidemiologis dan temuan hasil pemeriksaan endoskopi pada kedua kelompoketnis.Simpulan : Terdapat perbedaan angka prevalensi infeksi H.pylori pada etnisTionghoa (48,0%) dibanding etnis Dayak (33,7%). Tidak ada perbedaankarakteristik epidemiologis dan gambaran hasil pemeriksaan endoskopi padakedua kelompok etnis.

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ABSTRACTBackground : Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection risk is associated withmany factors related to host-agent-environment matter. Ethnicity is one of the hostfactors which was the most studied factor overseas. The prevalence of H. pyloriinfection was found higher in certain ethnic such among Chinese. Based onmigration and transmission theory, it was suspected that H. pylori infection weretransmitted by people migrating from areas with a high prevalence of infection tothe destination area. Chinese in West Borneo are originated from South Chinaregion where the prevalence of H. pylori infection is high. It is estimated thatthere are differences in the prevalence of H. pylori infection among Chinesecompared to the native people of West Borneo, the Dayaknese.Objective: To determine the differences in the prevalence, epidemiologicalcharacteristics and endoscopic finding between Chinese and Dayaknese withdyspeptic syndrome.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study to determine the differences inthe prevalence of H. pylori infection. The study was conducted at St. AntoniusGeneral Hospital Pontianak from December 2014 to June 2015 with consecutivesampling method. H.pylori infection prevalence is presented in percentagenumbers, while the epidemiological characteristics and endoscopic findingdifferences among Chinese and Dayaknese were analyzed by bivariate analysisusing the chi-square with significance value (p) = 0.05.Results : From a total of 203 subjects in this study, consisted of 102 Chinesesubjects and 101 Dayaknese subjects, the prevalence of H.pylori infection was40.8%. The prevalence among Chinese is higher than Dayaknese, which is 48.0%and 33.7%, respectively. There is no difference in the epidemiologicalcharacteristics and endoscopic findings in both ethnic groups.Conclusions : The prevalence of H. pylori infection among the Chinese (48.0%)is higher than among Dayaknese (33.7%). There is no difference in theepidemiological characteristics and endoscopic finding among both ethnic groups.;Background : Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection risk is associated withmany factors related to host-agent-environment matter. Ethnicity is one of the hostfactors which was the most studied factor overseas. The prevalence of H. pyloriinfection was found higher in certain ethnic such among Chinese. Based onmigration and transmission theory, it was suspected that H. pylori infection weretransmitted by people migrating from areas with a high prevalence of infection tothe destination area. Chinese in West Borneo are originated from South Chinaregion where the prevalence of H. pylori infection is high. It is estimated thatthere are differences in the prevalence of H. pylori infection among Chinesecompared to the native people of West Borneo, the Dayaknese.Objective: To determine the differences in the prevalence, epidemiologicalcharacteristics and endoscopic finding between Chinese and Dayaknese withdyspeptic syndrome.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study to determine the differences inthe prevalence of H. pylori infection. The study was conducted at St. AntoniusGeneral Hospital Pontianak from December 2014 to June 2015 with consecutivesampling method. H.pylori infection prevalence is presented in percentagenumbers, while the epidemiological characteristics and endoscopic findingdifferences among Chinese and Dayaknese were analyzed by bivariate analysisusing the chi-square with significance value (p) = 0.05.Results : From a total of 203 subjects in this study, consisted of 102 Chinesesubjects and 101 Dayaknese subjects, the prevalence of H.pylori infection was40.8%. The prevalence among Chinese is higher than Dayaknese, which is 48.0%and 33.7%, respectively. There is no difference in the epidemiologicalcharacteristics and endoscopic findings in both ethnic groups.Conclusions : The prevalence of H. pylori