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"Streptococcus pneumonia>e, bakteri patogen yang banyak menyebabkan infeksi sehingga menjadi penyakit pneumokokal yang memiliki morbiditas dan mortalitas tinggi. Antibiotik makrolid seperti eritromisin dan azitromisin merupakan pilihan terapi namun menunjukkan adanya peningkatan resistensi. Terdapat dua mekanisme utama timbulnya resistensi terhadap makrolid, yaitu metilasi ribosom yang diperankan oleh gen erm>(B) dan pompa efluks yang diperankan oleh gen mef>(A). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan gen erm>(B) dan mef>(A) pada isolat Streptococcus pneumoniae> yang resisten terhadap eritromisin dan azitromisin.Sebanyak 60 isolat Streptococcus pneumoniae> diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Uji kepekaan terhadap eritromisin dan azitromisin dilakukan dengan metode difusi cakram. Dari 60 isolat tersebut  didapatkan 33 (55 %) isolat sensitif sedangkan 27 (45 %) isolat resisten terhadap eritromisin dan azitromisin. Selanjutnya keberadaan gen erm>(B) dan mef>(A) dideteksi menggunakan PCR. Di antara 27 isolat Streptococcus pneumoniae> yang resisten terhadap eritromisin dan azitromisin, 7 (25,9 %) isolat memiliki gen erm>(B), 6 (22,2 %) isolat memiliki gen mef>(A), serta 14 (51,9 %) isolat memiliki kedua gen erm>(B) dan mef>(A). Dari 27 isolat tersebut, 11 ( 40,7 %) isolat merupakan serotipe 19 F, dan 9 ( 81,8 % ) isolat di antaranya memiliki kedua gen erm>(B) dan mef>(A). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proporsi cukup besar baik dari gen erm>(B) atau mef>(A) saja maupun kedua gen secara bersamaan pada isolat Streptococcus pneumoniae> yang resisten terhadap eritromisin dan azitromisin. Sedangkan dari 15 isolat Streptococcus pneumoniae> yang peka terhadap eritromisin dan azitromisin tidak ditemukan gen erm>(B) dan mef>(A).

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Streptococcus pneumoniae>, the leading pathogen of bacterial infection, is responsible for for pneumococcal diseases with severe morbidity and mortality. Macrolides ( e.g erythromycin and azithromycin ) has become drug of choice for pneumococcal diseases, but the prevalence of macrolides-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae >have been rising in recent years. There are two major mechanisms mediating resistance to macrolides, >ribosomal methylation by >erm>(B) gene, and efflux pump by mef>(A) gene. The aims of this study is to detect erm>(B) and mef>(A) genes in erithromycin and azithromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae> isolates.

A total of 60 Streptococcus pneumoniae> isolates were analyzed using antimicrobial suscepbility test ( disk diffusion method ) to determine their drug resistance to erythromycin and azithromycin. Among 60 isolates, 33 (55 %) isolates were susceptible, and 27 (45 %) isolates were resistant to erythromycin and azithromycin. The presence of erm>(B) and mef>(A) was determined by PCR. Among of 27 erythromycin and azithromycin Streptococcus pneumonia>-resistant isolates, 7 (25,9 %) isolates carried erm>(B) gene, 6 (22,2 %) isolates carried mef>(A) genes, and 14 (51,9 %) isolates carried both erm>(B) and mef>(A) genes. Of these 27 isolates, 11 ( 40,7 %) isolates belongs to serotype 19 F, with 9 ( 81,8 %) isolates carried both erm>(B) and mef>(A) genes. In conclusion, there was a high proportion of either erm>(B) and mef>(A) genes alone or both of these genes in erythromycin and azithromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae> isolates. Of 15 erythromycin and azithromycin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae> isolates, no erm>(B) and mef>(A) genes were found."

"Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae atau pneumokokus) dapat menyebabkan Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD), seperti penumonia, meningitis, dan otitis media. Streptococcus pneumoniae memiliki lebih dari 90 serotipe yang berbeda sifat-sifat kepatogenannya. Saat ini, metode molekuler lebih banyak diterapkan dalam penentuan serotipe bakteri tersebut. Penelitian sebelumnya pada anak-anak sehat di Lombok, menemukan bahwa 73 dari 551 isolat merupakan untypeable S. pneumoniae karena tidak dapat ditentukan serotipenya berdasarkan metode PCR multipleks. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan identifikasi lebih mendalam dengan mendeteksi tiga gen yang lestari (conserved genes) pada bakteri S. pneumoniae yaitu, gen psaA, lytA, dan cpsA. Sebanyak 52 isolat (71.2%) terdeteksi dengan PCR mempunyai gen psaA. Sementara itu, gen lytA terdeteksi pada 69 isolat (90.4%) dan gen cpsA terdeteksi pada 37 isolat (50.7%). Berdasarkan hasil deteksi gen psaA, lytA, dan cpsA diperoleh 6 kelompok varian untypeable S. pneumoniae. Analisa sekuens gen recA dengan metode sekuensing, menunjukkan bahwa kelompok varian I (psaA+, lytA+, cpsA+), II (psaA+, lytA+, cpsA–) dan IV (psaA–, lytA+, cpsA+) merupakan bakteri S. pneumoniae. Sementara itu, kelompok varian VI (psaA–, lytA+, cpsA–) merupakan bakteri S. pseudopneumoniae dan kelompok varian VIII (psaA–, lytA–, cpsA–) merupakan bakteri S. infantis. Hasil tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa identifikasi bakteri S. pneumoniae tidak dapat dilakukan hanya dengan satu penanda gen. Hasil penelitian ini penting untuk meningkatkan sensitifitas dari deteksi S. pneumoniae dengan teknik biologi molekuler.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae or pneumococcus) can cause Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD), such as pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Streptococcus pneumoniae has more than 90 serotypes which differentiated based on the level of pathogenicity. Currently, molecular methods were more widely applied to determine bacterial serotype. Previous studies of healthy children in Lombok, found that 73 of 551 isolates were untypeable S. pneumoniae, because the serotypes can not be determined by multiplex PCR method. This research used a deeper identification by detecting three conserved genes in S. pneumoniae, such as psaA, lytA, and cpsA. A total of 52 isolates (71.2%) were positive for psaA gene by PCR. Meanwhile, lytA gene was detected in 69 isolates (90.4%) and cpsA gene was detected in 37 isolates (50.7%).

Based on the result of psaA, lytA and cpsA gene detection, obtained 6 variants of untypeable S. pneumoniae. recA gene sequence analysis with sequencing method, showed that variant I, II and IV are S. pneumoniae. Meanwhile, variant VI is S. pseudopneumoniae and variant VIII is S. infantis. The results indicated that identification of the bacteria S. pneumoniae can not be done with just one marker gene. The results are important to increase the detection of S. pneumoniae with molecular biology techniques."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui konsentrasi antibodi imunoglobulin G (IgG) terhadap polisakarida dari bakteri Streptococcus pneumoniae serotipe 14 dan 19F dalam serum anak yang terinfeksi HIV. Perlakuan yang diberikan dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu sebelum divaksin dan setelah divaksin dengan vaksin PCV7. Kedua perlakuan terdiri atas 20 sampel serum sebelum divaksin (hari ke-0) dan 20 sampel serum setelah divaksin (bulan ke-6 setelah vaksinasi). Vaksinasi diberikan kepada anak-anak berusia 2--5 tahun. Hasil uji t (P < 0,05), menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan konsentrasi antibodi IgG yang signifikan setelah divaksinasi dengan vaksin PCV7 untuk serotipe 19F dan serotipe 14. Serum yang memiliki konsentrasi antibodi IgG > 0,2 µg/ml setelah divaksinasi sebanyak 100% untuk kedua serotipe. Penggunaan glikonanopertikel tidak memberikan hasil yang berbeda signifikan dibandingkan dengan penggunaan polisakarida dan sel sebagai antigen target pada metode indirect ELISA dalam deteksi antibodi anti-pneumokokus setelah divaksinasi dengan PCV7.

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The research to observe concentration of immunoglobulinG (IgG) to capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14 and 19F in human serum has been done. Fourty samples were divided into 20 samples of pre-vaccination sample and 20 samples of post-vaccination with PCV7 vaccine. Vaccination was given to children 2--5 of age old. We investigated that there was significant (P < 0,05) difference of IgG concentration of serum sampel against capsular polysaccharide serotype 19F and serotype 14 between before and after PCV7 vaccination. Serum with IgG concentration above 0,2 µg/ml after vaccination are 100% for both serotype. We also investigated there was no significant difference between glyconanoparticle, polysaccharide, and bacterial cell as a coating material in indirect ELISA method to detect anti-pneumococcal antibody after PCV7 vaccination."

