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"Pasal 18B ayat (2) UUD NRI 1945 memuat setidaknya empat elemen pengakuan masyarakat adat, di mana dua diantaranya berkaitan dengan masyarakat adat itu sendiri dan prinsip NKRI sebagai prasyarat pengakuan. Keduanya sejatinya mengandung bias paradigmatik kepada kebudayaan agraris. Konsep masyarakat adat sejak semula diidentikkan dengan hak ulayat atas tanah. Sementara prinsip NKRI mengalami proses ideologisasi oleh Angkatan Darat dan berkontribusi pada penyeragaman masyarakat adat. Oleh karenanya, orientasi maritim ditawarkan untuk mendekonstruksi bias-bias terrestrial tersebut. Penelitian ini kemudian disusun sebagai penelitian normatif, dengan pendekatan sosio-legal, perundang-undangan, konseptual, sejarah, dan perbandingan. Dekonstruksi diajukan sebagai metode interpretasi utama, selain historis, sosiologis, dan sistematis. Diperoleh simpulan bahwa: 1) terdapat tiga model umum dalam pengakuan konstitusional masyarakat adat di Indonesia: implisit-terbatas (UUD 1945), pengakuan melalui pranata-pranata adat (Konstitusi RIS dan UUD 1950), dan eksplisit-terbatas (UUD NRI 1945); 2) bias terrestrial dalam konsep masyarakat adat berakar dari kelahiran konsep masyarakat adat itu sendiri, dan dipertahankan dalam proses pembentukan UUD NRI 1945. Perlu diingat bahwa terdapat masyarakat adat yang juga hidup di laut. Selain itu, terdapat pula masyarakat adat yang tidak mengenal konsep hak ulayat dan perlu dilindungi hak-hak lainnya; 3) untuk memecah ideologisasi NKRI, negara perlu (1) mengakui kemajemukan sebagai dasar pembentukan bangsa Indonesia, (2) mengakui subyektivitas konstitusional masyarakat adat secara gamblang, (3) mengafirmasi kecakapan masyarakat adat untuk bertindak selayaknya sebuah subyek hukum, dan (4)  menjabarkan kategori-kategori hak yang disandang masyarakat adat di Indonesia, termasuk skema perlindungan atas keberlanjutannya.

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Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia contains at least four elements of recognition of indigenous peoples, while two of it (indigenous people concept and NKRI principle) contain paradigmatic bias towards agrarian culture. The concept of indigenous peoples was originally identified with customary rights to land (hak ulayat). While the principles of the NKRI experienced an ideologization process by the Army and contributed to the uniformity of indigenous peoples. Therefore, a maritime orientation is offered to deconstruct those terrestrial biases. This research was then compiled as a normative study, with a socio-legal, legislative, conceptual, historical, and comparative approach. Deconstruction is proposed as the main method of interpretation, besides historical, sociological, and systematic interpretations. The conclusion is that: 1) there are three general models in the constitutional recognition of indigenous peoples in Indonesia: implicit-limited (UUD 1945), recognition through customary institutions (RIS Constitution and 1950 Constitution), and explicit-limited (1945 Constitution NRI); 2) terrestrial bias in the concept of indigenous peoples is rooted in the birth of the concept of indigenous peoples themselves, and is maintained in the process of establishing the 1945 Constitution of the Indonesia. It is important to remember that there are indigenous people who also live within the sea. In addition, there are also indigenous people who do not recognize the concept of customary rights and need to be protected by their other categories of rights; 3) to break down the ideology of the NKRI, the state needs to (1) acknowledge pluralism as the basis for the formation of the Indonesian nation, (2) recognize the constitutional subjectivity of indigenous peoples explicitly, (3) affirm the skills of indigenous peoples to act accordingly, the categories of rights held by indigenous peoples in Indonesia, including protection schemes for their sustainability."