infection among the Chinese (48.0%)is higher than among Dayaknese (33.7%). There is no difference in theepidemiological characteristics and endoscopic finding among both ethnic groups.;Background : Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection risk is associated withmany factors related to host-agent-environment matter. Ethnicity is one of the hostfactors which was the most studied factor overseas. The prevalence of H. pyloriinfection was found higher in certain ethnic such among Chinese. Based onmigration and transmission theory, it was suspected that H. pylori infection weretransmitted by people migrating from areas with a high prevalence of infection tothe destination area. Chinese in West Borneo are originated from South Chinaregion where the prevalence of H. pylori infection is high. It is estimated thatthere are differences in the prevalence of H. pylori infection among Chinesecompared to the native people of West Borneo, the Dayaknese.Objective: To determine the differences in the prevalence, epidemiologicalcharacteristics and endoscopic finding between Chinese and Dayaknese withdyspeptic syndrome.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study to determine the differences inthe prevalence of H. pylori infection. The study was conducted at St. AntoniusGeneral Hospital Pontianak from December 2014 to June 2015 with consecutivesampling method. H.pylori infection prevalence is presented in percentagenumbers, while the epidemiological characteristics and endoscopic findingdifferences among Chinese and Dayaknese were analyzed by bivariate analysisusing the chi-square with significance value (p) = 0.05.Results : From a total of 203 subjects in this study, consisted of 102 Chinesesubjects and 101 Dayaknese subjects, the prevalence of H.pylori infection was40.8%. The prevalence among Chinese is higher than Dayaknese, which is 48.0%and 33.7%, respectively. There is no difference in the epidemiologicalcharacteristics and endoscopic findings in both ethnic groups.Conclusions : The prevalence of H. pylori infection among the Chinese (48.0%)is higher than among Dayaknese (33.7%). There is no difference in theepidemiological characteristics and endoscopic finding among both ethnic groups., Background : Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection risk is associated withmany factors related to host-agent-environment matter. Ethnicity is one of the hostfactors which was the most studied factor overseas. The prevalence of H. pyloriinfection was found higher in certain ethnic such among Chinese. Based onmigration and transmission theory, it was suspected that H. pylori infection weretransmitted by people migrating from areas with a high prevalence of infection tothe destination area. Chinese in West Borneo are originated from South Chinaregion where the prevalence of H. pylori infection is high. It is estimated thatthere are differences in the prevalence of H. pylori infection among Chinesecompared to the native people of West Borneo, the Dayaknese.Objective: To determine the differences in the prevalence, epidemiologicalcharacteristics and endoscopic finding between Chinese and Dayaknese withdyspeptic syndrome.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study to determine the differences inthe prevalence of H. pylori infection. The study was conducted at St. AntoniusGeneral Hospital Pontianak from December 2014 to June 2015 with consecutivesampling method. H.pylori infection prevalence is presented in percentagenumbers, while the epidemiological characteristics and endoscopic findingdifferences among Chinese and Dayaknese were analyzed by bivariate analysisusing the chi-square with significance value (p) = 0.05.Results : From a total of 203 subjects in this study, consisted of 102 Chinesesubjects and 101 Dayaknese subjects, the prevalence of H.pylori infection was40.8%. The prevalence among Chinese is higher than Dayaknese, which is 48.0%and 33.7%, respectively. There is no difference in the epidemiologicalcharacteristics and endoscopic findings in both ethnic groups.Conclusions : The prevalence of H. pylori infection among the Chinese (48.0%)is higher than among Dayaknese (33.7%). There is no difference in theepidemiological characteristics and endoscopic finding among both ethnic groups.]"

