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"ABSTRACTPenghantaran insulin melalui paru merupakan rute alternatif penghantaran secara sistemik untuk mengatasi masalah injeksi insulin dan degradasi enzimatik pada bentuk sediaan oral. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan mikropartikel insulin menggunakan kompleks poliion kitosan dan xanthan gum yang kemudian ditambahkan dengan manitol untuk menjaga stabilitas insulin selama proses. Mikropartikel insulin dibuat dengan metode gelasi ionik antara kitosan dan xanthan gum yang kemudiandikeringkan dengan freeze dryer dengan penambahan larutan manitol. Mikropartikel insulin dikarakterisasi meliputi rendemen, ukuran dan morfologi partikel, spektrum inframerah (IR), efisiensi penjerapan, indeks polidispersitas, potensial zeta, dan stabilitas selama 12 minggu. Selain itu, uji pelepasan obat secara in vitro dilakukan dalam buffer.

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ABSTRACT Delivery of insulin through the lungs is an alternative route of delivery systemically to overcome the problem of insulin injection and enzymatic degradation in oral dosage forms. The purpose of this study was to obtain insulin microparticles using the chitosan polyion complex and xanthan gum which were then added to mannitol to maintain insulin stability during the process. Insulin microparticles are made by the method of ionic gelation between chitosan and xanthan gum laterdried with a freeze dryer with the addition of mannitol solution. Insulin microparticles characterized include yield, particle size and morphology, infrared spectrum (IR), adsorption efficiency, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and stability for 12 weeks. In addition, the drug release test in vitro was carried out in a buffer."

"Film transdermal merupakan sistem penghantaran obat yang diaplikasikan melalui kulit untuk menghantarkan obat ke sistemik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari eksipien kompleks polielektrolit kitosan-xanthan (KPKX) sebagai eksipien pembentuk film yang dibuat dengan mencampurkan larutan gum xanthan 1% ke dalam larutan kitosan 1% dengan cara diteteskan dan disertai pengadukan. KPKX yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi gugus fungsi, indeks mengembang, kekuatan gel, dan sifat mekanik filmnya. Film transdermal dibuat dengan menggunakan KPKX 1:1 sebagai matriks, propilenglikol-gliserol (8:2) 50% sebagai plasticizer, dan ketoprofen sebagai model obat. Film transdermal ketoprofen yang dihasilkan memiliki sifat mekanis yang baik dengan persentasi elongasi sebesar 108,70 ± 1,56% dan tensile strength sebesar 791,05 ± 5,30 N/m2. Uji disolusi in vitro menunjukkan pelepasan ketoprofen dari film transdermal ketoprofen sebesar 99,57 ± 4,67% selama 12 jam dengan mekanisme difusi terkendali. Uji penetrasi in vitro menunjukkan bahwa penetrasi in vitro dari film transdermal ketoprofen sebesar 12,34 ± 0,22 mg/cm2 selama 12 jam dengan kecepatan penetrasi 1,051 ± 0,074 mg/cm2.jam. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa KPKX merupakan eksipien yang baik digunakan sebagai pembentuk film transdermal.

