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"Penelitian ini fokus terhadap desentralisasi fiscal di Indonesia dan pengaruhnya terhadap pelayanan publik bidang kesehatan. Dengan menggunakan panel data dari 30 provinsi di Indonesia dalam rentang waktu 2002-2015, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tingkat otonomi fiskal pemerintah daerah berdampak positif terhadap belanja bidang kesehatan yang dialokasikan oleh pemerintah daerah. Kemudian, capaian pelayanan publik bidang kesehatan secara positif dipengaruhi oleh proporsi belanja kesehatan terhadap total belanja, tetapi belanja kesehatan per kapita berpengaruh negative terhadap capaian tersebut. Untuk penelitian lebih lanjut atas temuan tersebut, penelitian ini membagi sampel kedalam beberapa kelompok berdasarkan tingkat belanja kesehatan per kapita dan tingkat PDRB per kapita. Hasil penelitan menunjukkan bahwa belanja kesehatan per kapita berdampak positif pada pelayanan kesehatan pada provinsi dengan tingkat belanja kesehatan per kapita dan provinsi dengan tingkat PDRB per kapita yang tinggi.

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This study focused on the fiscal decentralization in Indonesia and its effect on public health service delivery. By using a panel data set of 30 provinces in Indonesia from 2002 to 2015, the results provided evidence that fiscal autonomy of local governments has a positive association with health expenditure that allocated by local governments. Then, the public health service outcomes are positively correlated with the share of health expenditure to total expenditure but negatively correlated with real health expenditure per capita. To further examination of the finding that health expenditure per capita negatively correlates with public health outcome, this study divided the sample based on the real health expenditure per capita and the real GRDP per capita. The results revealed that health expenditure per capita has a positive sign of public health service on the high real health expenditure per capita regions and high-income regions."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak desentralisasi fiskal terhadap komposisi belanja pemerintah daerah dengan menggunakan unbalance panel data belanja pemerintah kabupaten/kota di Indonesia pada tahun 2011-2015 dan Quasi-Maximum Likelihood Estimator QMLE. Derajat desentralisasi fiskal diukur dari rasio belanja pemerintah daerah terhadap total belanja pemerintah Indonesia. Peningkatan desentralisasi fiskal terbukti berpengaruh signifikan terhadap peningkatan komposisi belanja modal. Selain itu, peningkatan desentralisasi fiskal juga berpengaruh signifikan terhadap peningkatan komposisi belanja modal infrastruktur tradisional. Sebaliknya, desentralisasi fiskal berpengaruh terhadap penurunan komposisi belanja modal infrastruktur modal SDM yang disebabkan turunnya komposisi belanja modal urusan pendidikan dan kesehatan. Ini menunjukkan bahwa pemerintah daerah memberikan prioritas pada belanja modal yang berdampak langsung terhadap perekonomian.

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This research aims to analyze the impact of fiscal decentralization on the composition of regional government spending by using unbalanced panel data set of Indonesian municipalities over the period 2011 2015 and Quasi Maximum Likelihood Estimator QMLE . The degree of fiscal decentralization is measured as the ratio of regional government spending to Indonesian government spending. The paper shows that fiscal decentralization positively and significantly, influences the share of capital spending. In addition, fiscal decentralization positively and significantly, influences the share of capital spending for infrastructure. In contrast, fiscal decentralization negatively affects share of capital spending for human capital infrastructure due to the decrease in the share of capital spending on education and health. This shows that local governments give priority to capital spending that have a direct impact on the economy. "

"Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah desentralisasi fiskal di Indonesia berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dengan menggunakan panel data 33 provinsi di Indonesia dalam periode 2005-2014, hasil memberikan bukti bahwa desentralisasi fiskal memiliki hubungan negatif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi regional provinsi. Dengan pengkajian yang lebih mendalam, penelitian ini menganalisis komposisi pengeluaran pemerintah daerah dan pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa alokasi belanja pemerintah daerah pada belanja pegawai, belanja lainnya, dan bahkan belanja modal berpengaruhi negatif terhadap pertumbuhan regional.

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The principal objective of this study was to investigate whether fiscal decentralization in Indonesia leads to economic growth. By using a panel data set of 33 provinces in Indonesia over the period 2005 ndash 2014, the results provided evidence that fiscal decentralization has a negative association with provincial economic growth. To further the examination of the finding, this study analyzes the composition of expenditure of local government and its influence on growth in the fiscal decentralization framework. The results reveal that spending allocation of local governments on personnel expenditure, other expenditure, and even capital expenditure actually harms regional growth."

"Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi dampak desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi regional di Sumatera, Indonesia. Digunakan tiga model regresi untuk menganalisa data panel lima indikator utama desentralisasi fiskal periode 2007-2013 yaitu: OLS, Fixed  Effect Model dan Random Effect Model. Data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini merupakan data sekunder yang bersumber dari Badan Pusat Dtatistik (BPS) dan Direktorat Jenderal Perimbangan Keuangan Kementrian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. Temuan empiris penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tiga indikator berupa pendapatan daerah, pengeluaran daerah dan jumlah penduduk memiliki dampak negatif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, sementara tingkat pendidikan dan tingkat serapan tenaga kerja berkorelasi positif terhdap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Sumatera, Indonesia.

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This paper analyzes the impact of fiscal decentralization on regional economic growth in Sumatera, Indonesia.  Within the framework of an OLS, Fixed Effect Model and Random Effect Model was employed in this thesis on a set of dynamic panel data models with latent variables over a period 2007 – 2013.  Two indicators of fiscal decentralization, local revenue, and local expenditure were used to measure impact of fiscal decentralization in Sumatera. Data for this study comes from secondary sources; BPS and DJAPK ministry of Finance Republic of Indonesia. The empirical finding of this study suggests that two fiscal decentralization indicators and number of population have a negative significant impact on regional economic growth. However, number of education and employment rate are positively correlated with economic growth. Finally, there is a little consensus on the relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth in Sumatera, Indonesia."

"Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk meneliti apakah penurunan kemiskinan di Indonesia terkait dengan penerapan desentralisasi fiskal. Ukuran kemiskinan yang digunakan adalah poverty headcount index (P0), poverty gap index (P1), dan poverty severity index (P2), sedangkan ukuran derajat desentralisasi fiskal (FD) yang digunakan adalah indikator pendapatan/revenue indicator (RI), indikator belanja/expenditure indicator (EI), dan indikator otonomi/autonomy indicator (AI). Indikator-indikator FD tersebut diadaptasi dari konsep yang disajikan oleh Akai dan Sakata (2002). Guna memastikan robustness model penelitian, kajian ini menerapkan static and dynamic panel data analyses. Static panel data analysis dilakukan dengan menggunakan ordinary least square dan fixed effect (FE) method, sementara dynamic panel data analysis dilakukan dengan menggunakan System Generalized Method of Moment (Sys GMM), yang dikembangkan oleh Arellano dan Bover (1995) serta Blundell dan Bond (1998). Hasil dari static dan dynamic panel data analyses secara konsisten menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan derajat desentralisasi fiskal dapat menurunkan tingkat kemiskinan, meskipun dalam estimasi dengan menggunakan FE dan Sys GMM, desentralisasi fiskal membutuhkan jeda waktu untuk mempengaruhi tingkat kemiskinan. Hasil penelitian ini mempunyai dampak kebijakan, yaitu bahwa pemerintah harus terus menyempurnakan desain desentralisasi fiskal, terutama terkait dengan kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam hal pendapatan, belanja, dan kemandirian fiskal.

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The aim of this study is to investigate whether poverty reduction in Indonesia is correlated with fiscal decentralization. Poverty measures used are poverty headcount index (P0), poverty gap index (P1), and poverty severity index (P2), whereas the measures of degree of fiscal decentralization (FD) are revenue indicator (RI), expenditure indicator (EI), and autonomy indicator (AI). These FD indicators are adapted from the concept presented by Akai and Sakata (2002). In order to ascertain the robustness of the model, this study applies both static and dynamic panel data analyses. The static panel data analysis is conducted using ordinary least square and fixed effect (FE) method, whereas the dynamic panel data analysis is conducted using System Generalized Method of Moment (Sys GMM), which is developed by Arellano and Bover (1995) and Blundell and Bond (1998). The results of both static and dynamic panel data analyses consistently show that an increase in degree of fiscal decentralization lowers poverty, although in estimation of FE and Sys GMM, fiscal decentralization needs time lag to affect poverty. These results have policy implication that government of Indonesia needs to improve fiscal decentralization design, mainly related to the revenue authority, expenditure authority, and fiscal independency of local governments."

"Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi dampak desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi regional di Sumatera, Indonesia. Digunakan tiga model regresi untuk menganalisa data panel lima indikator utama desentralisasi fiskal periode 2007-2013 yaitu: OLS, Fixed Effect Model dan Random Effect Model. Data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini merupakan data sekunder yang bersumber dari Badan Pusat Dtatistik (BPS) dan Direktorat Jenderal Perimbangan Keuangan Kementrian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. Temuan empiris penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tiga indikator berupa pendapatan daerah, pengeluaran daerah dan jumlah penduduk memiliki dampak negatif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, sementara tingkat pendidikan dan tingkat serapan tenaga kerja berkorelasi positif terhdap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Sumatera, Indonesia.

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This paper analyzes the impact of fiscal decentralization on regional economic growth in Sumatera, Indonesia. Within the framework of an OLS, Fixed Effect Model and Random Effect Model was employed in this thesis on a set of dynamic panel data models with latent variables over a period 2007- 2013. Two indicators of fiscal decentralization, local revenue, and local expenditure were used to measure impact of fiscal decentralization in Sumatera. Data for this study comes from secondary sources; BPS and DJAPK ministry of Finance Republic of Indonesia. The empirical finding of this study suggests that two fiscal decentralization indicators and number of population have a negative significant impact on regional economic growth. However, number of education and employment rate are positively correlated with economic growth. Finally, there is a little consensus on the relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth in Sumatera, Indonesia."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji secara empiris pengaruh dan pengeluaran kesehatan pengaruh kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal terhadap harapan hidup masyarakat di daerah kabupaten/kota di Indonesia dengan menggunakan PDRB per kapita sebagai variabel kontrol. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel 204 kabupaten/kota di Indonesia. Titik 1996 dan 1999 digunakan sebagai representasi sebelum menerapkan kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal dan periode 2005 dan 2006 digunakan sebagai representasi setelahnya implementasi kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal. Penelitian ini menggunakan regresi data panel dengan metode Random Effect Model (MER). Hasil regresi menunjukkan pengeluaran itu kesehatan tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap harapan hidup masyarakat di wilayah kabupaten/kota di Indonesia. Dampak kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal telah efek positif dan signifikan terhadap harapan hidup orang-orang di daerah tersebut kabupaten/kota di Indonesia. Pemerintah kabupaten/kota di Indonesia dapat memaksimalkan potensi masing-masing daerah seperti Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) sehingga peningkatan sumber pendapatan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pengeluaran kesehatan. Dampak kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal terhadap usia harapan hidup dapat terjadi digunakan sebagai referensi oleh pemerintah kabupaten/kota di Indonesia untuk mengevaluasi sistem desentralisasi fiskal yang telah diterapkan.

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Health expenditure influence of fiscal decentralization policies on community life expectancy in district/city areas in Indonesia by using per capita GRDP as a variable control. This study uses a sample of 204 districts/cities in Indonesia. Points 1996 and 1999 were used as representations before implementing fiscal decentralization policies and the periods 2005 and 2006 were used as representations afterwards the implementation of fiscal decentralization policies. This study uses panel data regression using the Random Effect Model (MER) method. Regression results indicate that health spending does not have a significant effect on peoples life expectancy in the district/city in Indonesia. The impact of fiscal decentralization policies has positive and significant effects on the life expectancy of people in the area regencies/cities in Indonesia. District/city governments in Indonesia can maximize the potential of each region such as Regional Original Revenue (PAD) so that an increase in revenue sources is expected to increase health expenditure. The impact of fiscal decentralization policies on life expectancy can occur used as a reference by district/city governments in Indonesia to evaluate the fiscal decentralization system that has been implemented."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini menyelidiki pengaruh perubahan kebijakan fiskal selamapelaksanaan desentralisasi fiskal terhadap ketimpangan di Indonesia. Denganmenggunakan data panel dari 27 provinsi selama periode 2001-2012, penelitianini menjelaskan dampak dari peraturan baru tentang desentralisasi fiskal terhadapketimpangan pengeluaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan koefisien Gini, Theil L,dan Theil T sebagai ukuran ketimpangan, sedangkan variabel independen meliputiindeks desentralisasi fiskal (FDA dan FDB), PDRB per kapita (pcGRDP) danPDRB per kapita kuadrat (pcGRDP kuadrat). Variabel independen PDRB perkapita dan PDRB per kapita kuadrat berfungsi sebagai variabel kontrol.Hasil regresi panel menunjukkan bahwa selama pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 25 tahun 1999 (2001-2004), desentralisasi fiskal berdampaknegatif pada ketimpangan. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa desentralisasi fiskalmengakibatkan peningkatan ketimpangan pengeluaran. Semakin besardesentralisasi fiskal menyebabkan semakin besarnya ketimpangan pengeluaran.Perubahan undang-undang desentralisasi fiskal tahun 2004 menunjukkan bahwaketimpangan dapat dikurangi. Meskipun pengaruh desentralisasi fiskal padaketimpangan masih negatif setelah tahun 2004, besar dampaknya jauh lebih kecil.

