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"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Kegagalan perawatan saluran akar dapat disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme yang resisten. E.faecalis merupakan bakteri resisten dengan prevalensi yang paling banyak ditemukan pada kegagalan perawatan saluran akar. E.faecalis dapat membentuk biofilm di dalam saluran akar sehingga 1000 kali lebih resisten terhadap fagositosis, antibodi, dan antimikroba dibandingkan dalam bentuk planktonik. Diperlukan larutan irigasi dari bahan alami atau herbal, yang efektif membuhun E.faecalis untuk menghindari efek samping yang diakibatkan oleh bahan irigasi sintetik. Tujuan: Menganalisis efek antibakteri Xanthorrhizol yang berasal dari Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb terhadap biofilm Enterococcus faecalis isolat klinis. Metode: Dilakukan uji hitung koloni dan MTT Assay untuk menilai persentase eradikasi E.faecalis setelah pemaparan xanthorrhizol dengan berbagai konsentrasi (0,5%, 0,75%, 1%, 1,25%, dan 1,5%) serta CHX 2% sebagai kontrol positif. Hasil: Analisis data menggunakan uji One-Way ANOVA dan uji Post-Hoc Bonferroni untuk melihat perbedaan antar kelompok. Xanthorrhizol konsentrasi 0,5%, 0,75%, 1%, 1,25%, dan 1,5% mampu menurunkan jumlah biofilm E.faecalis isolat klinis. Xanthorrhizol konsentrasi 1% secara statistik tidak berbeda bermakna dengan CHX 2% dalam kemampuannya sebagai antibakteri E.faecalis (p>0,05) namun berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok 0,5%, 0,75%, 1,25%, dan 1,5% (p>0,05) dengan nilai eradikasi E.faecalis lebih rendah. Kesimpulan: Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa xanthorrhizol efektif sebagai antibakteri terhadap biofilm E.faecalis.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Failure of root canal treatment can be caused by resistant microorganisms. E.faecalis is the most prevalent resistant bacterium found in root canal treatment failure. E.faecalis can form biofilms inside root canal so that it is 1000 times more resistant toward phagocytosis, antibodies, and antimicrobials than when it is in its planktonic form. An irrigation solution made from natural or herbal ingredients, which effectively kills E.faecalis is needed to avoid side effects caused by synthetic irrigation materials. Objective: To analyze the antibacterial effect of xanthorrhizol derived from Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb on clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Method: Colony count and MTT Assay were performed to assess the percentage of E.faecalis eradication after exposure to xanthorrhizol with various concentrations (0,5%, 0,75%, 1%, 1,25%, and 1,5%) and CHX 2% as a positive control. Results: Data analysis used One-Way ANOVA test and Bonferroni Post-Hoc test to see differences between groups. Xanthorrhizol concentrations of 0,5%, 0,75%, 1%, 1,25%, and 1,5% were able to reduce the number of clinical isolates of E.faecalis biofilms. Xanthorrhizol 1% concentration was not statistically significantly different from 2% CHX in its ability as an antibacterial to E.faecalis biofilm (p>0,05) but was significantly different from groups of 0,5%, 0,75%, 1,25%, and 1,5% (p>0,05) with lower E.faecalis eradication values. Conclusion: From the study results, can be concluded that xanthorrhizol is effective as an antibacterial against E.faecalis biofilms."

"Latar Belakang : E. faecalis merupakan bakteri yang mampu membentuk biofilm dan banyak ditemukan pada kasus kelainan periapeks. Tujuan : Mengetahui perbandingan daya antibakteri ekstrak kulit jeruk lemon (Citrus limon l.) dan klorheksidin 2% terhadap biofilm E. faecalis dari isolat klinis. Metode : Menilai kekeruhan larutan biofilm E. faecalis pasca pemaparan bahan uji, dengan ELISA reader. Hasil : Terdapat daya antibakteri ekstrak kulit jeruk lemon (Citrus limon l.) terhadap biofilm E. faecalis tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna dengan klorheksidin 2% (p>0.05). Kesimpulan : Daya antibakteri ekstrak kulit jeruk lemon (Citrus limon l.) terhadap biofilm E. faecalis sebanding dengan klorheksidin 2%.