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Transdermal film is a drug delivery system that is applied through the skin to deliver drugs to the systemic. This present study was intended to evaluate the ability of chitosan-xanthan polyelectrolyte complex (CXPC) as film-forming excipient which were made by dropwise a solution of 1% xanthan gum in a solution of 1% chitosan and aided with stirring. The obtained CXPC was characterized, including its functional group, swelling index, gel strength, and film mechanical properties. Transdermal films made using CXPC 1:1 as matrix, propylene glycol-glycerine (8:2) 50% as plasticizer, and ketoprofen as model of drug. Ketoprofen transdermal film which were produced from CXPC possessed good mechanical properties with elongation percentage of 108.70 ± 1.56% and the tensile strength of 791.05 ± 5.30 N/mm2. The in-vitro drug release study showed that 99.57 ± 4.67% of ketoprofen has been released from transdermal film in 12 hours by diffusion-controlled mechanism. In-vitro drug release study showed that 12.34 ± 0.22 mg/cm2 of ketoprofen able to penetrate through skin membrane with the flux of 1.051 ± 0.074 mg/cm2.hour. Therefore, it can be concluded that CXPC had good characteristics to be applied as excipient transdermal film."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan kompleks polielektrolit kitosan-xanthan (KPKX) sebagai bahan penyalut tablet untuk memberikan pelepasan terkendali. Polielektrolit pada umumnya memiliki daya mengembang yang tinggi hanya pada pH tertentu sehingga kecepatan pelepasan obat menjadi tidak konstan selama berada di sepanjang saluran pencernaan. Melalui kompleksasi polielektrolit, didapatkan daya mengembang yang stabil pada rentang pH yang luas. Pada jam ke-12, KPKX memiliki daya mengembang dalam medium pH 1,2; 5,0; dan 7,4 berturut-turut sebesar 16,94 ± 1,47%; 18,01 ± 3,01%; dan 24,26 ± 2,14%. KPKX 1% menunjukkan kekuatan gel sebesar 7,13 ± 0,45 gF. KPKX menunjukkan adanya peningkatan tensile strength dibandingkan kedua senyawa asalnya. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan tensile strength film KPKX sebagai F1 sebesar 460 N/m2. Tablet inti dibuat dengan metode kempa langsung dengan verapamil HCl sebagai model obat. Penyalutan dilakukan pada tablet verapamil HCl hingga didapat penambahan bobot sebesar 5,4%. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan, penggunaan KPKX sebagai bahan penyalut mampu memberikan pelepasan terkendali yang lebih baik dan stabil bila dibandingkan dengan kitosan dan gum xanthan. Dalam 12 jam, jumlah verapamil HCl yang dilepaskan adalah sebanyak 40,96 ± 4,58%. Pelepasan terkendali dari tablet salut KPKX mengikuti pelepasan orde nol dengan mekanisme pelepasan mengikuti prinsip difusi non-Fickian pada medium asam dan basa.

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The study was intended to investigate the ability of chitosan-xanthan polyelectrolyte complex (CXPC) as coating material for tablets to provide sustained-release behavior. Polyelectrolytes usually have higher swelling index only at certain pH. Therefore, drug release rate becomes unstable along the gastrointestinal tract. Through polyelectrolyte complexation, the swelling index showed good stability in wide range of pH. After 12 hours, the swelling index of CXPC in medium of pH 1.2, 5.0, and 7.4 were 16.94 ± 1.47%, 18.01 ± 3.01%, and 24.26 ± 2.14% respectively. CXPC 1% showed the gel strength of 7,13 ± 0,45 gF. CXPC showed an increase in tensile strength compared to both the previous compounds. The test showed the tensile strength of CXPC film as F1 was 460 N/m2. Core tablets were made by using direct compression method and verapamil HCl was used as drug model. Verapamil HCl tablets were coated by CXPC until they got 5,4% additional weight. Based on the study, the use of CXPC as coating material was able to provide better and more stable sustained-release behavior compared to chitosan and xanthan gum. Within 12 hours, the amount of released verapamil HCl was 40,96 ± 4,58%. Sustained-release behavior of CXPC-coated tablets followed zero-order release with mechanism of non-Fickian diffusional release in acidic and basic medium."

