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"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Distribusi frekuensi gigi molar tiga mandibula impaksi berdasarkan Pell-Gregory dan Winter serta hubungannya dengan kanalis mandibula dapat berguna untuk diagnosis dan menentukan rencana perawatan. Kebijakan BPJS belum dinyatakan dengan jelas tentang cakupan pelayanan pencabutan gigi molar tiga impaksi. Tujuan: Memperoleh frekuensi kasus impaksi gigi molar tiga mandibula berdasarkan klasifikasi Winter dan Pell-Greory, serta hubungannya dengan kanalis mandibula dari radiograf panoramik di RSKGM FKG UI dan dapat berkontribusi dalam kebijakan BPJS untuk cakupan pelayanan pencabutan gigi molar tiga mandibula impaksi. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif kategorik, dengan menggunakan data sekunder berupa rekam medik pasien di RSKGM FKG UI. Hasil: Peneliltian dilakukan pada 109 sampel kasus gigi molar tiga mandibula impaksi, dimana 55,96% kasus adalah pada pasien perempuan. Hasil uji Chi-Square dan Mann-Whitney yang dilakukan menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik (p ≥ 0,5) pada frekuensi klasifikasi molar tiga mandibula impaksi berdasarkan jenis kelamin. Frekuensi tertinggi berdasarkan klasifikasi Pell Greory adalah Kelas 2 (57,8%), Posisi A (59,6%), klasifikasi Winter adalah mesioangular (31,2%), dan hubungan antara molar tiga mandibula impaksi dengan kanalis mandibula tertinggi adalah Relasi C, yaitu garis radiopak dari kanalis mandibula terputus, sebanyak 28,4%. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil distribusi gigi molar tiga mandibula impaksi yang dapat menjadi acuan dalam penilaian kesulitan dalam penatalaksanaannya.

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ABSTRACTBackground: The frequency and distribution of impacted mandibular third molar based on Pell-Gregory and Winters classification and its relationship with mandibular canal could be used to establish the diagnosis and determain the treatment plan. The coverage of impacted third molar extraction has not been clearly stated in the BPJS policy. Objective: This study aims to obtain the frequency and distribution of impacted mandibular third molar and the relation with mandibular canal from panoramic radiograph at RSKGM FKG UI. Methods: This was a descriptive study using secondary data which is patients medical record at RSKGM FKG UI. Results: There are 109 cases of impacted mandibula third molar, and 55,96% of the cases are in female patients. The results of Chi-Square test and Mann-Whitney test shows that statistically there are no significant differences (p ≥ 0,5) in the frequency of impacted mandibular third molar based on the gender. The highest frequency of Pell-Gregorys classification are Class 2 (57,8%) and Position A (59,6%), Winters classification is mesioangular (31,2%), and the highest frequency of the relation between impacted mandibular third molar with the mandibular canal is Relation C, that is interruption of the white line (28,4%). Conclusion: The results of the frequency and distribution of impacted mandibular third molar in this study could be used as a reference in assessing the difficulties of its management."

"Latar Belakang : Distribusi frekuensi impaksi gigi molar tiga maksila berdasarkan klasifikasi Pell-Gregory, Winter, dan hubungan dengan sinus maksila dapat menunjukan variasi yang dapat berperan penting dalam mengantisipasi kesulitan pada saat odontektomi. Tujuan : Mengetahui frekuensi kasus impaksi molar tiga maksila pada radiograf panoramik berdasarkan klasifikasi Pell-Gregory dan Winter serta hubungan dengan sinus maksila di RSKGM FKG UI. Metode : Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif kategorik menggunakan data sekunder berupa rekam medik pasien di RSKGM FKG UI. Hasil : Penelitian yang dilakukan pada 102 kasus impaksi molar tiga maksila menunjukkan kasus impaksi molar tiga maksila paling banyak pada wanita dengan persentase 62.7%, namun hasil uji statistik menunjukan tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara perbedaan gender dengan masing-masing klasifikasi impaksi. Frekuensi tertinggi dari masing-masing klasifikasi adalah Kelas C sebesar 46.08% pada klasifikasi Pell-Gregory, impaksi distoangular sebesar 35.3% pada klasifikasi Winter, dan impaksi tipe 4 sebesar 60.78% pada klasifikasi berdasarkan hubungan dengan sinus maksila. Kesimpulan : Penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil distribusi frekuensi impaksi molar tiga maksila yang dapat menjadi acuan dalam menentukan tingkat kesulitan perawatan odontektomi.