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ackground : E. faecalis has the ability to form biofilm and is often found in cases of periapical lesions. Aim: To compare the effectivity of lemon peel extract and 2% chlorhexidine against biofilm of E. faecalis. Method : Score the turbidity of E. faecalis biofilm after immersion in antibacterial agent, with ELISA reader. Result : Lemon peel extract has antibacterial effectivity against E. faecalis biofilm but has no significant difference compared to 2% chlorhexidine (p>0.05). Conclusion : Antibacterial effectivity of lemon peel extract against E. faecalis biofilm is equal to2% chlorhexidine. "

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: C. albicans merupakan jamur yang dominan pada infeksi endodontikpersisten yang berperan dalam kegagalan perawatan saluran akar. Pembentukan biofilmmerupakan salah satu faktor virulensi C. albicans yang dapat meningkatkan resistensiterhadap agen antijamur. Klorheksidin 2% sebagai larutan irigasi yang efektif dalammengeliminasi biofilm C. albicans telah terbukti bersifat toksik terhadap sel-sel sehatsehingga diperlukan alternatif larutan irigasi yang efektif dan aman, yaitu berasal daribahan alami. Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Robx.) mengandung xanthorrhizolyang terbukti bersifat antijamur. Namun, belum terdapat penelitian yang menganalisiskonsentrasi optimum xanthorrhizol dalam mengeliminasi biofilm C. albicans ATCC10231. Tujuan: Menganalisis efek antijamur xanthorrhizol 0,25%, xanthorrhizol 0,5%,xanthorrhizol 0,75%, xanthorrhizol 1%, xanthorrhizol 1,25%, dan klorheksidin 2%terhadap biofilm C. albicans ATCC 10231. Metode: Pemaparan xanthorrhizol terhadapbiofilm C. albicans ATCC 10231 dilakukan selama 15 menit, kemudian diuji denganmetode MTT assay dan hitung koloni. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermaknasecara statistik antara persentase eradikasi dan hasil hitung jumlah koloni pascapemaparan xanthorrhizol 1%, xanthorrhizol 1,25%, dan CHX 2% pada biofilm C.albicans ATCC 10231. Simpulan: Xanthorrhizol 1% dan xanthorrhizol 1,25%memiliki efek antijamur terhadap biofilm C. albicans ATCC 10231 yang setara denganklorheksidin 2%.

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ABSTRACTBackground: C. albicans is the most dominant fungal species in persistent endodonticinfection that has been associated with failure of endodontic treatment. An ability toform biofilm is one of the C. albicans virulence factor that increase resistance towardsantifungal agent. In endodontic, 2% chlorhexidine as an effective irrigation solutionagainst C. albicans biofilm has been proven to be toxic to healthly cells so that aneffective and safe alternative irrigation solution is needed, which is derived from naturalingredients. Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Robx.) contains xanthorrhizol whichhas an antifungal effect. However, no studies have analyzed the optimum concentrationof xanthorrhizol in eradicating bioflm of C. albicans ATCC 10231. Aims: To analyzeantifungal effect of 0,25% xanthorrhizol, 0,5% xanthorrhizol, 0,75% xanthorrhizol, 1%xanthorrhizol, 1,25% xanthorrhizol and 2% chlorhexidine against biofilm of C. albicansATCC 10231. Methods: fifteen minutes exposure of xanthorrhizol to biofilm of C.albicans ATCC 10231, then antifungal effect tested by MTT assay and total plate countmethod. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between percentage ofbiofilm eradication and TPC results after exposure to 1% xanthorrhizol, 1,25%xanthorrhizol, and 2% chlorhexidine in biofilm of C. albicans ATCC 10231.Conclusion: 1% xanthorrhizol and 1,25% xanthorrhizol have an antifungal effectagainst biofilm of C. albicans ATCC 10231 which is equivalent to 2% chlorhexidine."