"ABSTRAKUntuk memformulasikan serbuk inhalasi tertarget makrofag dibutuhkan eksipien dengan karakteristik yang sesuai untuk dapat membawa obat sampai makrofag. Penelitian sebelumnya membuktikan bahwa kombinasi kitosan dan gum xanthan memiliki indeks mengembang yang baik pada pH makrofag sehingga dapat dijadikan sebagai eksipien tertarget makrofag. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuat serbuk inhalasi menggunakan kitosan-xanthan KX sebagai pembawa yang dapat menahan pelepasan obat pada cairan paru pH 7,4 dan memfasilitasi pelepasan obat pada cairan makrofag paru pH 4,5 . KX dibuat dengan mencampurkan kitosan dan gum xanthan perbandingan 1:1, 1:2, dan 2:1. KX kemudian dikarakterisasi meliputi penampilan, bentuk morfologi, uji termal, spektrum inframerah, derajat keasaman, dan viskositas. Serbuk kering inhalasi dibuat dengan menggunakan rifampisin sebagai model obat dan lima eksipien berbeda yaitu kitosan, gum xanthan, KX l:1, 1:2, 2:1. Serbuk inhalasi dikarakterisasi penampilan, morfologi, kadar air, distribusi ukuran partikel, kadar zat aktif, efisiensi penjerapan, dan pelepasan obatnya. Serbuk inhlasi dengan karakteristik terbaik yaitu formula 3 dengan eksipien KX 1:1 yang menghasilkan rendemen 22,48 , rentang ukuran 1,106 ndash; 3,580 m, efisiensi penjerapan sebanyak 120,162 , dan dapat melepas obat sebanyak 3,145 dalam medium pH 7,4 dan sebanyak 23,774 dalam medium pH 4,5. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa eksipien KX 1:1 dapat digunakan sebagai pembawa dalam formulasi serbuk inhalasi rifampisin.

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ABSTRACTSuitable excipient with certain characteristics is required in formulating inhalation powder to deliver drug into macrophage. Previous study had shown that the combination of chitosan and gum xanthan had remarkable swelling properties at macrophage condition pH 4.5 , thus it is suitable to be used as a macrophage targeted excipient. This study aimed to produce dry powder inhalation of rifampicin using chitosan xanthan CX as a carrier that can sustain drug release in lung fluid pH 7.4 and facilitate drug release in pulmonary macrophage fluid pH 4,5 . CX was prepared by mixing the chitosan and xanthan gum with the ratio 1 1, 1 2, and 2 1. Physical appearance, morphology, thermal properties, functional group, acidity, and viscosity of CX were then characterized. The inhalation powder were formulated by using rifampicin as a drug model and five different excipients which were chitosan, gum xanthan, and CX 1 1, 1 2, 2 1. Physical appearance, morphology, moisture content, and drug release of each formula of inhalation powder was evaluated. This study showed that rifampicin CX 1 1 was the best formula with yield of 22.48 , partical size range of 1.106 ndash 3.580 m, entrapment efficiency of 120.162 , and release 3,145 of rifampicin at pH 7.4 and 23.774 of rifampicin at pH 4.5. Based on these results, it can be concluded that CX 1 1 is a suitable excipient to formulate dry powder inhalation of rifampicin. "

"Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) adalah sistem penghantaran obat yang digunakan pada permukaan kulit dengan tujuan sistemik. Untuk itu, diperlukan suatu eksipien pembentuk matriks transdermal yang dapat menghantarkan obat masuk ke dalam kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan eksipien koproses xanthan gum dan amilosa tersambungsilang-6 (Ko-CLA6-XG) sebagai matriks sediaan transdermal, kemudian dilakukan uji penetrasi secara in vitro dan in vivo. Ko-CLA6-XG diformulasikan dalam bentuk hidrogel dengan model obat natrium diklofenak. Uji penetrasi in vitro dilakukan menggunakan sel difusi Franz yang kemudian dianalisis dengan spektrofotometer UV. Uji in vivo dilakukan dengan cara mengaplikasikan satu gram hidrogel dengan luas aplikasi 1,13 cm2 di atas kulit tikus bagian abdomen, kemudian sampel darah dikumpulkan melalui sinus orbitalis mata dan dianalisis menggunakan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (KCKT). Hasil uji penetrasi in vitro menunjukkan jumlah kumulatif obat yang terpenetrasi ke dalam kulit hingga 12 jam sebanyak 1435 ± 180 µg cm-2 dengan fluks total sebesar 118,55 ± 23,01 µg cm-2 jam-1 (r=0,0994) dan waktu tunda selama 48,6 ± 15,6 menit. Profil pelepasan natrium diklofenak selama 12 jam pada uji in vivo mencapai konsentrasi puncak plasma sebesar 2236 ± 398 ng/ml pada 0,86 ± 0,21 jam dengan AUC sebesar 25273 ± 4133 ng ml-1 jam. Kedua hasil uji memberikan gambaran bahwa hidrogel mengandung natrium diklofenak dengan Ko-CLA6-XG sebagai matriks dapat dikembangkan untuk sediaan transdermal.