"ABSTRAKSalah satu penyebab emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) adalah karena adanya deforestasidan degradasi hutan. Untuk mengurangi emisi yang berasal dari deforestasi dandegradasi hutan maka muncul konsep Reducing Emission from Deforestation andForest Degradation (REDD+). Indonesia sebagai pemilik hutan yang relatif besartelah aktif dalam berbagai program REDD+. Pelaksanaan program-programtersebut membawa dampak kepada masyarakat adat. Untuk itu, masyarakat adatperlu dilindungi. Perlindungan hukum yang diberikan kepada masyarakat adat saatini belum cukup efektif untuk memberikan perlindungan kepada masyarakat adatdari dampak pelaksanaan REDD+ di Indonesia. Masalahnya adalah ketidakjelasandan ketidakcukupan regulasi terkait masyarakat adat dan pelaksanaan REDD+ yangmemberikan perlindungan kepada masyarakat sesuai indikator pemenuhan dalamREDD+ Social Safeguard.

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ABSTRACTOne cause of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) is due to deforestation and forestdegradation. To reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation,emerge the concept of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and ForestDegradation (REDD +). Indonesia as a relatively large forest owners have beenactive in a variety of REDD+ programs. Implementation of these programs have animpact on indigenous peoples. To that end, indigenous people need to be protected.Legal protection given to indigenous peoples today is not sufficiently effective toprovide protection to the indigenous peoples of the impact of the implementationof REDD + in Indonesia. The problem is the vagueness and inadequacy ofregulations related to indigenous peoples and the implementation of REDD+ whichprovides protection to the public according to the indicators in the fulfillment ofREDD+ Social Safeguard."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab tentang desentralisasi asimetris di Indonesia pasca reformasi berupa bagaimana penerapannya dan bagaimana bentuk ideal yang seharusnya diterapkan. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori Agus Brotosusilo yang bersumber dari Pancasila yang barasal dari hukum adat nusantara berupa dominannya sikap komunal dari individual, spiritual daripada materialisme dan romatisme dari rasionalisme. Selain itu digunakan juga teori lainnya berupa teori konflik Dahrendorf. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkap terjadi resentralisasi dari daerah ke pusat berupa diambilnya kewenangan pada UU Ciptakerja untuk keseluruhan daerah dan perubahan Otsus Papua, Papua Barat dan Aceh bagi daerah asimetris. UU Sapu jagat didapati resentralisasi; pertama, perizinan usaha ditentukan dan dimiliki pusat, kedua, wewenang penataan ruang terpusat, ketiga, amdal dipermudah, keempat, sanksi dimiliki pusat dan dipermudah, dan kelima, pajak ditarik pusat. Sedangkan pada perubahan Otsus Papua didapati; pemekaran Papua dipermudah, perubahan UU otsus tidak perlu persetujuan DPRP dan MRP, pengawasan domain pusat, pendirian parpol oleh Orang Papua dihilangkan dan kewajiban konsultasi parpol ke MRP dan DPRP disunat, dan jabatan wagub dapat diisi. Sementara pada Aceh tidak dipenuhinya Pengatutan lambang Aceh dan pengaturan suku bunga. Tidak terdapat harmonisasi sebagaimana teori Agus Brotosusilo karena pusat sangat mendominasi dengan terjadinya resentralisasi sehingga daerah merasa tidak dimanusiakan. Preskriptif yang ditawarkan adalah mewujudkan harmonisasi dan memperluas penerapan desentralisasi asimetris. Kesimpulannya adalah dari skema tujuan desentralisasi terdapat kemiripan antara orde baru dengan masa kini yaitu menguatnya resentralisasi.

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This study aims to answer about asymmetric decentralization in post-reform Indonesia in terms of how it is implemented and how the ideal form should be implemented. The theory used is Agus Brotosusilo's theory which comes from Pancasila which comes from the customary law of the archipelago in the form of the dominant communal attitude of the individual, spiritual rather than materialism and romanticism from rationalism. In addition, other theories are also used in the form of Dahrendorf's conflict theory. The results of this study reveal that there has been recentralization from the regions to the center in the form of the taking of authority in the Job Creation Law for the entire region and changes to the Special Autonomy for Papua, West Papua and Aceh for asymmetric regions. The Sweeping Universe Law is found to be recentralized; first, business licenses are determined and owned by the center, second, the authority for spatial planning is centralized, third, amdal is facilitated, fourth, sanctions are owned and facilitated by the center, and fifth, taxes are levied by the center. Meanwhile, in the changes to the Special Autonomy for Papua, it was found; The expansion of Papua was facilitated, changes to the Special Autonomy Law did not require the approval of the DPRP and MRP, central domain supervision, the establishment of political parties by Papuans was eliminated and the obligation to consult political parties to the MRP and DPRP was circumcised, and the position of deputy governor could be filled. Meanwhile, in Aceh, the acknowledgment of the Aceh symbol and interest rate arrangements was not fulfilled. There is no harmonization like Agus Brotosusilo's theory because the center dominates with the recentralization so that the regions feel they are not being humanized. The prescriptive offered is to realize harmonization and expand the application of asymmetric decentralization. The conclusion is that from the scheme for the purpose of decentralization, there are similarities between the new order and the present, namely the strengthening of recentralization."