"Latar Belakang: Invasi mikroorganisme kedalam pulpa dan tubuli dentin merupakan penyebab infeksi saluran akar. Enterococcus faecalis merupakan bakteri yang sering ditemukan dalam infeksi primer, sekunder maupun persisten, memiliki kemampuan membentuk biofilm dan dapat bertahan hidup dalam kondisi yang ekstrim tanpa nutrisi sehingga bakteri ini sangat sulit dieliminasi. Preparasi kemomekanis tidak cukup untuk menghilangkan infeksi. Diperlukan suatu bahan irigasi untuk membantu menghilangkan  bakteri sehingga menyempurnakan preparasi saluran akar. Bahan irigasi herbal diperlukan sebagai alternatif pengganti bahan irigasi kimia untuk meminimalisir efek toksik dan resisten, namun tetap memiliki efek antibakteri yang setara dengan bahan irigasi kimia.Tujuan: Menganalisa efek antibakteri larutan ektrak kayu secang terhadap biofilm E. faecalis isolat klinis.Metode: Biofilm E. faecalis isolat klinis dibagi menjadi enam kelompok perlakuan untuk dipaparkan dengan bahan uji ekstrak kayu secang dengan konsentrasi 312 µg/ml, 625 µg/ml, 1250 µg/ml, 2500 µg/ml, 5000 µg/ml dan CHX 2% kemudian diuji dengan metode hitung koloni dan MTT assay.Hasil: Didapatkan hasil dari kedua uji yang dilakukan bahwa konsentrasi optimum yang memiliki efek antibakteri setara dengan CHX 2% adalah konsentrasi 625 µg/ml. Kesimpulan: Larutan ekstrak kayu secang memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap biofilm E. faecalis isolat klinis yang setara dengan CHX 2%.

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Background: Microorganism invasion to the pulp and dentinal tubules is the cause of root canal infection. Enterococcus faecalis  commonly found in primary, secondary and persitent infection because it has ability to form biofilms and can survive in extreme conditions without nutrition, so these bacteria are very difficult to obliterate. Chemomechanical preparation not enough to eliminate infection. Materials needed to eliminate bacteria. Herbal irrigation required as an alternative chemical materials  to minimize toxicity and resistant effect, but still have an antibacterial effect comparable to chemical irrigation materials.

Objective: To analyze the antibacterial effects of secang heartwood againts E. faecalis biofilm clinical isolates.

Methods: em>E. faecalis biofilms were clinically suitable isolates into six treatment groups to be presented with secang heartwood extract test materials with a concentration of 312 µg/ml, 625 µg/ml, 1250 µg/ml, 2500 µg/ml, 5000 µg/ml and CHX 2% then examined by the colony forming unit and MTT assay methods.

Results: Obtained results from both test carried out that the optimum concentration which has an antibacterial effect along with 2% CHX is concentration of 625 µg/ml.

Conclusion: Secang wood extract solution has an antibacterial effect on E. faecalis bioflim clinical isolates that are comparable to CHX 2%."

"A combination of 3 antibacterial drugs (3Mix), ciprofloxacine, metronidazole and minocyline has been proved to be effective on all kinds of bacteria in oral lesions, and carious lesions, after elimination of causative bacteria can be repaired by host's healing abilities. A total of 285 cases of 110 caries and 175 endodontic cases, consisted of 269 permanent and 16 primary teeth, were treated by 3Mix, further mixed with propylene glycol (P) and Macrogol (M), Clinical symptoms, even those revealing endodontic disorder such as percussion pains (63 cases), pains on bite (61 cases), abscess (13 cases) and fistulae (11 cases) were eliminated by one-time application of 3Mix-MP therapy in all cases except for 8 cases which need more than 2 times visits, easily and quickly in all cases. The results demonstrate that 3Mix-MP therapy would be of great use in dental treatment in Indonesia. Long-term evaluation is in progress."