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Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is the administration of therapeutic agents through the skin for systemic effect. Therefore, it requires an excipient for transdermal matrix-forming that can deliver drug across the skin. This present research was intended to develop the utilization of coprocessed excipient of xanthan gum and 6-cross-linked amylose (Co-CLA6-XG) as a matrix for transdermal and then evaluate the in vitro and in vivo penetration. Co-CLA6-XG was formulated as hydrogel with sodium diclofenac as a drug model. In vitro penetration study was evaluated using Franz diffusion cell analysed with spectrophotometre UV. The in vivo experiment was performed by applied one gram of hydrogel spread over 1,13 cm2 to the rat abdoment skin, then the blood samples were obtained from sinus orbitalis and analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro study records the cumulative drug permeated across the skin for 12 hours ranged 1435 ± 180 µg cm-2 and shows the transdermal flux 118,55 ± 23,01 µg cm-2 hours-1 (r = 0,994) with the lag time value ranged 48,6 ± 15,6 min. The release profile of sodium diclofenac for 12 hours in vivo reached a maximum peak of 2236 ± 398 ng/ml at 0,86 ± 0,21 hours with the AUC value was 25273 ± 4133 ng ml-1 hour. Thus diclofenaccontaining hydrogel using Co-CLA6-XG as a matrix could be developed as transdermal drug delivery."

"[ABSTRAKTablet mengapung lepas lambat membutuhkan eksipien yang berfungsi sebagaimatriks yang mampu mengendalikan lepasnya obat dan menfasilitasipengapungan tablet di lambung. Salah satu eksipien yang berpotensi untuk haltersebut adalah eksipien koproses xanthan gum ? gum akasia yang merupakanhasil modifikasi fisik dari 2 jenis polimer alam, yaitu xanthan gum dan gumakasia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh eksipienkoproses xanthan gum ? gum akasia yang kemudian digunakan sebagai matrikspada formulasi tablet mengapung. Pada penelitian ini dibuat eksipien koprosesxanthan gum ? gum akasia dengan perbandingan 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 dan 3:1 daneksipien yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi sifat fisik, kimia, danfungsionalnya.Eksipien-eksipien koproses yang dihasilkan tersebut kemudiandiformulasikan menjadi sediaan tablet mengapung dengan menggunakanfamotidin sebagai model obat. Tablet mengapung yang dihasilkan dievaluasi,antara lain uji kemampuan mengapung serta pelepasan obat dalam medium HClpH 1,2 selama 8 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa eksipien koprosesyang diperoleh berupa serbuk halus tidak berbau dan berwarna putih keabu-abuan.Selain itu eksipien koproses tersebut memiliki kemampuan mengembang yangbaik, viskositas yang cukup besar dan kekuatan gel yang baik yang cocok untukdigunakan sebagai matriks tablet mengapung. Tablet mengapung F2 yang dibuatdengan menggunakan eksipien koproses Ko-XG-GA 1:2 menunjukkankarakteristik yang terbaik dengan floating lag time 8,33± 0,58 menit dankemampuan mengapung hingga 24 jam. Profil pelepasan famotidin dari tabletmengapung yang diformulasikan dengan eksipien koproses Ko-XG-GA (F1 ? F5)menunjukkan profil pelepasan obat terkendali dengan model kinetika pelepasanorde nol dan dapat digunakan untuk pemakaian selama 32 jam. Dari hasilpenelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa eksipien koproses Ko-XG-GA yangdihasilkan dapat diaplikasikan sebagai matriks sediaan tablet mengapung lepasterkendali.