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Background : A method of classification of third molar impaction is needed because the anatomical position of impacted third molars can show variations that will play an important role in anticipating difficulties during extraction. Objective : To determine the impaction frequency of maxillary third molar impaction cases, as seen on panoramic radiographs and classified based on Pell-Gregory and Winter classification and also the relationship with maxillary sinus in RSKGM FKG UI. Methods : The type of research conducted is categorical descriptive research, using secondary data in the form of patient medical records at RSKGM FKG UI. Results : From 102 cases of maxillary third molar impaction, it was found that maxillary third molar impaction was most common in women with a percentage of 60%, but the results of statistical tests show no significant relationship between gender differences with each classification. The highest frequency of each classification is Class C of 46.08%, distoangular impaction of 35.3%, and impaction of type 4 by 60.78%. Conclusion : Classification of maxillary third molar impact can be a reference in determining the difficulty level of odontectomy treatment."

"Latar Belakang: Gigi impaksi merupakan kondisi ketika gigi mengalami kegagalan untuk erupsi sepenuhnya ke lengkung gigi dalam waktu yang diharapkan. Berdasarkan frekuensi kejadiannya, gigi molar tiga rahang bawah (M3 RB) paling sering mengalami impaksi dengan prevalensi mencapai 60.6% di Indonesia. Salah satu faktor lokal utama terjadinya gigi M3 RB impaksi adalah kurangnya ruang pada lengkung rahang bawah yang sering dikaitkan dengan proses pertumbuhan tulang mandibula. Beberapa studi menunjukkan bahwa ukuran morfologi tulang mandibula yang mencerminkan kuantitas dan arah pertumbuhan tulang seperti tinggi simfisis mandibula, panjang badan mandibula, dan sudut gonial berpotensi untuk mempengaruhi kejadian gigi M3 RB impaksi. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi hubungan kejadian gigi M3 RB impaksi dengan morfologi tulang mandibula. Metode: Sebanyak 110 sampel sisi rahang bawah diperoleh dari 67 data radiografi panoramik digital pasien RSKGM FKG UI (50 perempuan dan 17 laki-laki; usia: 21.22–30.91 tahun). Sampel yang tersedia kemudian dibagi menjadi kelompok kasus (sisi rahang dengan gigi M3 RB yang mengalami impaksi baik fully unerupted atau partially erupted) dan kelompok kontrol (sisi rahang dengan gigi M3 RB yang erupsi sempurna) untuk dilakukan perbandingan. Pada studi ini, uji-t independen dan uji Anova 1 arah digunakan untuk menganalisis hubungan status impaksi gigi M3 RB dan klasifikasinya dengan morfologi tulang mandibula pada data berdistribusi normal. Di sisi lain, uji Mann-Whitney U dan Uji Kruskal Wallis digunakan untuk menganalisis hubungan status impaksi gigi M3 RB dan klasifikasinya dengan morfologi tulang mandibula pada data berdistribusi tidak normal. Hasil: Tinggi simfisis mandibula dan sudut gonial secara statistik (p < 0.05) lebih rendah pada kelompok kasus. Sementara itu, panjang badan mandibula antara kelompok kasus dan kelompok kontrol tidak berbeda secara statistik (p > 0.05). Pada hasil tinjauan pasien laki-laki saja, tidak ditemukan adanya perbedaan tinggi simfisis, panjang badan mandibula, dan sudut gonial antara kelompok kasus dan kelompok kontrol secara statistik (p > 0.05). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan kejadian gigi M3 RB impaksi dengan ukuran tinggi simfisis dan sudut gonial. Semakin kecil ukuran tinggi simfisis dan sudut gonial, semakin besar kemungkinan gigi M3 RB mengalami impaksi. Di sisi lain, tidak ditemukan adanya hubungan kejadian gigi M3 RB impaksi dengan ukuran panjang badan mandibula.