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ABSTRACTThis study attempts to investigate the effect of change in fiscal regulationduring implementation of fiscal decentralization on inequality in Indonesia. Usinga provincial panel data set consisting of 27 provinces during 2001-2012 periods,this study explains the impact of new regulation on fiscal decentralization onexpenditure inequality. This study employs Gini coefficient, Theil L, and Theil Tas a measure of inequality, while independent variables include indices of fiscaldecentralization (FDA and FDB), per capita GRDP (pcGRDP) and per capitaGRDP squared (pcGRDP squared). Independent variables, pc GRDP and pcGRDPsquared serve as control variables.The panel regression results show that during the implementation of the lawNo.25/1999 (i.e., from 2001 to 2004), fiscal decentralization has a negative impacton inequality. In particular, this study finds that fiscal decentralization appears tohave increased expenditure inequality. Higher degree of fiscal decentralizationviiUniversitas Indonesiainduces larger expenditure inequality. However, the implementation of the revisedfiscal decentralization law in 2004 seems to have mitigated inequality. Though theeffect of fiscal decentralization on inequality is still negative after 2004, themagnitude of the effect is much smaller.;This study attempts to investigate the effect of change in fiscal regulationduring implementation of fiscal decentralization on inequality in Indonesia. Usinga provincial panel data set consisting of 27 provinces during 2001-2012 periods,this study explains the impact of new regulation on fiscal decentralization onexpenditure inequality. This study employs Gini coefficient, Theil L, and Theil Tas a measure of inequality, while independent variables include indices of fiscaldecentralization (FDA and FDB), per capita GRDP (pcGRDP) and per capitaGRDP squared (pcGRDP squared). Independent variables, pc GRDP and pcGRDPsquared serve as control variables.The panel regression results show that during the implementation of the lawNo.25/1999 (i.e., from 2001 to 2004), fiscal decentralization has a negative impacton inequality. In particular, this study finds that fiscal decentralization appears tohave increased expenditure inequality. Higher degree of fiscal decentralizationviiUniversitas Indonesiainduces larger expenditure inequality. However, the implementation of the revisedfiscal decentralization law in 2004 seems to have mitigated inequality. Though theeffect of fiscal decentralization on inequality is still negative after 2004, themagnitude of the effect is much smaller.;This study attempts to investigate the effect of change in fiscal regulationduring implementation of fiscal decentralization on inequality in Indonesia. Usinga provincial panel data set consisting of 27 provinces during 2001-2012 periods,this study explains the impact of new regulation on fiscal decentralization onexpenditure inequality. This study employs Gini coefficient, Theil L, and Theil Tas a measure of inequality, while independent variables include indices of fiscaldecentralization (FDA and FDB), per capita GRDP (pcGRDP) and per capitaGRDP squared (pcGRDP squared). Independent variables, pc GRDP and pcGRDPsquared serve as control variables.The panel regression results show that during the implementation of the lawNo.25/1999 (i.e., from 2001 to 2004), fiscal decentralization has a negative impacton inequality. In particular, this study finds that fiscal decentralization appears tohave increased expenditure inequality. Higher degree of fiscal decentralizationviiUniversitas Indonesiainduces larger expenditure inequality. However, the implementation of the revisedfiscal decentralization law in 2004 seems to have mitigated inequality. Though theeffect of fiscal decentralization on inequality is still negative after 2004, themagnitude of the effect is much smaller., This study attempts to investigate the effect of change in fiscal regulationduring implementation of fiscal decentralization on inequality in Indonesia. Usinga provincial panel data set consisting of 27 provinces during 2001-2012 periods,this study explains the impact of new regulation on fiscal decentralization onexpenditure inequality. This study employs Gini coefficient, Theil L, and Theil Tas a measure of inequality, while independent variables include indices of fiscaldecentralization (FDA and FDB), per capita GRDP (pcGRDP) and per capitaGRDP squared (pcGRDP squared). Independent variables, pc GRDP and pcGRDPsquared serve as control variables.The panel regression results show that during the implementation of the lawNo.25/1999 (i.e., from 2001 to 2004), fiscal decentralization has a negative impacton inequality. In particular, this study finds that fiscal decentralization appears tohave increased expenditure inequality. Higher degree of fiscal decentralizationviiUniversitas Indonesiainduces larger expenditure inequality. However, the implementation of the revisedfiscal decentralization law in 2004 seems to have mitigated inequality. Though theeffect of fiscal decentralization on inequality is still negative after 2004, themagnitude of the effect is much smaller.]"