"[Deteksi Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumokokus) dilakukan dengan metode biakan dan PCR. Tujuan penelitian menentukan batas kemampuan tehnik PCR gen psaA mendeteksi inokulum pneumokokus dalam media cair sebelum inkubasi dan setelah inkubasi 24 jam. Penelitian secara eksperimental menggunakan S.pneumoniae ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) 49619 yang ditumbuhkan pada media agar darah domba. Sepuluh mililiter suspensi bakteri dengan densitas 6x107/ml, 6x106/ml, 6x105/ml, 6x104/ml, 6x103/ml, 6x102/ml, 60/ml, 6/ml dimasukkan dalam media cair BD BACTEC™ Plus Aerobic/F Culture Vials. Masing-masing densitas diinokulasikan ke dalam 20 media cair tersebut. Selanjutnya, dari tiap media cair yang telah diinokulasi, sebelum inkubasi maupun setelah inkubasi 24 jam, dilakukan pewarnaan Gram, diinokulasikan pada media agar darah domba, serta uji PCR untuk mendeteksi gen psaA. Bila ditemukan pertumbuhan koloni pneumokokus pada media agar darah, dilanjutkan uji katalase dan sensitivitas optochin. Uji PCR psaA ”positif” bila ditemukan amplikon dengan berat molekul 838 pasang basa. Metode biakan dan PCR dinyatakan“mampu mendeteksi pneumokokus” bila > 60% dari 20 replicate memberikan hasil positif. Dari masing-masing 20 replicate dengan densitas bakteri dalam inokulum awal 6x107/ml, 6x106/ml, 6x105/ml, 6x104/ml, 6x103/ml, 6x102/ml, 60/ml, 6/ml sebelum inkubasi, jumlah replicate yang terdeteksi gen psaA berturut-turut adalah 9/20 replicate (45%), 9/20 (45%), 3/20 (15%), 1/20 (5%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%). Setelah inkubasi 24 jam berturut-turut adalah 20/20 replicate (100%), 18/20 (90%), 11/20 (55%), 8/20 (40%), 4/20 (20%), 2/20 (10%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%). Dari data kadar DNA ekstrak terlihat uji PCR psaA penelitian ini membutuhkan kadar DNA ≥ 84 ng/µL. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan diperlukan inkubasi 24 jam agar terdeteksi oleh uji PCR psaA dengan densitas pneumokokus dalam inokulum awal minimal 6x106/ml. Kelemahan penelitian adalah proses ekstraksi DNA tidak optimal sehingga kadar DNA ekstrak sangat bervariasi dan menyebabkan gen psaA tidak terdeteksi sebelum inkubasi.;Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) detection can be done by culture and PCR methods. The purpose of this study was to determine the limits of psaA gene PCR in detecting pneumococcal inoculum prior to incubation and after 24 hours of incubation of liquid media. This experimental study used Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) 49619 which was grown on sheep blood agar. Ten mililiter of bacterial suspensions with initial density of 6x107/ml, 6x106/ml, 6x105/ml, 6x104/ml, 6x103/ml, 6x102/ml, 60/ml, 6/ml were inoculated into liquid media, BD BACTEC™ Plus Aerobic/F Culture Vials. Each bacterial density was inoculated into these 20 liquid medias. From each inoculated BD BACTEC™ Plus Aerobic/F Culture Vial, prior to incubation and after 24 hours of incubation, Gram staining, subculturing on sheep blood agar, and psaA gene PCR were done. When pneumococcal colonies were found on sheep blood agar, the colonies were tested for catalase and optochin sensitivity. PsaA gene were determined as “positive” when amplicons with molecular weight 838 pairs of bases were found. Culture and PCR methods were determined as able to detect pneumococcus when > 60% of 20 replicates yield positive results. The psaA PCR positive result rate of initial bacterial density of 6x107/ml, 6x106/ml, 6x105/ml, 6x104/ml, 6x103/ml, 6x102/ml, 60/ml, 6/ml prior to incubation were 9/20 replicate (45%), 9/20 (45%), 3/20 (15%), 1/20 (5%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), respectively. After 24 hours of incubations were 20/20 replicate (100%), 18/20 (90%), 11/20 (55%), 8/20 (40%), 4/20 (20%), 2/20 (10%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), respectively. From the DNA extract data, it could be determined that this PCR method required a DNA concentration of ≥ 84 ng/µL. Results showed a 24-hours incubation was needed in order to detect psaA by PCR and with the initial bacteria density of 6x106 organisms/ml in the inoculum. The weakness of study was DNA extraction process not optimal, shown by the variability of DNA concentration in the extracts which affected the ability of PCR to detect psaA gene prior to incubation., Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) detection can be done by culture and PCR methods. The purpose of this study was to determine the limits of psaA gene PCR in detecting pneumococcal inoculum prior to incubation and after 24 hours of incubation of liquid media. This experimental study used Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) 49619 which was grown on sheep blood agar. Ten mililiter of bacterial suspensions with initial density of 6x107/ml, 6x106/ml, 6x105/ml, 6x104/ml, 6x103/ml, 6x102/ml, 60/ml, 6/ml were inoculated into liquid media, BD BACTEC™ Plus Aerobic/F Culture Vials. Each bacterial density was inoculated into these 20 liquid medias. From each inoculated BD BACTEC™ Plus Aerobic/F Culture Vial, prior to incubation and after 24 hours of incubation, Gram staining, subculturing on sheep blood agar, and psaA gene PCR were done. When pneumococcal colonies were found on sheep blood agar, the colonies were tested for catalase and optochin sensitivity. PsaA gene were determined as “positive” when amplicons with molecular weight 838 pairs of bases were found. Culture and PCR methods were determined as able to detect pneumococcus when > 60% of 20 replicates yield positive results. The psaA PCR positive result rate of initial bacterial density of 6x107/ml, 6x106/ml, 6x105/ml, 6x104/ml, 6x103/ml, 6x102/ml, 60/ml, 6/ml prior to incubation were 9/20 replicate (45%), 9/20 (45%), 3/20 (15%), 1/20 (5%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), respectively. After 24 hours of incubations were 20/20 replicate (100%), 18/20 (90%), 11/20 (55%), 8/20 (40%), 4/20 (20%), 2/20 (10%), 0/20 (0%), 0/20 (0%), respectively. From the DNA extract data, it could be determined that this PCR method required a DNA concentration of ≥ 84 ng/µL. Results showed a 24-hours incubation was needed in order to detect psaA by PCR and with the initial bacteria density of 6x106 organisms/ml in the inoculum. The weakness of study was DNA extraction process not optimal, shown by the variability of DNA concentration in the extracts which affected the ability of PCR to detect psaA gene prior to incubation.]"