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Penatalayanan lingkungan pada hakekatnya merupakan penggunaan yang bertanggung jawab terhadap sumber daya alam dengan cara yang memperhitungkan kepentingan masyarakat, generasi mendatang, dan spesies lainnya, serta kebutuhan pribadi, dan menerima tanggung jawab yang signifikan kepada masyarakat. Salah satu aktor penatalayanan lingkunga yang paling “terkenal” tidaklah lain selain masyarakat hukum adat. Masyarakat hukum adat dalam praktiknya selalu dianggap sebagai sekelompok manusia yang sangat amat mencintai bumi, masyarakat hukum adat dalam praktik yang mereka lakukan selalu dikaitkan dengan betapa mereka sangat menjaga kelestarian alam. Akan tetapi, pernyataan tersebut tidalah selalu sejalan dengan realitas hukumnya. Sebagai contohnya, Masyarakat Hukum Adat Bali dalam menjalankan upacara agamanya, membutuhkan daging penyu hijau yang mana termasuk kedalam hewan langka. Hal tersebut membangkitkan pertanyaan utama dimana benarkah masyarakat hukum adat merupakan actor penatalayanan lingkungan. Terhadap permasalahan tersebut, dalam penulisan ini penulis melakukan penelitian dengan metode yuridis normative. Seharusnya, Masyarakat hukum adat, sebagai kumpulan manusia haruslah dipandang sebagai manusia biasa yang tidaklah sempurna dan juga bisa berbuat kerusakan.

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Environmental stewardship is essentially a responsible use of natural resources in a way that takes into account the interests of the community, future generations, and other species, as well as personal needs, and accepts significant responsibilities to the community. One of the most "well-known" environmental stewardship actors is nothing but indigenous peoples. Indigenous peoples in practice is always regarded as a group of people who really love the earth, indigenous peoples in their practice is always associated with how they are very preserve nature. However, this statement is not always in line with its legal reality. For example, the Balinese indigenous peoples in carrying out its religious ceremonies, requires green turtle meat which is included in rare animals. This raises the main question where is it true that indigenous people are environmental stewardship actors. Against these problems, in this paper the author conducts research with normative juridical methods. Supposedly, the customary law community, as a collection of people must be seen as ordinary human beings who are not perfect and can also do damage.

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"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai peran dari masyarakat hukum adat dalammengelola hutan di Indonesia dan penyelenggaraan pemenuhan hak masyarakathukum adat untuk dapat mengelola hutan oleh negara. Selain itu, dibahas jugaterkait dengan sejarah hukum pengelolaan hutan dan paradigma pengelolaan hutandi Indonesia sebagai analisis atas kebijakan kehutanan yang diterbitkan olehPemerintah. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan deskripsiatas kondisi pengelolaan hutan oleh masyarakat hukum adat di Indonesia.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the role of customary law communities in forestmanagement in Indonesia and organizing the fulfillment of rights of indigenouspeople to manage forests by the state. In addition, also discussed related to thelegal history of forest management and forest management paradigm in Indonesiaas an analysis of forest policy issued by the Government. The main objective ofthis study is to provide a description of the condition of forest management byindigenous people in Indonesia."

