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"Pada penelitian ini dilakukan distilasi uap tanaman nilam menggunakan variasi plate kolom fraksionasi. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh kadar patchouli alkohol yang optimum dari tanaman nilam (Pogostemon cablin). Patchouli alkohol merupakan komponen utama dari minyak nilam dengan persentase 35-40%. Minyak nilam dapat diperoleh melalui proses distilasi uap tanaman nilam. Distilasi uap biasa digunakan untuk memisahkan substansi-substansi yang tidak saling campur dengan menurunkan titik didih komponen campuran yang titik didihnya tinggi dengan adanya uap air tersebut.Dalam penelitian ini digunakan kolom fraksionasi dengan variasi plate, yaitu menggunakan kelereng dengan ukuran dan tinggi yang berbeda di dalam kolom. Dengan adanya variasi tersebut diharapkan terjadi pemisahan komponen-komponen minyak yang lebih baik. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan variasi waktu distilasi guna mengetahui dan mendapatkan kadar patchouli alkohol yang optimum. Kemudian, dilakukan identifikasi karakteristik minyak nilam menggunakan GC-MS dan dilanjutkan dengan analisis sifat fisika dan kimianya.Kadar patchouli alkohol paling optimum didapatkan dari variasi plate dengan menggunakan kelereng besar setinggi ¾ kolom yaitu sebesar 41,785 % dan rendemen minyak nilam terbanyak didapatkan dari variasi plate menggunakan kelereng besar setinggi ¼ kolom yaitu 0,914 % selama waktu distilasi 7 jam.

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In this research, steam distillation of patchouli was carried out using a fractionation column with plate variation. The main objective of this study was to obtain an optimal levels of patchouli alcohol from patchouli (Pogostemon cablin). Patchouli alcohol is the major component of patchouli oil with a percentage of 35-40 %. Patchouli oil can be obtained through the steam distillation process of patchouli. Steam distillation is commonly used to reduce the boiling point of a mixture of components with high boiling point.

In this study, a fractionation column with a variety of plates was used, by filling the column with marbles of different sizes and heights. With these variations, a better separation of essential oil components should be happened. This study also uses time variations to obtain optimal patchouli alcohol levels.

The analysis of patchouli oil was carried out using GC-MS and continued with the analysis of the physical and chemical properties. An optimal content of patchouli alcohol of 41,785% was obtained when big marbles were filled in the ¾ height of the fractional column for 7 hours distillation process. Meanwhile, the optimal yield of patchouli oil of 0,941% was obtained using big marbles of ¼ column height."

"Pada penelitian ini, telah dilakukan metode distilasi uap dengan penambahan kolom fraksionasi. Komponen utama yang dipisahkan dalam minyak sereh wangi yaitu sitronela, sitronelol, geraniol dan pada minyak nilam yaitu patchouli alkohol. Dalam kolom fraksionasi, terjadi kontak antara cairan dan uap yang lebih lama dibandingkan tanpa menggunakan kolom fraksionasi, sehingga komponen ringan dengan titik didih yang lebih rendah akan lebih mudah diuapkan dan kemudian didinginkan pada kondensor.Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh dari metode distilasi uap dengan kolom fraksionasi terhadap kualitas dari produk minyak atsiri. Variasi pada tinggi kolom fraksinasi telah dilakukan dalam metode distilasi uap, untuk menemukan waktu dan suhu optimal pada proses distilasi. Penentuan parameter kualitas minyak atsiri yaitu warna minyak, berat jenis, indeks bias, dan kadar relatif sitronela, sitronelol, geraniol, dan patchouli alkohol yang diukur dengan instrumen GC-MS.Berdasarkan penelitian ini, hasil rendemen minyak sereh wangi yang diperoleh sekitar 0,9710 - 0,973 ; indeks bias sebesar 1.460 - 1.472 dan kandungan sitronelol adalah 1,09 - 18,55, sitronelol 5,09 ndash;12,49 , dan geraniol 28,49 - 36,66 . Kondisi optimum proses distilasi uap pada minyak sereh wangi diperoleh pada tinggi kolom fraksionasi adalah 24 cm yang menghasilkan rendemen minyak sereh wangi sebesar 0,9713, kandungan sitronelal sebesar 18,55 . Sementara itu, rendemen hasil distilasi uap minyak nilam adalah 0,6858 - 0,9982 ; indeks bias sebesar 1,498 - 1,504; dan kandunga patchouli alkohol sebesar 20,05 - 22,60. Kondisi optimum minyak nilam pada proses distilasi uap dengan kolom fraksionasi diperoleh pada tinggi kolom fraksionasi 32 cm yang menghasilkan kandungan patchouli alkohol sebesar 22,60.

