Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"ABSTRAKPemerintahan Myanmar berada di bawah pemerintahan junta militer selama lebih dari 20 tahun. Banyaknya permasalahan yang terjadi selama pemerintahan militer membuat masyarakat Myanmar menuntut adanya demokrasi. Penelitian ini akan mengkaji peran partai National League for Democracy NLD dalam mendorong demokratisasi di Myanmar. NLD mencoba memberi perubahan ke arah demokrasi dengan masuk ke pemerintahan dan mempengaruhi kebijakan. Dimulai dengan pemilu 2010 yang mendatangkan titik terang terbukanya pemerintahan sipil di Myanmar yang sedikit demi sedikit mengikis pemerintahan otoriter junta milter. Disusul diadakannya Pemilu sela 2012 yang didominasi NLD yang menjadikan NLD sebagai oposisi di parlemen dan mempengaruhi kebijakan yang dihasilkan. Pada Pemilu 2015, NLD meraih kemenangan dengan jumlah suara terbanyak. Keberhasilan NLD mendapatkan suara mayoritas membuat jalan ke arah demokrasi di Myanmar lebih terbuka. Dalam mengkaji peran NLD terhadap terjadinya demokratisasi di Myanmar, tulisan ini menggunakan teori demokratisasi Samuel Huntington.

---

ABSTRACTMyanmar government has been under the military junta for more than 20 years. Many problems occurred during the military administration made the people of Myanmar demanding democracy. This study will examine the role of the National League for Democracy (NLD) party in encouraging democratization in Myanmar. The NLD is trying to bring a change toward democracy by entering government and influencing policy. Started with the 2010 elections, it was a bright spot for the opening of a civilian government in Myanmar that gradually eroded the authoritarian junta`s government. Followed by the election held in 2012 which was dominated by the NLD which made the NLD as opposition in parliament and influence the resulting policy. In the 2015 election, the NLD won with an absolute number of votes. The NLD's success earned a majority vote making the road towards democracy in Myanmar more open. In examining the role of NLD towards democratization in Myanmar, this study uses Samuel Huntington`s democratization theory."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas penggabungan partai antara Arakan League For Democracy (ALD) dan Rakhine Nationalities Development Party (RNDP) menjadi Arakan National Party (ANP) di Myanmar pada Tahun 2014. Negara bagian Rakhine yang memiliki etnis mayoritas Arakan, dalam sejarahnya selalu memiliki partai berbasis etnis sejak diadakannya Pemilu tahun 1990 yang dimenangkan oleh Arakan League for Democracy dan kemudian berlanjut pada Pemilu 2010 yang dimenangkan Rakhine Nationalities Development Party. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa partai berbasis etnis cukup dipercaya masyarakat etnis Arakan. Kemudian, kembalinya ALD ke panggung perpolitikan pada tahun 2012 setelah dibekukan pemerintah pada tahun 1990 menjadikan masyarakat etnis Arakan memiliki dua partai besar berbasis etnis Arakan menjelang Pemilu 2015. Hal tersebut membuat wacana penggabungan antara RNDP dan ALD muncul sebagai solusi untuk menarik basis massa etnis Arakan agar suara mereka tidak terpecah dalam memilih partai berbasis etnis pada Pemilu 2015. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan mengumpulkan data melalui studi literatur untuk melihat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan partai RNDP dan ALD untuk melakukan merger partai politik menjadi ANP. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori party merger yang dikembangkan oleh Hilde Coffé dan René Torenvlied yang menjelaskan bahwa penggabungan partai dapat terjadi sebagai kombinasi antara berbagai faktor kontekstual, intra-partai, dan inter-partai. Dengan model Pemilu elektoral, latar histori, kondisi sosio-ekonomi masyarakat etnis Arakan, identitas dari masing-masing partai, serta hubungan antar-partai yang relatif baik menjelang Pemilu 2015, wacana penggabungan partai RNDP dan ALD pada akhirnya terwujud dengan terbentuknya Arakan National Party (ANP) pada tahun 2014.

---

ABSTRACTThis paper discuss the merging of Arakan League For Democracy (ALD) and Rakhine Nationalities Development Party (RNDP) into Arakan National Party (ANP) in Myanmar in 2014. Rakhine state, which has a majority ethnic Arakan, has historically had ethnic-based parties since the 1990 elections which were won by Arakan League for Democracy and then continued in the 2010 elections won by the Rakhine Nationalities Development Party. This shows that ethnic-based parties are fairly trusted by the Arakan ethnic community. Then, the return of ALD to the political stage in 2012 after being frozen by the government in 1990 made the Arakan ethnic group now have two major parties based on ethnic Arakan ahead of the 2015 election. This made the discourse of the merger between RNDP and ALD appear as a solution to attract the Arakan ethnic mass base so that their votes were not divided in choosing ethnic-based parties in the 2015 election. This research used  qualitative method by collecting data through literature studies to see various factors that affected the RNDP and ALD to merge themselves into ANP. This research used the party merger theory developed by Hilde Coffé and René Torenvlied which explained that party merging could occur as combination of multiple contextual, intra-party, and inter-party factors. With the electoral election model, historical setting, socio-economic conditions of the Arakan ethic community, identities from each political parties, as well as relatively good relations among each political parties towards the 2015 elections, the discourse of political party merging of RNDP and ALD became reality with the creation of Arakan National Party (ANP) in 2014."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai latar belakang terjadinya transisi demokrasi di Myanmar dengan menganalisis kejadian-kejadian yang terjadi selama tahun 2003-2010. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode studi kepustakaan. Hasil dari penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa transisi demokrasi di Myanmar terjadi karena inisiatif elit penguasa yang secara dominan didorong oleh faktor-faktor eksternal yang datang dari aktor internasional. Argumen ini didapatkan setelah dilakukannya analisis perbandingan antara faktor internal dan faktor eksternal yang ada di Myanmar. Faktor-faktor yang dianalisa diambil dari indikator-indikator konsep transisi demokrasi yang dikemukakan oleh para ahli.