"[ABSTRAK Didalam penelitian ini peniliti memberikan gagasan mengenai pembubaran partaipolitik korup melalui celah hukum pembubaran partai politik di indonesia denganmemberikan tafsir terhadap makna hukum positif yang mengatur tentang pembubaranpartai politik, salah satunya yaitu adanya nomenklatur yang disebutkan didalam Pasal 2huruf b Peraturan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 12 Tahun 2008 Tentang PedomanBeracara Pembubaran Partai Politik yang menyebutkan bahwa partai politik dapatdibubarkan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi apabila kegiatan/akibat yang dilakukan olehpartai politik tersebut bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Klausul?akibat? yang ditimbulkan tersebut dapat disamakan dengan kegiatan korupsi yangmelibatkan pengurus/anggota partai politik yang melaksanakan kegiatan aktifitaskepartaian untuk dapat dibubarkan. Adanya persamaan pengertian yang ditujukanantara korporasi selaku badan hukum yang disamakan dengan pengertian partai politikselaku badan hukum dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan acuan untuk menarik keterlibatanpartai politik melalui pengurusnya dalam melakukan tindak pidana korupsi denganmempergunakan doktrin strict liability dan doktrin vicarious liability yangmemungkinkan partai politik tersebut bertanggungjawab atas perbuatan yang dilakukanoleh pengurus/anggota partai politik yang menjalankan aktivitas kepartaian.

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ABSTRACTResearcher in this study provides an idea of the dissolution of the corrupt politicalparties through legal loopholes dissolution of political parties in Indonesia to provideinterpretation of the meaning of positive law governing the dissolution of politicalparties, one of which is the existence of the nomenclature referred to in Article 2paragraph b of the Constitutional Court Regulation No. 12 year 2008 on Guidelines forthe Proceedings In the Dissolution of Political Parties which states that a political partycan be dissolved by the Constitutional Court if the activities/result conducted by thepolitical parties in conflict with the Constitution of 1945. Clause " due " posed is whatcan be equated with corruption involving officials/members of a political partyconducting the activities of the party to be dissolved. The existence of the commonunderstanding between the corporation intended as a legal entity which is equated withthe notion of a political party as a legal entity can be used as a reference for theinvolvement of political parties through its officials in committing corruption by usingthe doctrine of strict liability and vicarious liability doctrine that allows the politicalparty responsible for acts committed by officials/members of political parties that runthe activities of the party.;Researcher in this study provides an idea of the dissolution of the corrupt politicalparties through legal loopholes dissolution of political parties in Indonesia to provideinterpretation of the meaning of positive law governing the dissolution of politicalparties, one of which is the existence of the nomenclature referred to in Article 2paragraph b of the Constitutional Court Regulation No. 12 year 2008 on Guidelines forthe Proceedings In the Dissolution of Political Parties which states that a political partycan be dissolved by the Constitutional Court if the activities/result conducted by thepolitical parties in conflict with the Constitution of 1945. Clause " due " posed is whatcan be equated with corruption involving officials/members of a political partyconducting the activities of the party to be dissolved. The existence of the commonunderstanding between the corporation intended as a legal entity which is equated withthe notion of a political party as a legal entity can be used as a reference for theinvolvement of political parties through its officials in committing corruption by usingthe doctrine of strict liability and vicarious liability doctrine that allows the politicalparty responsible for acts committed by officials/members of political parties that runthe activities of the party.;Researcher in this study provides an idea of the dissolution of the corrupt politicalparties through legal loopholes dissolution of political parties in Indonesia to provideinterpretation of the meaning of positive law governing the dissolution of politicalparties, one of which is the existence of the nomenclature referred to in Article 2paragraph b of the Constitutional Court Regulation No. 12 year 2008 on Guidelines forthe Proceedings In the Dissolution of Political Parties which states that a political partycan be dissolved by the Constitutional Court if the activities/result conducted by thepolitical parties in conflict with the Constitution of 1945. Clause " due " posed is whatcan be equated with corruption involving officials/members of a political partyconducting the activities of the party to be dissolved. The existence of the commonunderstanding between the corporation intended as a legal entity which is equated withthe notion of a political party as a legal entity can be used as a reference for theinvolvement of political parties through its officials in committing corruption by usingthe doctrine of strict liability and vicarious liability doctrine that allows the politicalparty responsible for acts committed by officials/members of political parties that runthe activities of the party.;Researcher in this study provides an idea of the dissolution of the corrupt politicalparties through legal loopholes dissolution of political parties in Indonesia to provideinterpretation of the meaning of positive law governing the dissolution of politicalparties, one of which is the existence of the nomenclature referred to in Article 2paragraph b of the Constitutional Court Regulation No. 12 year 2008 on Guidelines forthe Proceedings In the Dissolution of Political Parties which states that a political partycan be dissolved by the Constitutional Court if the activities/result conducted by thepolitical parties in conflict with the Constitution of 1945. Clause " due " posed is whatcan be equated with corruption involving officials/members of a political partyconducting the activities of the party to be dissolved. The existence of the commonunderstanding between the corporation intended as a legal entity which is equated withthe notion of a political party as a legal entity can be used as a reference for theinvolvement of political parties through its officials in committing corruption by usingthe doctrine of strict liability and vicarious liability doctrine that allows the politicalparty responsible for acts committed by officials/members of political parties that runthe activities of the party., Researcher in this study provides an idea of the dissolution of the corrupt politicalparties through legal loopholes dissolution of political parties in Indonesia to provideinterpretation of the meaning of positive law governing the dissolution of politicalparties, one of which is the existence of the nomenclature referred to in Article 2paragraph b of the Constitutional Court Regulation No. 12 year 2008 on Guidelines forthe Proceedings In the Dissolution of Political Parties which states that a political partycan be dissolved by the Constitutional Court if the activities/result conducted by thepolitical parties in conflict with the Constitution of 1945. Clause " due " posed is whatcan be equated with corruption involving officials/members of a political partyconducting the activities of the party to be dissolved. The existence of the commonunderstanding between the corporation intended as a legal entity which is equated withthe notion of a political party as a legal entity can be used as a reference for theinvolvement of political parties through its officials in committing corruption by usingthe doctrine of strict liability and vicarious liability doctrine that allows the politicalparty responsible for acts committed by officials/members of political parties that runthe activities of the party.]"