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In this research, steam distillation method were used with a fractionated column. The separated products of the main components in citronella oil were citronella, citronellol, geraniol and in patchouli oil was patchouli alcohol. In the fractionated column, the contact between liquid and gas is longer compared to without the fractionation column, so the small components with a lower boiling point will be further vaporized and then cooled on the condenser.

The aim of this research is to study the effect of steam distillation methods on the quality of the essential oils products. The variation of fractionated columns height had been conducted in the steam distillation, as well as to find the optimum time and temperature for the distillation process. The determination of the quality parameters in these essential oils included oils color, density, refracting index, and the relative amounts of citronella, citronellol, geraniol, and patchouli alcohol which were measured with gas chromatography mass spectrometry instrument.

The results showed that the citronella oil yield was around 0.971 ndash 0.973 refracting index 1.460 ndash 1.472 and the content of citronella was 1.09 18.55, citronellol 5.09 ndash 12.49, and geraniol 28.49 ndash 36.66. The optimum height of fractionated column was 24 cm which produced 0.9713 oils the content of citronella was 18,55. Meanwhile, patchouli oil yield was 0.6858-0.9982 refracting index 1.498 ndash 1.504 and the content of patchouli alcohol was 20.05 ndash 22.60. The optimum height of fractionated column was 32 cm which produced 22.60 patchouli alcohol."

"One of the oldest essential oils that has been passed on through centuries in Indonesia and admitted to be having an excellent fixative quality for fragrances is patchouli oil. This oil is commonly extracted from the leaves of tropical Pogostemon Cablin Benth shrubs. The content of patchouli oil in the leaves has ranged from 2.5 -5 , however industrial practices only obtained the oil yield around 2.5 -3.5 . For the purpose of enhancing the patchouli oil recovery and quality attained from the conventional method of steam distillation, the author includes vacuum application to the steam distillation equipment and raw material pretreatment to the process of oil recovery. The steam distillation operated for 4 hours with a 50-gram-dried-ground patchouli leaves been the raw material for each process conducted. The oil yielded from the conventional steam distillation was 3.85 with patchouli alcohol content of 57.84 . Meanwhile, for vacuum steam distillation and the distillation with caustic soda pretreatment have yield and patchouli alcohol content of 3.31 , 50.97 and 3.95 , 63.10 , respectively. The process with caustic soda pretreatment could enhanced the oil yield and patchouli oil content, but the product contaminated with unwanted components. On the other hand, the vacuum steam distillation resulted lower yield and patchouli content. Although, its application had proven to have more concentrated organic components through GC-MS technology analysis, which indicated purer oil recovery.

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Salah satu minyak atsiri tertua yang telah diwariskan selama berabad-abad di Indonesia dan diakui memiliki kualitas fiksatif yang sangat baik untuk wewangian adalah minyak nilam. Minyak ini biasanya diekstraksi dari daun tropis Pogostemon Cablin Benth semak. Kandungan minyak nilam dalam daun telah berkisar dari 2,5 5, namun praktik industri hanya memperoleh hasil minyak sekitar 2,5 3,5. Untuk tujuan meningkatkan pemulihan dan kualitas minyak nilam yang diperoleh dari metode konvensional penyulingan uap, penulis memasukkan aplikasi vakum ke peralatan penyulingan uap dan pra-perawatan bahan baku untuk proses pemulihan minyak. Distilasi uap dioperasikan selama 4 jam dengan 50 gram daun nilam kering menjadi bahan baku untuk setiap proses yang dilakukan. Minyak yang dihasilkan dari distilasi uap konvensional adalah 3,85 dengan kandungan alkohol nilam 57,84. Sementara itu, untuk destilasi uap vakum dan distilasi dengan pretreatment soda kaustik memiliki hasil dan kandungan alkohol nilam masing-masing sebesar 3,31, 50,97 dan 3,95, 63,10. Proses dengan pretreatment soda kaustik dapat meningkatkan hasil minyak dan kandungan minyak nilam, tetapi produk terkontaminasi dengan komponen yang tidak diinginkan. Di sisi lain, distilasi uap vakum menghasilkan rendemen dan kandungan nilam yang lebih rendah. Meskipun, aplikasinya telah terbukti memiliki komponen organik yang lebih terkonsentrasi melalui analisis teknologi GC MS, yang mengindikasikan pemulihan minyak yang lebih murni."