"ABSTRAKPendahuluan :Trypanosoma evansi adalah protozoa berflagella yang bersirkulasidi dalam darah secara ekstraseluler sebagai agen penyakit Surra serta menyerangseluruh hewan vertebrata, serta berpotensi sebagai zoonosis. Informasi virulensiisolat T. evansi sangat dibutuhkan untuk penentuan strategi pengobatan Surra didaerah wabah dan endemis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasivirulensi isolat T. evansi yang dikoleksi dari berbagai wilayah di Indonesiatermasuk memperoleh marka genetik serta mengetahui profil sitokin pada mencit.Disamping itu, dilakukan juga uji serologis pada peternak di daerah wabah SurraMetode : Sebanyak 32 isolat lokal T. evansi dikonfimasi dengan PCR multiplex(ITS-1; Te Ro Tat 1,2 VSG dan ESAG6/7), selanjutnya diuji virulensinya denganmenginfeksikan104 parasit pada mencit galur DDY. Studi genotyping populasiT. evansi dievaluasi dengan 8 marka mikrosatelit Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10,MORF2-CA, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT. Dua isolat yang berbedavirulensi (tinggi-Bang87 dan rendah-Pml 287) dipilih untuk uji imunopatogenitassedangkan serum peternak diuji dengan metode FELISA dan CATT T. evansi.Hasil : Dari 32 isolat tersebut terbagi menjadi 17 isolat bervirulensi tinggi, 11isolat bervirulensi moderat dan 4 isolat bervirulensi rendah dengan 8 pola tingkatparasitemia. Analisis Neigbour Joining (NJ) terhadap 8 lokus berdasarkan MultiLokus Genotipe (MLG) mikrosatelit terbagi menjadi 4 populasi, yaitu MLG A,MLG B, MLG C dan MLG D. Analisis terhadap struktur populasi jugamemberikan hasil yang sama dengan terbentuknya 4 klaster. Hasil ini jugamembuktikan bahwa marka yang digunakan bersifat spesifik lokasi. Sebanyaktiga marka mengindikasikan adanya asosiasi antara virulensi dan MLG (Tbb-1,M6C8-CA dan MEST-19). Kadar IFN-γ meningkat secara tajam pada mencityang diinfeksi isolat Bang 87 pada 4hpi berkorelasi negatif yang signifikan(p<0,05) dengan kadar IL-10, sedangkan pada mencit yang diinfeksi isolat Pml287, peningkatan kadar IFNγ berkorelasi positif dengan kadar IL-10. Kematiandini pada mencit yang diinfeksi isolat Bang 87 disebabkan oleh sindrom responinflamasi sitemik. Hasil uji serologis menunjukkan bahwa 4 dari 24 serumpeternak (16,67%) didaerah wabah positif dan seluruh serum negatif untukdaerah non wabah.Kesimpulan : Variasi virulensi T. evansi isolat Indonesia memiliki karaktermolekular yang berbeda serta menginduksi pola mediator sitokin pro danantiinflamasi yang berhubungan dengan pola manifestasi patologi yang berbeda.Marka mikrosatelit pada studi ini mampu mengidentifikasi asal usul sumberinfeksi, dan tingkat virulensi isolat yang sedang bersirkulasi. Surra berpotensisebagai emerging zoonosis, terutama bagi peternak didaerah wabah dan endemis.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate ofprotozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentiallyas zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge todetermine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. Theaims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolatescollected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers aswell as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried outto farmers living in a Surra outbreak areaMethods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi wasevaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CAMORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulenceisolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysisusing ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kitsResults: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into threedifferent virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on NeigbourJoining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture populationanalysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These resultsindicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an associationbetween virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in miceinfected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significantnegative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in miceinfected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemicinflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 outof 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample fromfree area are negative.Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia hasdifferent molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatorymediators associated with distinct patterns of pathologicalmanifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identifyorigin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on theoutbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers orimmunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas;Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate ofprotozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentiallyas zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge todetermine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. Theaims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolatescollected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers aswell as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried outto farmers living in a Surra outbreak areaMethods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi wasevaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CAMORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulenceisolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysisusing ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kitsResults: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into threedifferent virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on NeigbourJoining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture populationanalysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These resultsindicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an associationbetween virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in miceinfected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significantnegative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in miceinfected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemicinflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 outof 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample fromfree area are negative.Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia hasdifferent molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatorymediators associated with distinct patterns of pathologicalmanifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identifyorigin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on theoutbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers orimmunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas;Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate ofprotozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentiallyas zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge todetermine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. Theaims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolatescollected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers aswell as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried outto farmers living in a Surra outbreak areaMethods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi wasevaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CAMORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulenceisolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysisusing ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kitsResults: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into threedifferent virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on NeigbourJoining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture populationanalysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These resultsindicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an associationbetween virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in miceinfected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significantnegative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in miceinfected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemicinflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 outof 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample fromfree area are negative.Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia hasdifferent molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatorymediators associated with distinct patterns of pathologicalmanifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identifyorigin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on theoutbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers orimmunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas;Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate ofprotozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentiallyas zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge todetermine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. Theaims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolatescollected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers aswell as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried outto farmers living in a Surra outbreak areaMethods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi wasevaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CAMORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulenceisolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysisusing ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kitsResults: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into threedifferent virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on NeigbourJoining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture populationanalysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These resultsindicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an associationbetween virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in miceinfected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significantnegative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in miceinfected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemicinflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 outof 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample fromfree area are negative.Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia hasdifferent molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatorymediators associated with distinct patterns of pathologicalmanifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identifyorigin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on theoutbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers orimmunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas;Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate ofprotozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentiallyas zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge todetermine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. Theaims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolatescollected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers aswell as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried outto farmers living in a Surra outbreak areaMethods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi wasevaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CAMORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulenceisolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysisusing ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kitsResults: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into threedifferent virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on NeigbourJoining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture populationanalysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These resultsindicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an associationbetween virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in miceinfected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significantnegative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in miceinfected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemicinflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 outof 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample fromfree area are negative.Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia hasdifferent molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatorymediators associated with distinct patterns of pathologicalmanifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identifyorigin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on theoutbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers orimmunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas;Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate ofprotozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentiallyas zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge todetermine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. Theaims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolatescollected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers aswell as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried outto farmers living in a Surra outbreak areaMethods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi wasevaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CAMORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulenceisolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysisusing ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kitsResults: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into threedifferent virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on NeigbourJoining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture populationanalysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These resultsindicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an associationbetween virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in miceinfected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significantnegative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in miceinfected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemicinflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 outof 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample fromfree area are negative.Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia hasdifferent molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatorymediators associated with distinct patterns of pathologicalmanifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identifyorigin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on theoutbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers orimmunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas;Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate ofprotozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentiallyas zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge todetermine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. Theaims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolatescollected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers aswell as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried outto farmers living in a Surra outbreak areaMethods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi wasevaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CAMORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulenceisolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysisusing ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kitsResults: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into threedifferent virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on NeigbourJoining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture populationanalysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These resultsindicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an associationbetween virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in miceinfected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significantnegative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in miceinfected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemicinflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 outof 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample fromfree area are negative.Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia hasdifferent molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatorymediators associated with distinct patterns of pathologicalmanifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identifyorigin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on theoutbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers orimmunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas;Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate ofprotozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentiallyas zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge todetermine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. Theaims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolatescollected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers aswell as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried outto farmers living in a Surra outbreak areaMethods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi wasevaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CAMORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulenceisolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysisusing ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kitsResults: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into threedifferent virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on NeigbourJoining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture populationanalysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These resultsindicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an associationbetween virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in miceinfected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significantnegative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in miceinfected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemicinflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 outof 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample fromfree area are negative.Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia hasdifferent molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatorymediators associated with distinct patterns of pathologicalmanifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identifyorigin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on theoutbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers orimmunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas;Introduction: Trypanosoma evansi is an extracellular homoflagellate ofprotozoan blood causing Surra. The disease attacks all vertebrates and potentiallyas zoonosis. Virulence analysis of T. evansi is a fundamental knowledge todetermine treatment strategies of Surra in both outbreak and endemic areas. Theaims of this study was to determine virulence variation of T. evansi isolatescollected from various regions in Indonesia and to obtained genetic markers aswell as cytokine profile in mice. In addition, serological test was also carried outto farmers living in a Surra outbreak areaMethods: Total of 32 isolates of T. evansi corfirmed with multiplex PCR (ITS-1;Te Ro Tat 1.2 VSG and ESAG6 / 7), were further tested with inoculation 104parasite in DDY mice strain. The population genotype study of T. evansi wasevaluated with 8 microsatellite markers (Tbb-1, Tbb-5, Tbb-9, Tbb-10-CAMORF2, M6C8-CA, MEST-19AT, MT3033-AT). Two different virulenceisolates, high-Bang87 and low-PML287 was selected to cytokine profile analysisusing ELISA, while farmers sera were tested using CATT and FELISA kitsResults: A total of 32 local isolates of T. evansi tested were divided into threedifferent virulences, i.e. 17 high virulence isolates, 11 moderate virulence and 4low virulence isolates forming 8 pattern parasitemia levels. Based on NeigbourJoining (NJ) on 8 Microsatellite Multilocus Genotype (MLGs) was grouped into4 populations (MLG A, MLG B, MLG C and MLG D). Stucture populationanalysis also provided the similar result generating 4 clusters. These resultsindicated that the markers used in this study had a specific location property.Three markers (TBB-1, and MEST M6C8-CA-19) showed an associationbetween virulence and MLG. IFN-γ levels increased significantly in miceinfected with Bang 87 isolate on 4th day post infection (dpi) having a significantnegative correlation (p <0.05) with increased IL-10 levels, whereas in miceinfected by PML 287 isolate, IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with IL- 10levels. Early death in mice infected with Bang87 isolates was caused by systemicinflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Result of serological test showed that 4 outof 24 farmers sera (16.67%) from outbreak areas are positive and all sample fromfree area are negative.Conclusion: Virulence variation of T. evansi isolates from Indonesia hasdifferent molecular character and induces cytokine pattern of pro and antiinflammatorymediators associated with distinct patterns of pathologicalmanifestations. The microsatellite markers found in this study are able to identifyorigin of infection sources dan determine virulence of isolates that circulate on theoutbreak area. Surra is potential new emerging disease, particularly for farmers orimmunosurpressed individuals who living in both endemic and outbreak areas"

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Latar belakang: Prevalensi infeksi Helicobacter pylori pada anak di Indonesia 8%- 52%. Gejala dominan pada anak dengan infeksi H. pylori adalah refluks gastroesofageal yang mengganggu kualitas hidup (penyakit refluks gastroesofageal/PRGE), yang secara definitf di diagnosis dengan pemeriksaan esofagogastroduodenoskopi (EGD). Untuk mengetahui infeksi dilakukan uji Rapid Urease Test (RUT) pada saat bedside, namun uji ini belum diketahui akurasinya Tujuan: Mendapatkan proporsi positif RUT pada biopsi lambung dibandingkan real-time PCR. Selain itu ingin diketahui karakteristik gambaran klinis, demografi, dan hubungan faktor risiko pada anak PRGE yang menjalani prosedur EGD. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang pada 46 anak dengan PRGE di RSCM dan RS MMC. Semua subyek menjalani RUT, real-time PCR dan histopatologi. Hasil: Anak perempuan berusia lebih dari 10-18 tahun dengan tingkat pendidikan orangtua rendah mendominasi karakteristik subyek penelitian ini. Nyeri perut lebih dari 3 bulan, anemia, status nutrisi, orangtua dispepsia dan kepadatan kapling rumah pada penelitian ini tidak terbukti sebagai faktor risiko terhadap terjadinya PRGE. Namun, pola makan tidak teratur dan komsumsi makan berempah memengaruhi terjadinya gastropati pada lambung anak (p < 0,05). Proporsi positif RUT; 2,2% dan real-time PCR; 8,7%. Kesimpulan: Hasil negatif pada pemeriksaan RUT tidak menyingkirkan terjadinya infeksi H. pylori, terutama pada pasien dalam terapi proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Pemeriksaan lanjutan menggunakan real-time PCR dianjurkan untuk mendukung diagnosis ini.

 

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Background: The prevalence of detected Helicobacter pylori infection of children in Indonesia was 8%-52%. Gastroesophageal reflux was the dominant symptom and might be attributable to H. pylori infection which reduced quality of life. Current definitive diagnosis was using esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Rapid Urease Test (RUT) was used in bedside setting for H. pylori detection, however its accuracy was still unkown. Objectives: This study was done to determine the positive proportion of RUT on gastric biopsy specimens and real-time PCR. Moreover, this study explored the characteristics of clinical and demographic features, and examined the risk factors in children with GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) who underwent diagnostic EGD. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study on 46 children diagnosed as GERD, admitted to the RSCM and MMC Hospital. All subject underwent RUT, real-time PCR and histopathology examination. Results: Most subjects are girls, more than 10-18 years with low parental education dominated the proportion of subject included in this study. According to abdominal pain more than 3 months, anemia, nutritional status, parental dyspepsia and crowded household were not proven to be risk factors for increase of GERD. However, irregular feeding habit and consumption of spicy foods were be associated with gastropathy in child’s gastric mucosa (p < 0,05). The positive proportion of RUT was 2.2% and real-time PCR was 8.7%. Conclusion: The negative result of RUT could not rule out of H. pylori infection, especially in patients with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. Further examination using real-time PCR is needed to support the diagnosis.

 

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