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini menganalisis strategi AMAN dalam memperjuangkan hak masyarakat adat Pagu yang direnggut oleh Pemerintah Indonesia dan PT Nusa Halmahera Minerals (PT. NHM). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dan konsep Social Movement Sidney Tarrow sebagai alat analisa. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa AMAN belum berhasil secara maksimal dalam memperoleh hak-hak masyarakat adat Pagu. AMAN juga belum sepenuhnya mampu mempengaruhi dan mengubah perilaku aktor negara, yaitu Pemerintah Indonesia dan Multinational Corporation (MNC), yaitu PT. NHM. Terdapat lima faktor yang menyebabkan strategi yang digunakan belum berhasil secara maksimal, yaitu (1) Ketidakmampuan AMAN secara konsisten dalam memperoleh dukungan masyarakat luas, (2) Konflik internal masyarakat adat Pagu, (3) Keterbatasan sumber daya AMAN, (4) PT. NHM terus memperluas areal pertambangan, (5) Motif politik. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa strategi pembingkaian (framing) isu menjadi metode yang cukup kuat dalam menggalang dukungan dan memberikan tekanan terhadap negara. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa gerakan sosial yang dilakukan di level nasional memiliki implikasi terhadap level internasional. Dengan begitu, terjadi proses difusi antara advokasi nasional dan advokasi transnasional

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ABSTRACT

This reseach analyzes AMANs strategy in fighting for the rights of the Pagu indigenous people which were taken away by the Government of Indonesia and PT Nusa Halmahera Minerals (PT. NHM). This study uses qualitative methods and Sidney Tarrows Social Movement advocacy strategy concept as an analytical tool. This study found that AMAN had not succeeded optimally in obtaining the rights of the indigenous people of Pagu. AMAN also has not fully been able to change the behavior of state actors, namely the Government of Indonesia and Multinational Corporation (MNC), namely PT. NHM. There are five factors that have led to the strategy being used has not succeeded optimally, namely (1) Inability of AMAN to mobilize public support consistently, (2) Pagu indigenous peoples internal conflicts, (3) Limitations of AMAN resources, (4) PT. NHM continues to expand the mining area, (5) Political motives. This study also found that the strategy of issue framing became a quite powerful method of mobilizing support and putting pressure on the state. In addition, this study also shows that social movements carried out at the national level have implications for the international level. Therefore, there is a diffusion process between national advocacy and transnational advocacy.