"Minyak nilam merupakan bahan fiksatif yang paling banyak digunakan pada industri wewangian. Namun masih terdapat kendala dalam memproduksi minyak nilam, yakni rendahnya rendemen dan mutu minyak nilam. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan rendemen minyak nilam yang tinggi dan mempelajari fenomena terambilnya minyak nilam dari jaringan daun nilam. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan teknik destilasi uap dan berhasil didapatkan rendemen sebesar 3,36%, selama 4 jam penyulingan dengan menggunakan bahan daun nilam sebesar 200 g. Hasil GC-MS menunjukkan kadar komponen utama penyusun minyak nilam (patchouli alcohol) adalah sebesar 33,59%. Hasil analisis SEM menunjukkan terjadinya kerusakan jaringan morfologi daun nilam setelah penyulingan, akibat dari panas dan tekanan uap air yang menerobos masuk lewat jaringan epidermis dan dinding sel, kemudian menguapkan dan membawa minyak atsiri keluar jaringan.

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Patchouli oil is the most widely use in fragrances industry as fixative agent. But there are still problem in producing patchouli oil, which is low yield and low quality of patchouli oil. This research is purposed to get high yield of patchouli oil and study phenomenom of getting out the patchouli oil from patchouli leaf tissue. This research is done by using steam distillation technique and successfully obtained yield 3,36%, for 4 hours distillation with use 200 g patchouli leaf.

Result of GC-MS showed main component of patchouli oil (Patchouli alcohol) is 33,59%. Result of SEM Analysis showed occurance morphological tissue damage of patchouli leaf after distillation, due to heat and water vapour break through epidermal."

"ABSTRAKTanaman akar wangi (Chrysopogon zizanioides) merupakan tanaman rumput yang berasal dari India. Dari tanaman akar wangi dapat diperoleh minyak akar wangi dengan cara distilasi uap. Minyak akar wangi merupakan salah satu minyak asiri yang banyak digunakan dalam bidang parfum, kosmetik, kecantikan, kesehatan, sebagai insektisida, dan sebagai herbisida. Di Indonesia, produsen minyak akar wangi terbesar adalah kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat. Minyak akar wangi Indonesia dulunya merupakan salah satu minyak akar wangi yang paling disukai. Namun, sekarang tidak dapat bersaing dengan minyak akar wangi dari negara-negara lain karena kualitasnya yang buruk. Penelitian ini membahas metode distilasi uap tanaman akar wangi dengan menggunakan variasi tinggi kolom fraksionasi untuk meningkatkan mutu minyak akar wangi. Mutu minyak akar wangi yang optimal dihasilkan pada distilasi uap akar wangi dengan kolom fraksionasi Vigreux 25 cm selama 7 jam. Rendemen yang dihasilkan adalah sebanyak 0,7431% dengan vetiverol total sebesar 3,41%.

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ABSTRACTVetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) is a grass plant originated from India. From vetiver, vetiver oil can be obtained through steam distillation. Vetiver oil is an essential oil widely used in perfumery, cosmetics, beauty, and health industry, and as insecticides as well as herbicides. In Indonesia, the biggest producer of vetiver oil is in Garut, West Java. Indonesian vetiver oil used to be one of the most sought-after vetiver oil. However, recently it could not compete with vetiver oils from other countries because of its poor quality. This research studied steam distillation methods of vetiver using height variations of fractionating column to improve the quality of vetiver oil. The optimum quality of vetiver oil was achieved using steam distillation with a 25 cm Vigreux fractionating column for 7 hours. Vetiver oil rendement was 0,7431% with 3,41% total vetiverol."

"Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) is one of the important crop species in Indonesia, since over 80% of patchouli oil global market is produced in Indonesia. Pacthouli oil is the key ingredients for fragrance and aromatherapy products. Patchouli oil is extracted from the stems and leaves of pathouli plants. Therefore, it is important to improve Patchouli plant productivity and increase resources for sustainable patchouli cultivation. The suitability of abiotic factors in the growing environment of crops remarkably determines the success of crop production. This study aimed to assess and evaluate land suitability for plant growth and development of Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) in Dilem Wilis, Bendungan District, Trenggalek Regency, Indonesia. Initially, a survey was conducted and then an analysis was done to classify the land suitability for crops cultivation. The research was conducted on 3 locations from May to July 2017 for land suitability and from July to November 2017 for Patchouli crops cultivation experiment. The results indicated that Location 1 had a land suitability of N class, implying that this location was not suitable due to its limiting factor of low IGO content (0.08 me/100 g). Meanwhile, both Location 2 and Location 3 showed similar land suitability class of S3s, tc, f, n signifying as less appropriate. The results of this study also indicated the influence of land suitability classes on plant growth however, the different classification (in this case S3 compared to N) did not demonstrate a correlation between land classes and oil yield and Patchouli alcohol, where the element Potassium was the limiting factor"