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ABSTRACTControlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix thatcan control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in thegastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum? gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore,the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgumacacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. Inthis study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum andgum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients werecharacterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processedexcipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drugmodel. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floatingcapabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The resultsshowed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish whitecolour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity andgood gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. Thefloating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lagtime and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that thefamotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA(F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kineticand could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can beconcluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied asmatrices in controlled release floating tablets.;Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix thatcan control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in thegastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum– gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore,the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgumacacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. Inthis study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum andgum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients werecharacterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processedexcipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drugmodel. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floatingcapabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The resultsshowed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish whitecolour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity andgood gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. Thefloating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lagtime and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that thefamotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA(F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kineticand could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can beconcluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied asmatrices in controlled release floating tablets.;Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix thatcan control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in thegastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum– gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore,the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgumacacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. Inthis study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum andgum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients werecharacterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processedexcipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drugmodel. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floatingcapabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The resultsshowed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish whitecolour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity andgood gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. Thefloating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lagtime and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that thefamotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA(F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kineticand could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can beconcluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied asmatrices in controlled release floating tablets., Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix thatcan control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in thegastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum– gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore,the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgumacacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. Inthis study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum andgum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients werecharacterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processedexcipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drugmodel. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floatingcapabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The resultsshowed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish whitecolour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity andgood gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. Thefloating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lagtime and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that thefamotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA(F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kineticand could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can beconcluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied asmatrices in controlled release floating tablets.]"

"ABSTRAKIn the skin care industry, topical medications with high levels of antioxidants and High skin penetration is the ideal that all formulators desire. However, more antioxidant content in the oil phase has beenlead to less stability. To answer this problem and find the right balance of antioxidant benefits and stability, formulation nanoemulgel is made by combining mangosteen nanoemulsion with hydrogels that incorporate antioxidants into the aqueous phase. The nanoemulsionmade from a mixture of distilled water and a naturally occurring eutectic solvent based on betaine (NADES) as the water phase and virgin coconut oil (RCO) as the oil phase. 6 nanoemulgel formulation samples were made and observed. Extraction yield is 5.26% g -mangostin/g mangosteen powder and 0.86% g -mangostin/g nanoemulgel. Allthe xanthan gum sample was stable while the Carbopol 934 sample underwent separation in the accelerated stability test. Sample XG 1, with 1% xanthan gum, reported to have an IC50 of 16.97 ppm from the DPPH antioxidant test and the amount of cumulative 101.57 g/cm2 released in an in-vitro penetration assay using . cells Franz diffusion. This sample also found the highest score with a score of 39.6 / 45 incustomer survey. This proves that the use of RCO as the oil phaseand NADES as the aqueous phase to formulate a topical nanoemulgel that stable and high penetration with mangosteen extract is very possible and optimized using 1% xanthan gum.ABSTRACTDalam industri perawatan kulit, obat topikal dengan tingkat antioksidan tinggi dan penetrasi kulit yang tinggi adalah ideal yang diinginkan oleh semua formulator. Namun, lebih banyak kandungan antioksidan dalam fase minyak telahmenyebabkan stabilitas yang lebih rendah. Untuk menjawab masalah ini dan menemukan keseimbangan yang tepat antara manfaat antioksidan dan stabilitas, formulasi nanoemulgel dibuat dengan menggabungkan nanoemulsi manggis dengan hidrogel yang menggabungkan antioksidan ke dalam fase air. nanoemulsiondibuat dari campuran air suling dan pelarut eutektik alami berdasarkan betaine (NADES) sebagai fase air dan minyak kelapa murni (RCO) sebagai fase minyak. 6 sampel formulasi nanoemulgel dibuat dan diamati. Hasil ekstraksi adalah 5,26% g -mangostin/g bubuk manggis dan 0,86% g -mangostin/g nanoemulgel. Semuasampel xanthan gum stabil sedangkan sampel Carbopol 934 mengalami pemisahan pada uji stabilitas dipercepat. Sampel XG 1, dengan gom xanthan 1%, dilaporkan memiliki IC50 sebesar 16,97 ppm dari uji antioksidan DPPH dan jumlah kumulatif 101,57 g/cm2 yang dilepaskan dalam uji penetrasi in-vitro menggunakan . difusi sel Franz. Sampel ini juga menemukan skor tertinggi dengan skor 39,6/45 insurvei pelanggan. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa penggunaan RCO sebagai fase minyak dan NADES sebagai fase air untuk memformulasi nanoemulgel topikal yang stabil dan penetrasi tinggi dengan ekstrak manggis sangat dimungkinkan dan dioptimalkan dengan menggunakan 1% xanthan gum."