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"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini membahas jejaring advokasi transnasional yang dilakukan non-state actor dalam menyelesaikan konflik HAM yang muncul di dalam sebuah Negara. Dalam skripsi ini, penulis meneliti AMAN sebagai non-state actor di Indonesia dalam menyelesaikan pelanggaran hak yang dialami indigenous peoples Kepulauan Aru sebagai studi kasus. Dengan menggunakan Transnational Advocacy Network TAN dari Keck dan Sikkink sebagai model analisis, penulis berupaya menganalisis strategi advokasi transnasional yang dilakukan AMAN dalam melindungi dan menegakkan hak-hak indigenous peoples Kepulauan Aru. Hal ini dikarenakan terdapat investor yang memasuki wilayah hutan Aru yang merupakan wilayah adat indigenous peoples. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa AMAN sebagai non-state actor mampu membentuk jejaring transnasional sehingga memberikan tekanan kepada Pemerintah Indonesia dengan menggunakan 4 empat tipologi analisis taktik TAN, yaitu: information politics politik informasi , symbolic politics politik simbolik , leverage politics politik pengaruh , dan accountability politics politik tanggung jawab.

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ABSTRAKThis study discussed transnational advocacy network on indigenous peoples rsquo rights. In this thesis, the writer analyzed AMAN as non state actor in Indonesia and its advocacy to address human rights violation of indigenous peoples in Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru. Using Transnational Advocacy Network TAN of Keck and Sikkink as frame of thought, the writer analyzed the transnational advocacy conducted by AMAN to protect and maintain the rights of indigenous peoples in Kepulauan Aru. The finding of this study showed that AMAN as non state actor is able to conduct a transnational network. AMANS succeed giving pressure to Indonesia government by using four typology of TAN tactics, which are information politics, symbolic politics, leverage politics, and accountability politics."

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Penelitian ini berfokus pada segregasi permukiman kota di Indonesia di era Pasca-Reformasi yang menghasilkan ketimpangan akses pada masyarakat kota. Penelitian ini bertujuan menelaah dampak perencanaan kota yang timpang terhadap produksi ruang kota yang segregatif. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa segregasi permukiman kota menghasilkan masalah ketimpangan akses, marjinalisasi penghuni kota, hingga absennya keterlibatan masyarakat dalam perencanaan dan pembangunan kota. Metode yang digunakan adalah Neo-Marxisme, dengan produksi ruang sebagai basis teori. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa perencanaan kota memproduksi permukiman segregatif yang bertendensi mengawasi dan mendisiplinkan masyarakat kota. Perencanaan kota yang bertumpu pada kepentingan pemodal dan pemerintah menyebabkan permukiman kota dibangun dengan motif-motif kapital yang membentuk representasi kota yang ideal. Perencanaan tersebut memunculkan berbagai permukiman elit bagi masyarakat kelas atas yang diproduksi dengan gentrifikasi. Segregasi dikukuhkan dengan pendisiplinan dalam kota lewat berbagai bangunan dan pengawasan dari aparatus. Akibatnya, terjadi ketimpangan akses terhadap fasilitas, ruang publik, dan hak yang dirasakan oleh masyarakat kelas bawah. Untuk mengatasinya, hak atas kota dapat digunakan untuk memaksimalkan hak partisipasi masyarakat kota tanpa memandang status sosial dan ekonomi mereka. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan pengaruh perencanaan kota dalam memproduksi permukiman segregatif yang dapat diatasi dengan pengupayaan hak atas kota.