"Streptococcus pneumoniaemerupakan bakteri Gram positif yang bersifat patogen pada manusia dan menjadi penyebab Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases (IPD)dengan tingkat kematian yang tinggi. Streptococcus pneumoniae merupakan salah satu flora normal yang terdapat pada saluran pernafasan atas dan nasofaring anak-anak. Kolonisasi merupakan langkah pertama bakteri tersebut melakukan infeksi ke dalam tubuh inang.Kolonisasi lebih dari satu serotipe (multi serotipe/co-colonization) meningkatkan kemungkinan terjadinya infeksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan serotipe dan multi kolonisasi bakteri S. pneumoniae dari kultur primer. Sebanyak 150 usapan nasofaring yang diperoleh dari anak-anak diseleksi dengan metode mikrobiologi dan diperoleh sebanyak 67 kultur primer yang diduga mengandung bakteri S. pneumoniae. Sebanyak 67 kultur primer tersebut kemudian diidentifikasi menggunakan pendekatan molekuler, yaitu dengan teknik Polymerase Chain Reaction. Penentuan serotipe dilakukan dengan teknik PCR multipleks. Bakteri S. pneumoniae berhasil diidentifikasi dari 57 kultur primer (38%). Serotipe bakteri S. pneumoniae yang berhasil diidentifikasi pada penelitian ini, yaitu 19F (9), 6A/B (9), 19A (5), 23F (4), 15B/C (3), 7F (3), sg18 (2), 11A (2), 9V (2), 12F (1), 35F (1), 3 (1), 15A (1), 17F (1), 34 (1), 7C (1), dan 11 sampel kultur primer tidak dapat ditentukan serotipenya. Hasil tersebut juga sama dengan serotipe yang dapat ditentukan dari kultur murni. Hanya ditemukan satu dari 67 kultur primer yang mengandung lebih dari satu serotipe bakteri S. pneumoniae. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah, penentuan serotipe dapat dilakukan langsung dari kultur primer tanpa menggunakan kultur murni dan metode PCR multipleks kurang sensitif dalam mendeteksi serotipe minor.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive bacteria that are pathogenic to humans and cause Invasive Penumococcal Diseases (IPD) with a high mortality rate. Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the normal flora found on the upper respiratory tract and nasopharynx of children. Bacterial colonization is the first step to carry out infection in the host’s body. Colonization more than one serotype (multi colonization/co-colonization) increases the likelihood of infection. This study aims to determine the serotype and multiple colonization of S. pneumoniae directly from the primary culture. A total of 150 nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from children and selected by microbiological methods thus obtained 67 suspected primary cultures of S. pneumoniae. Primary cultures from those 67 samples were identified using molecular approaches, namely Polymerase Chain Reaction technique. Serotypes determination was done by using multiplex PCR. Streptococcus pneumoniae were identified from 57 (38%) primary cultures. Serotypes that were identified in this study, namely 19F (9), 6A/B (9), 19A (5), 23F (4), 15B/C (3), 7F (3), sg18 (2), 11A (2), 9V (2), 12F (1), 35F (1), 3 (1), 15A (1), 17F (1), 34 (1), 7C (1), and 11 primary culture samples were non serotypeable. These results are also similar to that were obtained from pure culture, so serotyping with multiplex PCR can be performed directly from primary culture without the use or pure culture. We could only found one of 67 primary cultures that contains more than one serotypes of S. pneumoniae, so we conclude that multiplex PCR method are less sensitive in detecting minor serotypes."