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Background: An impacted tooth is a condition when a tooth fails to fully erupt into the dental arch within the expected time. Based on the frequency of occurrence, the mandibular third molar (M3M) is the most frequently impacted with a prevalence of 60.6% in Indonesia. One of the main local factors for impacted M3M is the lack of space in the lower arch which is often associated with the growth process of the mandibular bone. Several studies have shown that the size of the mandibular bone morphology that reflects the quantity and direction of bone growth such as symphisis mandibular height, mandibular body length, and gonial angle has the potential to influence the occurance of impacted M3M.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the occurance of impacted M3M and mandibular bone morphology.

Methods: A total of 110 samples of the mandibular side were obtained from 67 digital panoramic radiographic data of RSKGM FKG UI patients (50 women and 17 men; age: 21.22–30.91 years). The data were then divided into the case group (jaw side with M3M that were fully unerupted or partially erupted) and the control group (jaw side with M3M that fully erupted) for comparison. In this study, an independent t-test and 1-way ANOVA test was used to analyze the relationship between the impaction status of M3M and their classification with the morphology of the mandible in normally distributed data. On the other hand, the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal Wallis test were used to analyze the relationship between the impaction status of the M3M tooth and its classification with the morphology of the mandible bone in abnormally distributed data.

Results: Symphisis mandibular height and gonial angle were statistically (p < 0.05) lower in the case group. Meanwhile, the mandibular body length between the case group and the control group was not statistically different (p > 0.05). In the results of the review of male patients only, there was no statistical difference in symphisis height, mandibular body length, and gonial angle between the case group and control group (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: There is a relationship between the occurance of impacted M3M with the size of the symphisis height and gonial angle. The smaller the size of the symphisis height and gonial angle, the more likely the M3M to experience impaction. On the other hand, there was no relationship between the occurance of impacted M3M and mandibular body length."

"Latar Belakang: Periodontitis adalah penyakit yang memengaruhi jaringan pendukung gigi seperti kerusakan tulang alveolar, dan diderita oleh sebagian besar populasi manusia di dunia. Periodontitis terbagi menjadi periodontitis terlokalisasi dan periodontitis menyeluruh. Dalam menentukan diagnosis penyakit periodontitis diperlukan pemeriksaan radiografis untuk mengevaluasi perubahan tinggi tulang, terutama pada tulang alveolar. Radiograf panoramik dapat digunakan dalam pemeriksaan full-mouth dengan paparan radiasi yang lebih sedikit. Tujuan: Memperoleh nilai rata-rata persentase sisa tinggi tulang alveolar gigi molar mandibular pasien periodontitis menyeluruh usia 26-50 tahun pada radiograf panoramik. Metode: Pengukuran persentase sisa tinggi tulang alveolar pada 45 sampel radiograf panoramik konvensional dan digital usia 26-50 tahun di RSKGM FKG UI. Hasil: Persentase sisa tinggi tulang alveolar pada pasien penyakit periodontitis menyeluruh dengan rentang usia 26-50 tahun sebesar 75,2% ± 10,2%. Persentase sisa tinggi tulang alveolar pada gigi molar 1 rahang bawah sebesar 72,2% ± 8,4% di permukaan mesial dan 76,4% ± 8,0% di permukaan distal, serta pada gigi molar 2 rahang bawah sebesar 76,8% ± 8,5% di permukaan mesial dan 76,5% ± 12% di permukaan distal. Rata-rata persentase permukaan mesial sebesar 73,9% dan persentase sisa tulang distal sebesar 76,5%. Kesimpulan: Persentase kehilangan tulang pada permukaan mesial gigi molar 1 dan 2 penderita periodontitis sedang/parah pada usia 26-50 tahun lebih tinggi daripada permukaan distal.

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Background: Periodontitis is a disease that affects the supporting tissue of the teeth such as alveolar bone decay and affects most of human population in the world. Periodontitis is classified into localized periodontitis and generalized periodontitis. In diagnosing periodontitis disease, radiographic examination is needed to evaluate the changes in bone height, especially in alveolar bone. Panoramic radiograph can be used in full-mouth examination with less radiation exposure.

Objective: To obtain average percentage of remaining alveolar bone of mandibular molars in generalized periodontitis patients aged 26-50 years on panoramic radiograph.