"Penggunaan film mukoadhesif dengan sifat fleksibel dan berpori yang diproduksi dari kitosan-N-asetil sistein sebagai sistem penghantaran insulin melalui rute bukal telah diteliti. Kitosan-N-asetil sistein (KNAC) didapatkan melalui reaksi antara kitosan dengan N-asetil sistein yang dimediasi karbodiimida. Hasil sintesis KNAC kemudian dikarakterisasi dalam hal jumlah gugus tiol, spektrum IR, serta kemampuan mengembang. KNAC tersebut kemudian dibuat menjadi sediaan film dengan metode solvent casting yang dilanjutkan dengan pengeringan beku. Film yang dihasilkan kemudian dikarakterisasi morfologi permukaan film serta kekuatan dan waktu mukoadhesinya. Selain itu, pelepasan dan difusi insulin dari film kNAC juga dilaksanakan pada penelitian ini. Untuk membandingkan efek hipoglikemik in vivo, sejumlah tikus sehat diberikan film insulin KNAC secara bukal dengan injeksi insulin subkutan sebagai pembandingnya. Hasil dari sintesis KNAC menunjukkan kandungan gugus tiol bebas yang tinggi (423,28 ± 12,99 µmol per gram polimer) dengan kemampuan mengembang hingga 1,5 kali berat awalnya. Film dari KNAC yg disintesis menunjukkan gaya mukoadhesi dan waktu mukoadhesi secara berturut-turut hingga mencapai 1,25 kali dan 2,4 kali dibandingkan film kitosan yang tidak dimodifikasi (p<0.05, t-test). Hasil uji juga menunjukkan bahwa film KNAC dapat memberikan pelepasan dan difusi obat secara berturut-turut hingga 95 % dalam 30 menit dan 70 % dalam 3 jam. Film insulin KNAC yang diberikan melalui rute bukal mampu memberikan efek hipoglikemik hingga 65,46 % dari kadar gula darah awal. Selain itu, hasil availabilitas farmakologi dari film insulin KNAC terhadap injeksi insulin subkutan mencapai 18,91%. Sebagai kesimpulan, penelitian ini memberikan gambaran bahwa film kitosan-NAC memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai pembawa dalam penghantaran bukal insulin dan makromolekul lainnya.