"Penelitian ini menguji dampak kebijakan desentralisasi terhadap tingkat kemiskinan di Indonesia  menggunakan analisa data panel dengan mengambil sampel data dari 33 propinsi dari periode 2005 - 2012.  Menggunakan estimasi model non – linear, dampak desentralisasi dapat dijelaskan melalui titik balik minimum dimana fiscal desentralisasi mempunyai dampak negatif maksimal terhadap tingkat kemiskinan. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa dampak desentralisasi fiskal paling optimal ketika indeks desentralisasi sama dengan 34 persen. Dengan kata lain, dampak desentralasi fiskal terhadap pengurangan tingkat kemiskinan paling optimal terjadi ketika rasio akumulasi pengeluaran pemerintah daerah per kapita  disatu propinsi adalah sepertiga dari dari total pengeluaran pemerintahan per kapita di proprinsi tersebut

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This study examines the effect of fiscal decentralization on poverty headcount rate in Indonesia by employing panel data analysis, which takes sample data form 33 provinces in Indonesia in the period 2005 – 2012. Using the non-linear estimation model, the effect of decentralization on poverty is captured from its turning point relation, which has maximum impact on decreasing poverty rate. This study finds that optimum effect of fiscal decentralization on poverty reduction occurs when the index of decentralization is equal to 34 percent. In other words, the highest impact of decentralization on poverty reduction is when the ratio of local government expenditure per capita is one third of the total government expenditure per capita."

"Skripsi ini meneliti secara empiris pengaruh desentralisasi fiskal terhadap Angka Harapan Hidup yang merupakan salah satu indikator outcomes bidang kesehatan. Indikator desentralisasi fiskal yang digunakan adalah indikator dari segi pengeluaran, yaitu persentase realisasi belanja fungsi kesehatan terhadap total realisasi belanja pemerintah daerah di masing-masing provinsi. Selain itu penelitian ini juga meneliti faktor-faktor determinan yang juga mempengaruhi Angka Harapan Hidup, yaitu PDRB per kapita, rasio puskesmas per 100.000 penduduk, rasio tenaga medis per 100.000 penduduk, dan angka melek huruf. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel 31 provinsi di Indonesia tahun 2005-2009 dengan pendekatan Fixed Effect Model. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa persentase realisasi belanja fungsi kesehatan berpengaruh signifikan positif terhadap Angka Harapan Hidup. Faktor determinan PDRB per kapita, rasio puskesmas per 100.000 penduduk, dan angka melek huruf juga memiliki pengaruh signifikan positif terhadap Angka Harapan Hidup, sedangkan rasio tenaga medis per 100.000 penduduk tidak memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap Angka Harapan Hidup.

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This study examines the impact of fiscal decentralization on life expectancy rate, one of health outcomes indicator. This research uses portion of health expenditure on total expenditure for each provinces as fiscal decentralization indicator. This study also examines the impact of determinant factors on life expectancy rate, those are GRDP per capita, ratio of puskesmas per 100.000 population, ratio of medical practitioners per 100.000 population, and illiteracy rate. This study uses panel data from 31 provinces in Indonesia for 2005-2009 with Fixed Effect Model approach.

The results showed that percentage of health expenditure affect life expectancy rate significantly positive. Determinant factors, GRDP per capita, ratio of puskesmas per 100.000 population, and illiteracy rate also affect life expectancy rate significantly positive, while ratio of medical practitioners per 100.000 population affect life expectancy rate not significantly."