Methods: Measuring the percentage of remaining alveolar bone in 45 conventional and digital panoramic radiograph samples aged 26-50 years at RSKGM FKG UI.

Result: The percentage of remaining alveolar bone in patients with generalized periodontitis aged 26-50 years was 75.2% ± 10.2%. The percentage of remaining alveolar present in mandibular 1st molar was 72.2% ± 8.4% on the mesial surface and 76.4% ± 8.0% on distal surface, and in mandibular 2nd molar it was 76.4% ± 8.0% on mesial surface and 76.5 ± 12% on distal surface. The average percentage on mesial surface was 73.9% and the percentage of the remaining distal bone was 76.5%.

Conclusion: The percentage of bone loss on mesial surface of 1st and 2nd molars in patients with moderate/severe periodontitis aged 26-50 years was higher than on the distal surface."

"Latar Belakang: Komplikasi serius yang menyertai tindakan odontektomi adalah cedera nervus alveolaris inferior. Hal penting untuk mengetahui secara tepat posisi gigi molar tiga mandibula impaksi terhadap kanalis mandibula, dengan pemeriksaan radiologi baik 2 dimensi (radiograf panoramik) maupun 3 dimensi (CBCT Scan). Tujuan: Mengevaluasi posisi gigi molar tiga mandibula impaksi yang memiliki kedekatan terhadap kanalis mandibula pada radiograf panoramik berdasarkan  CBCT Scan. Metode: Penelitian deskriptif analitik menggunakan data radiograf Panoramik dan DICOM File CBCT Scan yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dari  beberapa fasilitas kesehatan yang ada di Jakarta dari bulan November 2010 sampai Desember 2017. Pemeriksaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan komputer yang dilengkapi sistem operasi Macintosh atau Windows serta Planmeca  Romexis Ò imaging software viewer. Analisa data menggunakan SPSS 22 dan uji Chi-Square. Hasil: 48 pasien dengan 61 sampel  memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Kategori posisi berdasarkan radiograf panoramik paling banyak ditemukan adalah peningkatan radiolusensi. Kategori posisi berdasarkan CBCT Scan yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah posisi inferior. Berdasarkan uji statistik ditemukan terdapat perbedaan proporsi yang bermakna (p<0.05) antara kategori Radiograf Panoramik dan kategori lingual-bukal-inferior pada CBCT Scan. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini dapat dijadikan acuan untuk mengevaluasi posisi gigi molar tiga mandibula terhadap kanalis mandibula dalam memperkirakan resiko terjadinya komplikasi cedera nervus alveolaris inferior selama tindakan odontektomi.

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Introduction:The serious complication associated odontectomy is inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury.  It is essential to investigate accurately the position of impacted mandibular third molars improved the mandibular canal is by radiological examination in nor 2-dimensional (radiograph panoramic) and 3-dimensional (CBCT Scan). Obejctive: The aim of this study is to evaluate the positions of impacted mandibular third molars in which have proximity the mandibular canal on a panoramic radiography based on CBCT Scan. Materials and Methods: This study use descriptive analytic with panoramic radiograph and DICOM File data CBCT Scan that qualified inclusion criteria from several healthcare facilites in Jakarta from November 2010 until  December 2017. The research is done using a computer equipped with Macintosh or Windows operating system and Planmeca Romexis Ò imaging software viewer. Data analysis using SPSS 22 and Chi-Square test. Result: We got 48 patient with 61 teeth sample that qualified inclusion criteria. The most common found position we got from panoramic radiograph is increasing radiolucency. While, from CBCT scan we got the inferior position as the most common found position. Based on statistical test of result between Panoramic Radiograph and CBCT Scan we found that there is proportionally significance (p< 0.05) among category of panoramic radiograph and category of lingual-buccal-inferior on CBCT scan. Conclusion: This study can be used as a reference to evaluate the positions of mandibular third molars against the mandibular canal in prediction the risk of complications of inferior alveolar nerve injury during odontectomy."