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The development of a new porous and flexible mucoadhesive films based on chitosan-N-acetyl cysteine (Ch-NAC) for potential buccal delivery system of insulin was carried out in this study. Ch-NAC was synthesized from carbodiimide-mediated reaction between chitosan and N-acetyl cysteine. The obtained Ch-NAC was then characterized by determining the thiol group content, FT-IR spectra and swelling ability. The Ch-NAC was then prepared into insulincontaining film by a simple solvent casting method followed with subsequent freeze drying. The resulting film was then observed in terms of morphology and mucoadhesion properties. Moreover, the diffusion and release study of insulin from the Ch-NAC film was also studied. The hypoglycaemic effect of buccally administered insulin containing Ch-NAC film compared to subcutaneous insulin injection was then observed using healthy rats. The obtained Ch-NAC showed high free thiol group content (423,28 ± 12,99 µmol per gram polymer) and swelling ability up to 1.5 times its initial weight. The insulin-containing Ch-NAC films showed up to 1.25 and 2.4 times mucoadhesion force and mucoadhesion time compared to chitosan film as blanks, respectively (p<0.05, t-test). The Ch-NAC films were able to show sufficient diffusion of insulin up to 70 % within 3 hours and provide 95 % release of insulin within 30 minutes. The insulin-containg Ch-NAC films which were buccally administered reached hypoglycemic effect up to 65,46 % of initial blood glucose level. The insulin pharmacological availability of the buccally administered Ch-NAC films compared to subcutaneous injection were 18.91 %. These results suggested that Ch-NAC films were a promising carrier for buccal delivery of insulin and other macromolecules."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan kompleks polielektrolit kitosan-xanthan (KPKX) dan menggunakannya sebagai matriks dalam tablet lepas terkendali dengan sistem mengapung. Penelitian sebelumnya membuktikan bahwa kitosan, yang bermuatan positif pada suasana asam, dan xanthan, yang bemuatan negatif, dapat membentuk kompleks polielektrolit yang memiliki daya mengembang yang baik untuk sediaan dengan pelepasan terkendali. KPKX dibuat dengan cara melarutkan kitosan (1,0% b/v) dan xanthan (1,0% b/v) di dalam medium masing-masing kemudian mencampurkan keduanya pada pH 4,3-4,5 dengan perbandingan 1:1. Hasil yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi secara fisik, kimia, dan fungsional. Selanjutnya, KPKX digunakan sebagai matriks dalam sediaan tablet mengapung dengan 2 variasi jumlah polimer pembentuk matriks (35,71% dan 57,14%). Asam sitrat dan natrium bikarbonat digunakan sebagai gas forming dalam 2 variasi (14,29% dan 21,43%). Kitosan, xanthan, dan campuran fisik keduanya digunakan sebagai polimer matriks pada formula pembanding. Diltiazem HCl digunakan sebagai model obat. Tablet dibuat dengan metode granulasi basah dan dikempa menjadi tablet 700 mg. Seluruh tablet mengapung yang dihasilkan memenuhi persyaratan fisik yang tertera di Farmakope Indonesia. Tablet mengapung F3 yang mengandung 57,14% KPKX dan 21,43% gas forming menunjukkan karakteristik yang terbaik dengan floating lag time 39,33 ± 1,53 menit dan dapat mengapung hingga 12 jam. Tablet F3 juga terbukti dapat menahan pelepasans obat hingga 12 jam dan menunjukkan profil pelepasan obat yang sesuai dengan kinetika orde nol.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of chisotan-xanthan polyelectrolyte complex (CXPC) and use it as matrix of controlled release tablet with floating system. The previous study has shown that chitosan, which have positive charge in acid condition, and xanthan, which have negative charge, could form polyelectrolyte complex which have good swelling index for controlled release dosage forms. CXPC was prepared by dissolving chitosan (1.0% w/v) and xanthan (1.0% w/v) in their medium then mix them in pH 4.3-4.5 with a ratio of 1:1. The obtained CXPC were characterized physically, chemically, and functionally. Furthermore, CXPC was used as matrix of floating tablet in two variations (35.71% and 57.14%). Citric acid and sodium bicarbonate were used as gas forming in two variations (14.29% and 21.43%). Chitosan, xanthan, and physical mixture of both were also used as comparison formula. Diltiazem HCl was used as drug model. Tablet was formulated by wet granulation method and compressed into 700 mg tablets. All floating tablets fulfilled all the Pharmacopoeia requirements. Floating tablets containing 57.14% CXPC and 21.43% gas forming (F3) have shown the best characteristic with 39.33 ± 1.53 minutes of floating lag time and 12 hours of floating time. This formula revealed a profile of controlled drug release and appoached to zero-order kinetics model."