"Infeksi sistem saraf pusat diantaranya dapat disebabkan oleh S. pneumoniae dan S. agalactiae. Serotipe dari kedua bakteri tersebut dibedakan berdasarkan kapsul polisakaridanya yang merupakan faktor virulensi dominan ketika menginfeksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis spesifisitas dan sensitivitas antibodi poliklonal anti-vaksin konjugat pneumokokus 13-valen (PCV13) terhadap kapsul polisakarida S. pneumoniae dan S. agalactiae untuk pengembangan uji immunodiagnostik pada infeksi sistem saraf pusat. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan produksi antibodi poliklonal anti-kapsul PCV13 pada kelinci, isolasi kapsul polisakarida dari S. pneumoniae serotipe 6B dan 19F isolat Indonesia juga S. agalactiae serotipe II untuk melihat reaksi silang antar spesies. Metode indirect ELISA, multipleks PCR, purifikasi kapsul, dan western blot dilakukan dalam penelitian ini. Antibodi anti-kapsul PCV13 antara kelompok kontrol dan uji memiliki perbedaan bermakna terhadap kapsul polisakarida S. pneumoniae serotipe 6B dan 19F. Sensitivitas tertinggi antara kapsul S. pneumoniae standar dan hasil isolasi yaitu pada serotipe 6B sebesar 88% dengan spesifisitas 67%. Namun, S.agalactiae menunjukkan nilai spesifisitas yang cukup tinggi juga dengan S.pneumoniae 6B sebesar 80%. Hal tersebut dikonfirmasi juga berdasarkan hasil western blot yang menunjukkan adanya pita pada tiga kapsul polisakarida hasil isolasi tersebut. Sehingga hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya reaksi silang pada antibodi poliklonal anti-PCV13 terhadap S. agalactiae serotipe II.

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Central nervous system infections can be caused by S. pneumoniae and S.agalactiae. The serotypes of the two bacteria are differentiated based on their polysaccharide capsule which is the dominant virulence factor when infecting. This study aims to analyze the specificity and sensitivity of the anti-capsule polyclonal antibody of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) against the polysaccharide capsules of S.pneumoniae and S.agalactiae for the development of an immunodiagnostic test in central nervous system infections. In this research, the production of anti-PCV13 polyclonal antibodies was carried out in rabbits, isolation of polysaccharide capsules from Indonesian isolates S. pneumoniae serotypes 6B and 19F, and S. agalactiae serotype II to observe cross-reactions between species. Indirect ELISA, capsule purification, and western blot methods were performed in this study. The anti-capsule PCV13 antibodies between control and test groups had significant differences against polysaccharide capsules of S. pneumoniae serotypes 6B and 19F. The highest sensitivity between standard S. pneumoniae capsule and isolated results was serotype 6B of 88% with a specificity of 67%. However, S.agalactiae also showed a high specificity value with S.pneumoniae 6B of 80%. So the results of the study showed that there was a cross-reaction of the anti-PCV13 polyclonal antibody against S.agalactiae serotype II."