"Latar Belakang: Impaksi pada gigi M3 RB adalah impaksi gigi yang paling sering ditemui. Klasifikasi angulasi impaksi gigi M3 RB umumnya bergantung pada pemeriksaan visual (subjektif) terhadap radiograf panoramik menggunakan klasifikasi Winter. Metode subjektif rentan akan variabilitas dan bias pengamat, sehingga perlu adanya metode objektif untuk mengukur angulasi impaksi gigi M3 RB menggunakan alat ukur digital yang lebih akurat. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk menganalisa perbedaan hasil klasifikasi impaksi M3 RB pada pasien RSKGM FKG UI antara metode subjektif dan objektif. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi retrospektif analitik, yang menggunakan data rekam medis dan radiograf panoramik pasien RSKGM FKG UI. Data subjektif dikumpulkan dari catatan dokter gigi pada rekam medis, sedangkan pengukuran objektif dilakukan oleh 2 peneliti menggunakan alat ukur digital. Data dianalisis menggunakan tabel tabulasi silang dan analisis Mann-Whitney. Hasil: Terdapat 101 kasus impaksi gigi M3 RB dari 89 pasien yang berhasil dikumpulkan, impaksi mesioangular adalah jenis yang paling umum ditemukan baik dalam analisis subjektif (53,47%) maupun objektif (76,24%). Terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara metode subjektif dan objektif dalam mengidentifikasi impaksi horizontal, vertikal, dan distoangular. Pada analisis subjektif, jenis impaksi horizontal banyak dilaporkan (22,77% subjektif dan 2,97% objektif), sedangkan impaksi distoangular kurang dilaporkan (2,97% subjektif dan 19,80% objektif). Kesimpulan: Ditemukan perbedaan signifikan (p = 0,000–0,012) pada angulasi impaksi gigi M3 RB antara metode subjektif dan objektif, menunjukkan pentingnya penggunaan metode objektif untuk meningkatkan akurasi diagnosis.

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Background: Mandibular third molars are regarded as the teeth most affected by impaction. Their assessment typically relies on subjective visual inspection of panoramic radiographs using classification systems such as Winter’s classification. However, these methods are prone to variability and observer bias, emphasizing the need of objective methods which offer precise, reproducible measurements using digital tools. This study addresses the gap in data by comparing subjective and objective methods in classifying mandibular third molar impactions within RSKGM FKG UI population. Methods: An analytic retrospective study was conducted using secondary data from patient medical records and panoramic radiographs at RSKGM FKG UI. Subjective assessments were performed by practitioners, and objective measurements performed by 2 practitioners utilizing digital measurement tools. Data were analyzed using crosstabulation table and Mann-Whitney analysis. Results: The study included 101 cases from 89 patients. Mesioangular impactions were the most common type in both subjective (53.47%) and objective analyses (76.24%). Significant disparities were found between subjective and objective methods in identifying horizontal, vertical, and distoangular impactions. Horizontal impactions were overestimated (22.77% subjective dan 2.97% objective), while distoangular impactions were underreported (2.97% subjective dan 19.80% objective). Conclusion: Significant disparities were found between subjective and objective methods in most pairwise comparisons (p = 0.000 – 0.012), highlighting the importance of adopting objective digital measurement tools for precise diagnosis."