"[Minyak atsiri pada jahe (Zingiber officinale) dan nilam (Pogostemon cablin) berturut-turut memiliki khasiat sebagai antioksidan dan astringent. Penggunaan minyak atsiri secara langsung pada kulit kurang praktis, oleh karena itu perlu dibuat sediaan yang sesuai, yaitu dalam bentuk krim. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat sediaan krim yang stabil yang mengandung campuran minyak jahe dan minyak nilam. Formulasi krim dibuat dengan Emulgade®F sebagai emulgator dengan variasi konsentrasi Emulgade®F yaitu, 5; 10; dan 15%. Uji stabilitas pada krim dilakukan dengan tiga metode yaitu, uji stabilitas mekanik (sentrifugasi); penyimpanan pada suhu rendah (4+2oC), suhu kamar (25+2oC), dan suhu tinggi (40+2oC) selama 12 minggu; dan cycling test. Parameter dalam menilai kestabilan dari krim adalah organoleptis, fase emulsi, pH, viskositas, dan distribusi ukuran globul. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula yang mengandung Emulgade®F sebesar 10% b/b memiliki kestabilan krim paling baik dengan selisih pH pada minggu ke-0 dan minggu ke-12 0,15% pada suhu kamar, 3,81% pada suhu rendah, dan 2,74% pada suhu tinggi, juga distribusi ukuran globul dan viskositas yang stabil. Pada penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa formulasi krim yang stabil didapatkan pada konsentrasi Emulgade®F 10% b/b., Essential oil of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) respectedly, have efficacy as an anti oxidant and as an astringent. The use of essential oils directly on the skin less practical, therefore it needs to make in a friendly dosage forms, that is cream. The purpose of this research is to create a stable formulation of the creams that contain ginger oil and patchouli alcohol. Cream formulation made with Emulgade®F as an emulsifier, with variations concentrations of Emulgade®F ie, 5; 10; and 15%. Stability test of the cream made with the three methods, namely, mechanical stability test (centrifugation); storage at low temperature (4+2°C), room temperature (25+2°C) and high temperature (40+2°C) for 12 weeks; and a cycling test. Parameter in assessing the stability of the cream is organoleptic, separation phase ofemulsion, pH, viscosity, and the globule size distribution. The results showed that formula containing Emulgade®F of 10% w/w has the best stability with pH difference at week 0 and week 12 0.15% at room temperature, 3.81% at low temperatures, and 2.74% at high temperatures, as well globule size distribution and viscosity. In this study concluded that a stable cream formulations obtained at concentrations Emulgade®F 10% w/w.]"

"Minyak nilam yang disuling dari Pogostemon cablin Benth. merupakan salah satu minyak atsiri yang mempunyai peran penting sebagai bahan baku pengikat minyak atsiri lain dalam kegiatan industri. Mutu minyak nilam ditentukan oleh sifat fisika-kimia dan faktor yang paling menentukan mutu dan kualitas adalah kadar patchouli alkohol PA . Pada penelitian ini dilakukan peningkatan mutu minyak nilam dengan menggunakan sistem reverse osmosis dibandingkan dengan metode distilasi. Membran yang digunakan pada sistem reverse osmosis adalah membran poliamida. Terdapat variasi tekanan pada sistem reverse osmosis berdasarkan flow rate yang digunakan. Kondisi operasi optimum pada sistem reverse osmosis yaitu pada tekanan 145,6 Psi dengan flow rate 25 mL/menit dengan sistem kontinu. Interaksi yang terjadi antara membran dengan patchouli alkohol yaitu melalui ikatan hidrogen. Pada metode distilasi, variasi terhadap temperatur dan durasi distilasi diaplikasikan pada contoh minyak nilam. Parameter uji mutu minyak nilam pada penelitian ini adalah penentuan warna secara visual, penentuan berat jenis, penentuan indeks bias, dan kadar relatif patchouli alkohol dengan kromatografi gas mass spectrometry. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa terjadi peningkatan kadar patchouli alkohol sebesar 47,55 pada permeat dengan menggunakan sistem reverse osmosis bila dibandingkan dengan kadar relatif patchouli alkohol pada contoh minyak nilam awal dan hasil distilasi berturut-turut sebesar 30,12 dan 10,72 .