"Latar belakang: Fokus desinfeksi saluran akar saat ini telah mengalami perubahan dari desinfeksi agresif menjadi proteksi selektif, yang memiliki tujuan utama untuk menciptakan lingkungan yang sesuai, oleh karena itu, bahan irigasi alami sebagai pendamping mulai banyak diteliti potensialnya karena relatif aman. Larutan irigasi dengan kualitas optimal yang dapat membersihkan saluran akar secara menyeluruh sendiri masih belum tersedia dan meskipun ada perkembangan baru di bidang penelitian yang relevan, solusi yang lebih mendekati kualitas ideal belum dikembangkan. Cuka apel dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan alternatif alami yang aman untuk mengeliminasi biofilm sekaligus smear layer, sehingga berpotensi untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan efek antibakteri bahan irigasi sintetik NaOCl 1,5% dan 2,5% dibandingkan dengan larutan cuka apel terhadap E. faecalis. Metode: Biofilm E. faecalis isolat klinis dibagi menjadi tujuh kelompok sampel untuk dipaparkan dengan bahan uji larutan cuka apel konsentrasi 2,5%, 5%, 10%, kontrol positif NaOCl 1,5%, 2,5% dan kontrol negatif tanpa perlakuan, efek antibakteri dilihat menggunakan metode MTT Assay dan hitung koloni. Hasil: Didapatkan hasil dari kedua uji yang dilakukan bahwa larutan cuka apel konsentrasi 2,5% memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap biofilm E. faecalis tertinggi dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi 5% dan 10%. Kesimpulan: Efek antibakteri larutan cuka apel 2,5%, 5%, dan 10% lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan larutan NaOCl 1,5% dan 2,5% terhadap biofilm E. faecalis.

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Introduction: The current focus of root canal disinfection has changed from aggressive disinfection to selective protection, which has the main goal of creating a suitable environment, therefore, natural irrigation materials as a companion have begun to be studied for their potential because they are relatively safe. Irrigation solutions of optimal quality that can thoroughly clean root canals on their own are not yet available and despite new developments in the relevant research area, solutions closer to the ideal quality have not yet been developed. Apple cider vinegar can be used as a safe natural alternative for eliminating biofilm as well as the smear layer, so it has the potential to be developed further. Objective: To determine the differences in the antibacterial effect of synthetic irrigants NaOCl 1,5% and 2,5% compared to apple cider vinegar solution against E. faecalis. Methods: Clinical isolates of E. faecalis biofilm were divided into seven sample groups to be exposed to test materials for apple cider vinegar concentrations of 2,5%, 5%, 10%, positive control NaOCl 1,5%, 2,5%, and negative control without treatment, the antibacterial effect was seen using the MTT Assay method and colony count. Results: The results of the two tests were obtained that a 2.5% concentration of apple cider vinegar had the highest antibacterial effect on E. faecalis biofilm compared to 5% and 10% concentrations. Conclusion: The antibacterial effect of 2,5%, 5%, and 10% apple cider vinegar solutions was lower than 1,5% and 2,5% NaOCl solutions on E. faecalis biofilm.

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"Latar Belakang: E.faecalis isolat klinis merupakan bakteri yang menyebabkan lesi periapeks persisten. Bioceramic dan Mineral Trioxide Aggregate merupakan siler yang mempunyai sifat anti bakteri. Tujuan: Untuk menganalisis efek anti bakteri siler Bioceramic dan MTA terhadap E.faecalis isolat klinis pada waktu 2 menit segera , 4 jam initial setting , 1 dan 7 hari setelah pengadukan siler. Metode: Efek anti bakteri siler Bioceramic dan MTA diperiksa dengan direct contact test. Masing-masing siler dikontakkan langsung dengan E.faecalis isolat klinis 2 menit, 4 jam, 1 dan 7 hari setelah pengadukan siler. Suspensi ini dioleskan pada medium agar dan diinkubasi 24 jam untuk melihat koloni bakteri yang tumbuh CFU/ml. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara siler Bioceramic dan MTA pada waktu 7 hari, antara siler Bioceramic pada waktu 2 dan 4 jam serta waktu 4 jam dan 7 hari setelah pengadukan siler. Kesimpulan: siler Bioceramic dan MTA mempunyai efek anti bakteri yang baik terhadap E.faecalis pada saat segera, initial setting, dan 1 hari setelah pengadukan siler, pada waktu 7 hari setelah pengadukan, siler MTA yang paling baik. Siler MTA mempunyai efek anti bakteri yang konstan sampai 7 hari Keywords : Entereococcus faecalis isolat klinis, Siler Bioceramic dan Mineral Trioxide Aggregate MTA