"Temulawak diharapkan mampu mencegah pembentukkan biofilm S.mutans dan A.actinomycetemcomitans penyebab karies dan penyakit periodontal. Tujuan: menganalisis perbandingan massa single dan dual species biofilm S.mutans dan A.actinomycetemcomitans setelah pemaparan ekstrak etanol temulawak. Metode: Suspensi bakteri S.mutans dan A.actinomycetemcomitans dalam media BHI yang diperkaya sukrosa 0,2% dipaparkan ekstrak etanol temulawak, diinkubasi selama 18 jam dan dianalisis menggunakan uji crystal violet. Hasil: Ekstrak tersebut mampu mencegah pembentukkan massa biofilm single species S.mutans dan dual species S.mutans dan A.actinomycetemcomitans, jika dibandingkan dengan single species biofilm A.actinomycetemcomitans. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol temulawak lebih efektif mencegah pembentukkan massa biofilm single species S.mutans dan dual species S.mutans dan A.actinomycetemcomitans.

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Curcuma xanthorrhiza is expected to prevent biofilm formation of S.mutans and A.actinomycetemcomitans that cause caries and periodontal disease.

Aim: to analyze the mass ratio of single and dual-species S.mutans and A.actinomycetemcomitans biofilm after being exposured to Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanol extract (Xan).

Methods: Bacteria suspension in BHI medium enriched with 0,2% of succrose was exposed to the Xan, incubated for 18 hours and analyzed using Crystal Violet assay.

Result: The Xan is able to prevent biofilm formation of single-species S.mutans and dual-species S.mutans and A.actinomycetemcomitans, compared to single-species A.actinomycetemcomitans.

Conclusion: Xan is more effective preventing biofilm formation of single-species S.mutans and dual-species S.mutans and A.actinomycetemcomitans."

"Streptococcus pneumoniae dapat menyebabkan terjadinya community-acquired pneumonia, meningitis, dan bakteremia pada semua golongan usia. Penelitian tentang S. pneumoniae di Indonesia masih jarang dilakukan. Uji biakan sebagai metode baku masih memiliki kendala dalam penerapan kondisi optimal untuk pertumbuhan S. pneumoniae, yaitu pada lingkungan atmosfer 5% CO2 (carbon dioxide), dan spesimen dari pasien seringkali diperoleh setelah pemberian antibiotik sehingga memberikan hasil negatif. Metode molekular saat ini lebih banyak diterapkan karena dianggap lebih sensitif, dapat menghemat waktu, dan mengurangi biaya. Gen psaA mengkode protein psaA (pneumococcal surface adhesin A) yang berperan dalam proses virulensi bakteri, dan ditemukan pada keseluruhan serotipe S. pneumoniae. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk identifikasi gen psaA Streptococcus pneumoniae langsung dari sputum dengan metode PCR. Sebanyak 176 sputum dikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil uji biakan berdasarkan uji optochin dan uji kelarutan dalam garam empedu menunjukkan hasil positif S. pneumoniae pada 3 sputum. Hasil uji PCR menunjukkan gen psaA positif pada 3 sputum yang juga positif pada hasil biakan (100%), sehingga diperoleh sensitivitas dan spesifisitas 100%.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae could cause community acquired pneumoniae, meningitis and bacteremia at all age groups. In Indonesia study about S.pneumoniae is still rare. Culture method as gold standard still has some limitations in optimal condition appliance for S pneumoniae growth, which is 5% CO2 atmosphere condition, and patient specimen is often obtained after antibiotic treatment therefore gives negatve result. Molecular method nowadays is more often performed due to better sensitivity, take less time and cost effective. psaA gene codes psaA protein that roles in bacterial virulent process and can be found in all S. pneumoniae serotypes.