"Latar Belakang : Anomali gigi dapat menyebabkan berbagai masalah fungsional seperti, maloklusi, meningkatkan resiko karies, dan mengganggu estetika. Tingkat kejadian anomali gigi di Indonesia, masih belum banyak diteliti. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka penting untuk melakukan identifikasi untuk memperoleh data frekuensi distribusi anomali gigi pada radiograf panoramik di RSKGM FKG UI. Tujuan : Mendapatkan data frekuensi distribusi anomali gigi berdasarkan usia dan jenis kelamin pada radiograf panoramik di RSKGM FKG UI. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan studi cross-sectional dengan total sampel 367 radiograf panoramik. Radiograf dievaluasi dan diinterpretasi oleh dua orang observer untuk mengidentifikasi anomali gigi sesuai klasifikasi berdasarkan anomali jumlah (gigi supernumerari), ukuran (makrodonsia dan mikrodonsia), erupsi (transposisi), serta morfologi (fusi, concrescence, geminasi, taurodonsia, dilaserasi, dens invaginatus, dens evaginatus, molar incisor malformation (MIM) , amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta, dentin dysplasia, regional odontodisplasia, enamel pearl, talon cusp, dan congenital sifilis). Data usia, jenis kelamin, dan hasil interpretasi radiograf panoramik dicatat. Selanjutnya, dilakukan uji reliabilitas menggunakan uji Kappa untuk data kategorik dan uji ICC untuk data numerik. Hasil : Dari total sampel 367 radiograf pada rentang usia 6-79 tahun ditemukan 133 (36,2%) radiograf panoramik dengan anomali gigi, sebanyak 1-4 kasus pada setiap radiograf. Jumlah seluruh anomali gigi yang ditemukan adalah 395 kasus. Anomali gigi terbanyak ditemukan pada rentang usia 16-25 tahun. Berdasarkan klasifikasi, frekuensi distribusi anomali gigi yang ditemukan, secara berurutan yaitu anomali morfologi (63,15%), ukuran (32,33%), jumlah (18,05%), dan erupsi (7,52%). Jenis anomali morfologi gigi yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah dilaserasi (33,83%), anomali ukuran adalah mikrodonsia (32,05%), dan anomali jumlah adalah gigi supernumerari (23,64%). Berdasarkan jenis kelamin, frekuensi distribusi anomali gigi ditemukan lebih banyak pada laki-laki (45,83%) dibanding perempuan (31,87%). Anomali gigi yang paling banyak ditemukan pada laki-laki adalah gigi supernumerari, concrescence, dens invaginatus dan enamel pearl. Sedangkan, anomali gigi yang paling banyak ditemukan pada perempuan adalah makrodonsia, mikrodonsia, transposisi, geminasi, taurodonsia, dilaserasi, dens evaginatus, molar-incisor malformation (MIM), dan talon cusp. Kesimpulan : Prevalensi anomali gigi pada radiograf panoramik yang ditemukan pada penelitian ini cukup tinggi. Proporsi anomali gigi lebih tinggi ditemukan pada laki-laki dibandingkan perempuan.

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Background : Dental anomalies can affect various functional problems such as, malocclusion, increase the risk of caries, and aesthetics problem. Incidence rate of dental anomalies in Indonesia has not yet been widely studied. Based on this, it is important to identification to get data frequency distribution of dental anomalies on panoramic radiographs at RSKGM FKG UI. Objective : To get data frequency distribution of dental anomalies based on age and gender in panoramic radiograph at RSKGM FKG UI. Method : This study is a cross-sectional study with total sample 367 panoramic radiographs. Radiographs were evaluated and interpreted by two observers to identify dental anomalies according to classification anomaly by number (supernumerary teeth), size (macrodontia and microdontia), eruption (transposition), and morphology (fusion, concrescence, gemination, taurodontisme, dilaceration, dens invaginatus, dens evaginatus, molar incisor malformation (MIM) , amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta, dentin dysplasia, regional odontodisplasia, enamel pearl, talon cusp, and congenital syphilis). Data on age, gender, and interpretation of panoramic radiographs result were recorded. Reliability test were performed using Kappa test for categoric data and ICC test for numeric data. Result : From a total sample of 367 radiographs in the age range 6-79 years, 133 (36.2%) panoramic radiographs with dental anomalies were found, 1-4 cases in each radiograph. The total of all dental anomalies in were 395 cases. Based on classification, frequency distribution of dental anomalies found, respectively, are anomaly of morphology (63,15%), size (32,33%), number (18,05%), and eruption (7,52%). The most common type of anomaly of morphology was dilaceration (33,83%), anomaly of number was microdontia (32,05%), and anomaly of number was supernumerary tooth (23,64%). Based on gender, frequency distribution of dental anomalies were found higher 45,83% in male than 31,87% in female. The most common dental anomalies found in men are supernumerary tooth, concrescence, dens invaginatus and enamel pearl. Meanwhile, the most common dental anomalies found in women are macrodontia, microdontia, transposition, gemination, taurodontisme, dilaceration, dens evaginatus, molar-incisor malformation (MIM), and talon cusp. Conclusions : The prevalence of dental anomalies on panoramic radiographs found in this study is quite high. A higher proportion of dental anomalies was found in men than women."