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Background: E.faecalis isolate clinic is a kind of bacteria that cause persistent periapical lesion. Bioceramic and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate are sealers that having antibacterial properties.

Aim: To analyze antibacterial effect of Bioceramic and MTA sealers against E.faecalis isolate clinic at 2 minutes fresh , 4 hours initial setting , 1 day and 7 day after mixed the sealers.

Methods: Antibacterial effect of Bioceramic and MTA sealers was assessed by direct test contact. Each sealer was contacted with E.faecalis isolate clinic at 2 minutes, 4 hours, 1 day and 7 days after mixed the sealers. This suspension was swab in agar medium and incubated for 24 hours. The colony in agar plates is counted with colony forming unit CFU .

Result: The significant differences was shown by Bioceramic and MTA at 7 days, between Bioceramic at 2 minutes fresh and 4 hours initial setting also at 4 hours initial setting and 7 days after mixed the sealer.

Conclusion: Both of Bioceramic and MTA sealers have a good antibacterial effect at fresh, initial setting and 1 hour after mixed the sealer but at 7 days, MTA was the greater. MTA sealer has a constant antibacterial effect until 7 days. "

"Latar Belakang: Preparasi saluran akar dengan instrumen putar NiTi dapat menyebabkan crack pada dinding saluran akar.Tujuan: Menganalisa dan membandingkan efek penggunaan instrumen putar NiTi single-file gerakan resiprokal dan kontinyu terhadap terbentuknya crack pada dinding saluran akar. Metode: Tigapuluh dua sampel saluran akar tunggal dipilih secara acak dan dibagi menjadi dua grup (n=16) sesuai dengan instrumen yang digunakan untuk preparasi saluran akar, yaitu instrumen putar NiTi gerakan resiprokal dan gerakan kontinyu. Micro-CT digunakan untuk mengevaluasi crack  sebelum dan setelah preparasi saluran akar. Analisis statistik menggunakan Continuity correction. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara preparasi saluran akar menggunakan instrumen putar NiTi gerakan resiprokal dan gerakan kontinyu (p>0,05). Crack yang terbentuk ditemukan pada bagian sepertiga apikal saluran akar dengan tipe incomplete crack. Simpulan: Preparasi saluran akar menggunakan instrumen putar NiTi single-file dengan gerakan resiprokal dan kontinyu dapat menyebabkan terbentuknya crack pada dinding saluran akar.

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Background: Root canal preparation with NiTi rotary instrument has the potential to induce cracks in the root canal wall. Objective: To analyze and compare the effects of single-file NiTi rotary continuous and reciprocating instruments in the propagation of cracks in the root canal wall. Methods: Thirty two single root canal samples were randomly assigned into two groups (n=16 per group) according to the system used for root canal preparation : reciprocating instruments and rotary continuous instruments. The samples were scanned through high-resolution micro-computed tomographic imaging to evaluate cracks before and after root canal preparation. The comparison between two groups was analysed statistically using Continuity correction. Results: There was no significant difference in the number of cracks between reciprocating group and rotary continuous group (p> 0.05). Cracks that occured was found in the apical third of the root canal, with incomplete cracks. Conclusion: Root canal preparation with single-file NiTi rotary continuous and reciprocating instruments can induce dentinal cracks in the root canal wall."