This study aimed to identify Streptococccus pneumoniae psaA gene straightly from sputum by PCR method. This study included 176 sputum samples, from culture results there were 3 sputum S. pneumoniae by performing optochin test and bile salt solubility test. There were 3 sputum psaA gene positive has positive from culture results (100%) therefore sensitivity and specificity are 100%."

"Streptococcus pneumoniae merupakan salah satu bakteri Gram-Positif penyebab penyakit pneumonia. S. pneumoniae hidup di dalam rongga nasofaring manusia. Pada individu yang sehat, S. pneumoniae tidak akan menyebabkan suatu gejala. Namun, pada individu yang rentan seperti orang tua, penderita imunodefisiensi, dan anak-anak, bakteri tersebut dapat menjadi patogen serta dapat menyebar ke lokasi lain dan menyebabkan gejala seperti penyakit Pneumonia.Vaksin sangat dibutuhkan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut sehingga dapat mencegah infeksi bakteri S. pneumoniae penyebab penyakit pneumonia pada individu. Pada penelitian ini digunakan antigen potensial terhadap vaksin pneumonia berupa pneumolysin. Tujuan dari penelitan ini adalah untuk mengembangkan model vaksin terbaru pada bakteri S. pneumoniae penyebab pneumonia menggunakan pneumolysin dan pendekatan bioinformatika sehingga pencegahan terhadap pneumonia dapat diatasi secara tepat dan efisien. Pada penelitian ini digunakan beberapa metode seperti uji physicochemical, prediksi epitop, seleksi epitop, serta molecular docking. Dari hasil percobaan didapatkan bahwa epitop Pep 6 dari sekuens pneumolysin yang berikatan dengan reseptor 5IFH dengan nilai global energy -48.68 kcal/mol merupakan kandidat terbaik untuk vaksin pneumonia karena memiliki nilai global energy yang paling rendah diantara kandidat B Cell epitope lainnya.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the Gram-positive bacteria that causes pneumonia. S. pneumoniae lives in the human nasopharyngeal cavity. In healthy individuals, S. pneumoniae will not cause any symptoms. However, in susceptible individuals such as the elderly, immunodeficient patients, and children, these bacteria can become pathogenic and can spread to other locations and cause symptoms such as pneumonia. Vaccines are urgently needed to overcome these problems so that they can prevent S. pneumoniae infection which causes pneumonia in individuals. In this study, a potential antigen against pneumonia vaccine in the form of pneumolysin was used. The purpose of this research is to develop a new vaccine model for the bacterium S. pneumoniae that causes pneumonia using pneumolysin and a bioinformatics approach so that pneumonia prevention can be handled appropriately and efficiently. In this study, several methods were used, such as physicochemical test, epitope prediction, epitope selection, and molecular docking. From the experimental results, it was found that the Pep 6 epitope from the pneumolysin sequence that binds to the 5IFH receptor with a global energy value of -48.68 kcal/mol is the best candidate for pneumonia vaccine because it has the lowest global energy value among other B cell epitope candidates."

"Temulawak memiliki efek antibakteri. S. mutans dan A. actinomycetemcomitans merupakan bakteri penyebab karies dan penyakit periodontal. Tujuan: Membandingkan efek ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap viabilitas biofilm S. mutans dan A actinomycetemcomitans single dan dual species dalam berbagai fase pembentukan. Metode: Model biofilm diinkubasi selama 4 jam, 12 jam, dan 24 jam, kemudian dipapar ekstrak etanol temulawak 0,5%-25%. Hasil: Viabilitas biofilm single species S. mutans lebih rendah (p<0,05) dibanding kelompok biofilm lain. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05) antara viabilitas biofilm single species A. actinomycetemcomitans dan biofilm dual species. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol temulawak lebih efektif menurunkan viabilitas biofilm single species S. mutans.

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Curcuma xanthorrhiza has antibacterial property. S. mutans and A. actinomycetemcomitans cause caries and periodontal disease. Aim: Comparing Curcuma xanthrorrhiza ethanol extract?s to the viability of S. mutans and single and dual-species A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm in different formation phases. Methods: Biofilm models were incubated for 4, 12, and 24 hours, then exposed to 0.5%-25% Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract. Result: Single species S. mutans biofilm?s viability was significantly lower than other biofilm groups (p<0.05). Viability of single-species and dual-species A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm showed no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanol extract is more effective in decreasing the single-species S. mutans biofilm?s viability."