"Latar Belakang: Berkurangnya kepadatan tulang dapat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor seperti usia dan jenis kelamin dan memiliki pengaruh terhadap perawatan kedokteran gigi. Radiograf panoramik digital dapat menjadi salah satu cara untuk memperkirakan penurunan densitas radiografik tulang. Tujuan: Memperoleh nilai rerata densitas radiografik tulang kortikal tepi bawah mandibula pada individu pria dan wanita yang berusia 20 – 60 tahun di RSKGM FKG UI dari radiograf panoramik digital. Metode: Menggunakan studi potong lintang dengan 300 sampel radiograf panoramik digital yang terbagi menjadi 150 sampel wanita dan 150 sampel pria dan dikategorikan berdasarkan kelompok usia berjumlah 75 sampel untuk setiap kelompok usia. Rerata densitas radiografik diperoleh di region of interest tulang kortikal tepi bawah mandibula menggunakan software I-Dixel Morita. Hasil: Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan nilai rerata densitas radiografik tulang pada kelompok wanita sebesar 92,80 sedangkan pada kelompok pria sebesar 97,46. Berdasarkan kelompok usia, kelompok usia 31- 40 memiliki rerata densitas radiografik paling besar yaitu 101,99 sedangkan nilai terendah pada kelompok usia 51-60 sebesar 86,43. Kesimpulan: Rerata densitas radiografik tulang kortikal tepi bawah mandibula pada pria lebih tinggi dibandingkan wanita serta terus mengalami peningkatan dari usia 20 tahun dan mulai mengalami penurunan di usia lebih dari 40 tahun.

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Background: Reduced bone density can be influenced by several factors such as age and gender and has an influence on dental treatment. Digital panoramic radiographs can be used to estimate decreased bone density.

Objective: To obtain the radiographic mean density of cortical bone at the inferior border of the mandible in male and female aged 20-60 years at RSKGM FKG UI using digital panoramic radiographs.

Methods: A cross-sectional study with 300 digital panoramic radiograph samples divided into 150 female and 150 male samples and categorized by age group into 75 samples for each age group. The mean radiographic density was obtained in the region of interest of the cortical bone at the inferior border of the mandible using the I-Dixel Morita software.

Results: the results of statistical analysis showed that the mean radiographic bone density in the female group is 92.80 while in the male group it is 97.46. Based on the age group, the 31-40 age group had the highest mean radiographic density which is 101.99, while the lowest value was in the 51-60 age group which is 86.43.

Conclusion: The mean radiographic density of cortical bone at the inferior border of the mandible in men is higher than in women and continues to increase from the age of 20 and begins to decrease at the age of more than 40 years."

"Latar Belakang: Molar tiga merupakan gigi yang paling sering mengalami impaksi. Impaksi gigi molar tiga seringkali dikaitkan dengan berbagai macam kondisi patologis, salah satunya adalah karies pada molar tiga itu sendiri. Penelitian mengenai distribusi dan frekuensi karies pada molar tiga yang impaksi telah dilakukan di berbagai negara, namun di Indonesia masih sedikit penelitian yang membahas hal ini. Tujuan: Mengetahui distribusi dan frekuensi karies pada molar tiga yang impaksi di RSKGM FKG UI Periode Januari 2014-Desember 2016. Metode: Studi deskriptif retrospektif dengan menggunakan data sekunder yang didapat dari rekam medik pasien RSKGM FKG UI periode Januari 2014-Desember 2016. Hasil: Analisis dilakukan pada 442 kasus impaksi molar tiga yang diindikasikan untuk dilakukan tindakan odontektomi. Dari 442 molar tiga yang impaksi, sebanyak 136 gigi 30,8 mengalami karies. Karies paling banyak terjadi pada pasien usia 26-30 tahun 32,4. Karies lebih banyak ditemukan pada pasien laki-laki 55,1 dan pada elemen gigi 38 58,1. Karies paling sering terjadi pada molar tiga dengan impaksi mesioangular 72, kelas II 63,2, dan posisi A 80,1. Permukaan yang paling sering mengalami karies adalah permukaan oklusal 47,8. Sebagian besar karies yang terjadi pada molar tiga impaksi telah mencapai kateogori advanced 61,8. Kesimpulan: Distribusi dan frekuensi karies pada molar tiga paling banyak ditemukan pada pasien laki-laki dengan usia 26-30 tahun dan karies paling banyak ditemukan pada molar tiga dengan impaksi mesioangular IIA.