---

The focus of this study is about the democratic transition in Myanmar. This research is conducted using quantitative method, focusing mainly in literature study. The purpose of this research is to identify reasons behind the democratic transition in Myanmar by analyzing the events happening during 2003-2010. The finding of this research describes that external factors and international actors is determinant in pushing the military regime to start the democratic transition in Myanmar. This argument derived from a comparative analysis between internal and external factors existed in Myanmar. These factors are taken from democratic transition concept indicators stated by the experts."

"[This book lays down a marker as to the state of economists’ understanding of the National Football League (NFL) by assembling sophisticated, critical surveys of by leading sports economists on major topics associated with the league. The book is divided into four parts. The first three chapters in Part I provide an overview of the business of the NFL from an economist’s perspective. Part II is a collection of surveys of the economics of the NFL’s most important revenue streams, including media, attendance, and merchandising. The NFL’s labor economics is the focus of Part III, with chapters on player and coach labor markets, the draft, and contract structure. Part IV includes essays on competitive balance, gambling, economic impacts of the Super Bowl, behavioral economic issues associated with the league, and antitrust issues. , This book lays down a marker as to the state of economists’ understanding of the National Football League (NFL) by assembling sophisticated, critical surveys of by leading sports economists on major topics associated with the league. The book is divided into four parts. The first three chapters in Part I provide an overview of the business of the NFL from an economist’s perspective. Part II is a collection of surveys of the economics of the NFL’s most important revenue streams, including media, attendance, and merchandising. The NFL’s labor economics is the focus of Part III, with chapters on player and coach labor markets, the draft, and contract structure. Part IV includes essays on competitive balance, gambling, economic impacts of the Super Bowl, behavioral economic issues associated with the league, and antitrust issues. ]"

"Skrispi ini membahas terjadinya transisi demokrasi di Myanmar. Dengan mengacu kepada teori Samuel P. Huntington mengenai faktor pendorong demokratisasi dan pola transisi demokrasi, skripsi ini berargumen bahwa transisi demokrasi di Myanmar terjadi karena diinisasi oleh rezim yang sedang berkuasa, dan dipengaruhi beberapa faktor pendorong, yaitu 1) krisis legitimasi, 2) faktor ekonomi, 3) perubahan keagamaan, 4) perubahan kebijakan pelaku eksternal dan 5) efek demonstrasi. Melalui penelitian kualitatif dan studi literatur skripsi ini menemukan bahwa proses transisi demokrasi di Myanmar dimulai setelah liberalisasi awal yang dilakukan oleh rezim militer pada tahun 2007, dan dilanjutkan oleh pemerintahan baru yang dipimpin Thein Sein pasca pemilihan umum 2010. Sepanjang 2011-2016, pemerintahan Thein Sein yang melibatkan koalisi militer dan sipil transisi demokrasi terbatas di Myanmar melalui penerapan kebijakan reformasi politik dan ekonomi. Dari temuan tersebut skripsi ini menyimpulkan bahwa pola transisi demokrasi Myanmar yang diinisiasi oleh rezim militer dan diterapkan secara terbatas dibawah pengaruh kuat militer dan pelibatan kelompok opisisi dalam pemerintahan Thein Sein merefleksikan ciri model transformasi.

---

This thesis discusses the occurrence of democratic transition in Myanmar. Referring to Samuel P. Huntington’s theory regarding the driving factors for democratization and the pattern of democratic transition, this thesis argues that the democratic transition in Myanmar occurred because of the initiatied by the ruling regime and influenced by several factors, such as 1) legitimacy crisis, 2) economic factors, 3) religious changes, 4) changes in policies of external actors and 5) demonstration effects. Through qualitative research and literature study, this thesis finds that the democratic transition process in Myanmar began after the initial liberalization carried out by the military regime in 2007, and continued by a new government led by Thein Sein after the 2010 general election. During 2011-2016, Thein Sein’s government involving military and civil coalitions of limited democratic transition in Myanmar through the implementation of political and economic reform policies. From these findings, this thesis concludes that the pattern of Myanmar’s democratic transition initiated by the military regime and implemented in a limited manner under the strong influence of the military and the involvement of opposition groups in Thein Sein’s government reflects the characteristics of the transformation model."