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This study focuses on the unequal access to urban communities caused by the segregation of urban settlements in Indonesia during the Post-Reformation era. The purpose of this study is to investigate how unequal urban planning contributes to the creation of segregated urban space. This study found that the segregation of urban settlement resulted in problems of access inequality, citizen marginalization, to the absence of community involvement in urban planning and development. Neo-Marxism, with space production as its theoretical underpinning, is the methodology applied. According to this article, urban planning results in segregated communities that tend to monitor and control urban communities. Urban settlements are constructed with capital themes that create an ideal picture of the city when urban planning is based on the interests of investors and the government. The plan resulted in the creation of a number of elite communities for upper class society, which were segregated by gentrification. Discipline in the city with enforced by numerous buildings and apparatuses, emphasized segregation. As a result, the lower class experiences a disparity in access to resources, public areas, and rights. This problem can be solved by maximizing the participation rights to the city, despite their socioeconomic standing. The findings of this study show how urban design influences the development of segregated communities, which can be overcome by pursuing the right to the city

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"Penelitian ini membahas tentang kemerdekaan pers pasca reformasi bebas dan bertanggung jawab dengan menggunakan metode analisis normatif baik dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan perbadingan hukum. Bebas dimaksud yaitu pers bebas melakukan aktifitas jurnalistiknya sesuai dengan kaidah UU Pers, UU Penyiaran dan kode etik jurnalistik. Tanggung jawab yaitu kewenangan pemerintah mengawasi kemerdekaan pers salah satunya hak atas privasi. Lahirnya UU ITE salah satu kebijakan untuk melindungi hak atas privasi. Namun kehadirannya justru menghambat kebebasan pers dalam menyampaikan informasi khususnya terhadap aktifitas pejabat publik dan informasi publik yang menyimpang dan melanggar hukum. Dalam pasal 26 ayat (3) penghapusan informasi tidak relevan di pengadilan, pasal 27 ayat (3) sanksi pidana terhadap setiap orang dengan sengaja mendistribusikan, mentransmisikan dan membuat dapat diakses informasi memuat tentang pencemaran nama baik, dan pasal 40 ayat (2b) kewenangan pemerintah dan penyelenggara sistem elektronik melakukan pencabutan akses informasi dan/atau dokumen elektronik memuat unsur melanggar hukum. Ketiga pasal tersebut memuat tentang pencemaran nama baik. Akibatnya pers yang mempunyai kewenangan menyiarkan informasi yang berkaitan dengan pencemaran nama baik dengan mengacu pada pasal 5 ayat (3) dan pasal 2 dan 9 kode etik jurnalistik akan sangat rentan terkena UU ITE. Walau demikian pers juga harus mempunyai batasan yang tidak diskriminatif dalam menyampaikan informasi pribadi agar informasi tersebut tidak disampaikan secara sensasional dan hanya mengharapkan keuntungan. Olehnya itu penulis memberikan saran memperjelas kedudukan UU Pers sebagai lex spesialis dan memperkuat kewenangan Dewan Pers melakukan pencabutan informasi melanggar hak atas privasi yang bersifat sensasional dan hanya mencari keuntungan.

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This research discusses the freedom of the press after free and responsible reform using normative analysis methods with both a statutory and comparative legal approach. Free means that the press is free to carry out its journalistic activities in accordance with the rules of the Press Law, the Broadcasting Law and the journalistic code of ethics. Responsibility, namely the government's authority to oversee press freedom, one of which is the right to privacy. The enactment of the ITE Law is a policy to protect the right to privacy. However, its presence actually hinders press freedom in conveying information, especially on the activities of public officials and public information that deviate and violate the law. In article 26 paragraph (3) the elimination of irrelevant information in court, article 27 paragraph (3) criminal sanctions against everyone deliberately distributing, transmitting and making accessible information containing defamation, and article 40 paragraph (2b) government authority and the electronic system operator shall revoke access to information and / or electronic documents containing elements of violating the law. The three articles contain defamation. As a result, the press which has the authority to broadcast information related to defamation with reference to article 5 paragraph (3) and articles 2 and 9 of the journalistic code of ethics will be very vulnerable to being exposed to the ITE Law. However, the press must also have non-discriminatory limits in conveying personal information so that the information is not conveyed sensationally and only hopes for profit. Therefore, the authors provide suggestions to clarify the position of the Press Law as a lex specialist and strengthen the authority of the Press Council to revoke information that violates the right to privacy which is sensational in nature and only seeks profit"