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Background: The third molar is the most common tooth to become impacted. Impacted third molar is often associated with various pathological conditions, one of which is dental caries in the third molar itself. Research about caries in impacted third molar had been done in some countries. However, in Indonesia, the research about this matter is currently limited.

Aim: This research is conducted to see the frequency and distribution of caries in impacted third molar in RSKGM FKG UI from January 2014 ndash December 2016.

Methods: The analysis was conducted on 442 cases of impacted third molar indicated for odontectomy.

Results: From 442 cases of impacted third molar, 136 teeth 30.8 had dental caries. Dental caries mostly found in patients that were 26 30 in age 32.4. Dental caries mostly happen in man 55.1 and mostly found in mandibular left third molar 58.1. Mesioangular angulation 72, class II 63.2, and position A 80.1 impaction are the most common. Caries mostly found in the occlusal surface of the impacted third molar 47,8 . Most of the caries found in the third molar are classified into the advanced category 61.8.

Conclusion Caries in impacted third molar mostly found in male patient that were 26 30 in age and mostly found in third molar with mesioangular IIA classification."

"Latar Belakang: Kehilangan gigi dan trauma oklusi merupakan salah satu faktor pendukung penyebab penyakit periodontal. Belum ada penelitian mengenai analisis kehilangan gigi molar pertama mandibula terhadap trauma oklusi dan status periodontal di Indonesia. Tujuan: Memperoleh analisis kehilangan gigi molar pertama mandibula terhadap trauma oklusi dan status periodontal. Metode: Studi retrospektif menggunakan data sekunder dengan pendekatan potong lintang dari rekam medik Departemen Periodonsia RSKGM FKG UI periode 2012-2017. Hasil: Didapatkan 184 subjek yang mengalami kehilangan gigi molar pertama (M1) mandibula dengan jumlah kasus trauma oklusi terjadi pada 42 gigi premolar kedua (P2) mandibula dan 63 gigi molar kedua (M2) mandibula. Trauma oklusi yang terjadi pada P2 dan M2 mandibula memiliki nilai resesi gingiva, kedalaman poket, dan kehilangan perlekatan klinis yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan keadaan tidak trauma oklusi. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) nilai resesi gingiva, kedalaman poket, dan kehilangan perlekatan klinis antara gigi P2 mandibula trauma oklusi dengan tidak trauma oklusi. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) nilai resesi gingiva dan kehilangan perlekatan klinis antara gigi M2 mandibula trauma oklusi dengan tidak trauma oklusi. Kesimpulan: Kehilangan gigi M1 mandibula dengan trauma oklusi berpengaruh terhadap resesi gingiva, kedalaman poket, dan kehilangan perlekatan klinis pada gigi P2 dan M2 mandibula.

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Background: Tooth loss and trauma from occlusion are kind of factors that contributing in periodontal disease. There has been no research on the analysis of mandibular first molar loss to trauma from occlusion and periodontal status in Indonesia.

Objective: Get the analysis of mandibular first molar loss to trauma from occlusion and periodontal status.

Method: A cross-sectional study using medical records in Department of Periodontics RSKGM FKG UI 2012-2017.

Result: There were 184 subjects that had mandibular first molar (M1) loss with total 42 mandibular second premolar (P2) and 63 mandibular second molar (M2) cases related to trauma from occlusion (TFO). Gingival recession, pocket depth, and loss of attachment of P2 and M2 mandibular teeth with TFO were worse than non-TFO. There were statically significant differences (p<0,05) of gingival recession, pocket depth, and loss of attachment between P2 mandibular teeth with TFO and non-TFO groups. There were statically significant differences (p<0,05) of gingival recession and loss of attachment between M2 mandibular teeth with TFO and non-TFO groups.

Conclusion:  Mandibular first molar loss with trauma from occlusion is related to gingival recession, pocket depth, and lost of attachment on mandibular second premolar and mandibular second molar."