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Patchouli oil derived from Pogostemon cablin Benth. is one of the essential oil that has an important role as a fixative raw material for other essential oils. Patchouli oil quality is determined by the physico chemical properties of the oil and the most decisive factor quality of patchouli oil is the content of patchouli alcohol PA . In this research, to improve the quality of patchouli oil was conducted by reverse osmosis system compared with distillation method. The membran used in the reverse osmosis system is polyamide membran. Variations in pressure on reverse osmosis system based on the flow rate which is applied to the system. The optimum operating condition on the reverse osmosis system was found at the pressure of 145.6 Psi with a flow rate of 25 mL min under continuous system. The interaction between membran with patchouli alcohol is through the hydrogen bonding. Then, variations in temperature and duration of distillation are applied to the sample of patchouli oil. In this study, the quality of patchouli oil was determined by visual color, specific gravity, refractive index, and the content of patchouli alcohol by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The analysis results showed that the patchouli alcohol content in the permeate obtained by reverse osmosis system was 47.55 compared to 30.12 and 10.72 which were obtained from the initial of patchouli oil and redistillation process."

"Anthocyanin has various biological activities such as antioxidative, antiiflammation, neuroprotective, and periductal antifibrosis effect. To obtain anthocyanin from Myrmecodia pendens tubers optimally, it needs to be extracted with appropriate method. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) method was chosen because of its brief extraction time, saving solvents, and cheap compared to conventional extraction methods. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to arrange the experiment design and to determine the optimum condition of MAE in order to obtain anthocyanin concentration. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum condition of MAE in obtaining anthocyanin concentration from Myrmecodia pendens using RSM. The research methods included the experiment design arrangement, samples preparation, extraction using MAE, anthocyanin concentration measurement with spectrophotometer UV/Vis, and data analysis by RSM. The factors in this experiment design were solvent concentration, ratio, time, and power. The analysis result of optimum condition obtained was the condition with solvent concentration of ethanol 80%, solid-liquid ratio 1:8, extraction time 3 minutes, and MAE power 10%, by desirability index 0.877 and anthocyanin concentration 3,807.31 mg/L cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents.

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Antosianin memiliki berbagai aktivitias biologis seperti efek antioksidatif, antiinflamasi, neuroprotektif, dan antifibrosis periduktal. Salah satunya umbi Myrmecodia pendens, diketahui mengandung antosianin. Untuk memperoleh antosianin dari umbi Myrmecodia pendens tersebut secara optimum perlu dilakukan ekstraksi dengan metode yang sesuai. Metode ekstraksi berbantu gelombang mikro (MAE) dipilih karena waktu ekstraksinya yang singkat, hemat pelarut, dan murah dibandingkan dengan metode ekstraksi konvensional. Metode permukaan respon (RSM) digunakan untuk merancang desain eksperimen dan menentukan kondisi optimum MAE dalam memperoleh kadar antosianin. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan kondisi optimum MAE dalam memperoleh kadar antosianin dari umbi Myrmecodia pendens menggunakan RSM. Metode penelitiannya meliputi pembuatan desain eksperimen, persiapan sampel, ekstraksi dengan MAE, penentuan kadar antosianin menggunakan spektrofotometer UV/Vis, dan analisis data menggunakan RSM. Faktor dalam desain eksperimen ini antara lain konsentrasi pelarut, rasio, waktu, dan daya. Hasil analisis, kondisi optimum diperoleh dengan faktor konsentrasi pelarut etanol 80%, rasio sampel terhadap pelarut 1:8, waktu ekstraksi 3 menit, dan daya alat MAE 10%, dengan indeks desirability 0,877 dan kadar antosianinnya sebesar 3.807,31 mg/L ekuivalen sianidin-3-glukosida."

"Several plants have been recently reported to possess anticancer potential. Allium cepa root tip assay is a preliminary study to assess the cytotoxic effect of plant extracts. The cytotoxic activity of plants can be correlated to their anticancer potential. Cytotoxic potential of Pogostemon heyneanus (Lamiaceae) was evaluated using A. cepa root meristematic cells. This study was aimed at analyzing cytotoxic potential of P. heyneanus using Allium cepa root tip assay. Four different concentrations of the aqueous leaf extracts at three different durations were examined. Distilled water was used as control. The extract was found to be cytotoxic at all tested concentrations, when compared to control. Mitotic index was found to be decreasing with the increase in extract concentrations and treatment durations. The aqueous extract of P. heyneanus was found to be an effective cytotoxic agent, inducing various clastogenic and non-clastogenic aberrations such as chromosome gaps, bridges, multipolar anaphase, fragments, nuclear budding and lesions, hyperchromasia, laggards and mitotic pairing."