"Latar Belakang : Enterococcus faecalis merupakan bakteri yang mampu membentuk biofilm dan banyak ditemukan pada kasus kegagalan perawatan saluran akar. Tujuan : Melihat daya antibakteri kitosan dan klorheksidin terhadap E. faecalis dalam biofilm. Metode : Deteksi dan kuantifikasi E. faecalis dalam biofilm yang hidup pasca pemaparan bahan uji, dengan real time PCR. Hasil : Terdapat perbedaan jumlah bakteri yang signifikan antara kedua kelompok bahan uji terhadap kontrol (p ≤ 0,05), tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kitosan dan klorheksidin. Kesimpulan : Daya antibakteri kitosan 2% terhadap biofilm E. faecalis sebanding dengan klorheksidin 2%.

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Background : Enterococcus faecalis has an ability to form biofilms and become a predominant bacteria that plays a major role in the etiology of persistent lesions after root canal treatment.

Aim : To analyze the efficacy of chitosan and chlorhexidine against E. faecalis in biofilms.

Methods : Detection and quantification of E. faecalis DNA that survive and live after immersing the biofilm in antibacterial solution, with real time PCR.

Result : Statistically there is significant difference of living E. faecalis between chitosan and control and between 2% chlorhexidine and control (p ≤0,05). But there is no significant different between chitosan and chlorhexidine (p>0,05).

Conclusion : Antibacterial effectivity of chitosan is equal to chlorhexidine against E. faecalis in biofilm."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Salah satu sifat ideal suatu siler saluran akar adalah memiliki kemampuan penutupan yang baik terutama pada sepertiga apeks. Tujuan: Untuk mengevaluasi perbandingan kebocoran antara pengisian saluran akar dengan siler polidimetilsiloksan SP dan siler bioceramic SB . Metode: Tiga puluh enam gigi premolar rahang bawah, dibagi dua kelompok dan diisi dengan teknik kon tunggal menggunakan siler polidimetilsiloksan pada kelompok pertama, dan siler bioceramic pada kelompok ke-dua. Selanjutnya gigi diinkubasi 37?C, selama 24 jam , kemudian dilapisi dengan dua lapis cat kuku kecuali pada 2 mm dari apeks, dan direndam dalam tinta india 7 X 24 jam . Sampel didekalsifikasi, didehidrasi dan dibuat transparan sesuai dengan metode Robertson. Kedalaman penetrasi zat tinta dievaluasi dengan mikroskop stereo. Skor 0 untuk tidak bocor, skor 1 untuk penetrasi zat tinta le; 0,5 mm, skor 2 untuk penetrasi 0,51 ndash; 1 mm, dan skor 3 untuk penetrasi > 1 mm. Hasil: Distribusi proporsi kebocoran terbesar pada kelompok SP terdapat pada skor 2 44.4 , sedangkan pada kelompok SB terdapat pada skor 1 55.6 . Kesimpulan: Tingkat kebocoran pengisian saluran akar dengan siler bioceramic tidak berbeda dengan siler polidimetilsiloksan.

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ABSTRACTBackground One of the ideal properties of a root canal sealer is to have a good sealing ability, especially at the apical third of the root. Objective To evaluate the comparison of the apical leakage between obturation using bioceramic sealer SB and polydimethylsiloxane sealer SP . Methods Thirty six mandibular premolars were equally divided into two groups and was obturated with single cone technique. The sealer used for Group I and Group II were SP and SB respectively. After obturation, the samples were incubated 37 C, 24 h , sealed with two coats of nail polish except for 2 mm from the apex, immersed in the Indian ink for 7 days, decalcified, dehydrated and made transparent according to Robertson technique. Dye penetration were evaluated under stereomicroscope. Samples with no dye penetration were given score 0, le 0,5 mm dye penetration were given score 1, 0,051 ndash 1 mm were given score 2, and 1 mm were given score 3. Result The largest proportion distribution in SP group was at the score 2 44.4 , and in group SB was at the score 1 55.6 . Conclusion Bioceramic sealer showed similar apical leakage to polydimethylsiloxane sealer."