"Kerugian jatuh tekanan (pressure drop) berkaitan dengan koefisien gesek dan merupakan hal yang penting dari sistem aliran fluida di dalam pipa karena berhubungan dengan penggunaan energi. Air murni merupakan salah satu dari fluida-fluida sederhana yang digunakan pada penelitian kerugian jatuh tekan. Air merupakan fluida newtonian dimana viskositasnya hanya berpengaruh oleh perubahan temperatur. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan biopolimer xanthan gum terhadap nilai jatuh tekanan pada pipa spiral Ø 27mm dengan berbagai variasi konsentrasi yang berbeda, yaitu 150 ppm, 250 ppm dan 350 ppm. Aliran fluida memiliki karakteristik pokok (laminer atau turbulen). Didapat bahwa larutan xanthan gum mengalami pengurangan hambatan pada aliran turbulen. Percobaan dilakukan dari bilangan Reynolds rendah sampai tertinggi yaitu 25861 dengan rasio penurunan hambatan maksimumnya adalah 62,60%. Nilai Bilangan Reynolds yang tinggi berarti ada kecepatan aliran yang tinggi, perluasan fluida dan viskositas yang kecil. Gesekan antara fluida dan dinding pipa mengalami penurunan mengindikasikan keefektifan bahan uji sebagai drag reduction agent yang dapat dilihat dari koefisien gesek terhadap grafik Blasius. Dari pengujian ini didapatkan data debit aliran, perbedaan ketinggian air dan kecepatan aliran. Spesifikasi dari alat pengujian yang diperlukan juga didapatkan untuk diolah menggunakan persamaan-persamaan empiris sehingga didapatkan hasil pengolahan, tampilan grafik hasil pengolahan yang akan dibandingkan dengan grafik secara teoritis. Grafik yang ditampilkan merupakan hubungan antara Bilangan Reynolds dan koefisien gesek dimana semakin kecil Bilangan Reynolds (laminer) maka akan semakin tinggi koefisien gesek pada. Perbedaan ketinggian air melalui alat ukur (pressure gauge) juga menunjukan besar kecilnya kerugian energi tersebut. Semakin tinggi perbedaan ketinggian air antar tiap titik alat pengukur tekanan maka kerugian energi semakin besar.

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Pressure drop has a relavancy with the coefficient of friction and it's significant case of the system of fluid rate in the pipeline as it’s related with energy consumption. Pure water is one of plain fluids used on pressure drop research. Water is newtonian fluid which the viscosity depends is one of them affected temperature change. This research done in order to determine the effect of biopolymer xanthan gum to pressure drop at spiral pipe Ø 27mm with a variety of different concentrations 150 ppm, 250 ppm and 350 ppm. Fluid rate has a fundamental characteristic (laminar or turbulent). Found that xanthan gum is solution a reduction for turbulent flow. The experiment was performed from low to high Reynolds number to 25861 with the highest ratio of drag reduction is 62.6%. High value of Reynolds Number appears high velocity of fluid rate, fluid expansion and low viscosity. The Friction between the fluid and the pipe wall can neglected it mean the effectiveness of material (xanthan gum) as drag reduction agent which can be seen on grapich drag coefficient curve compare to blasius curve.

From the research obtains the capacity of rate, difference of water height, velocity of rate. Specification of the equipment required is also getting to processing that uses empirical equations, so it will get the processing result, processing result graphic will be compared with the theoritical graphic. The graphic being appeared is relation between Reynolds Number and coefficient of the friction, where on teh wane of Reynolds Number (laminar), so then the coefficient of friction increased. A difference of water height through the measuring instrument (pressure gauge) also appears amount of losses. The higher a difference of water height inter each point of pressure gauge, so the losses become bigger."