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"Adequate blood supply to the eye is an important prerequisite for normal visual function. Over the past 40 years our knowledge of ocular blood flow regulation has improved significantly. This reader-friendly textbook provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of ocular blood flow. Lavishly illustrated, it evaluates the wide array of methods that have been used to measure ocular blood flow. Furthermore, it not only offers the reader an evidence-based summary of the physiological and pharmacological properties of ocular blood flow regulation, but also demonstrates the ocular blood flow abnormalities in different vascular diseases. This book will enhance the understanding of all who are interested in learning more about ocular blood flow in health and disease."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang. Pemberian transfusi darah merupakan salah satu tindakan medis untuk penyelamatan nyawa (live saving) dan penyembuhan penyakit, tetapi disisi lain tindakan ini juga memiliki risiko atau komplikasi. Salah satu komplikasiyang dikenal adalah Transfusion-Associated Graft-vs-Host Disease (TAGVHD). TAGVHD ini akan menyebabkan berproliferasinya limfosit T yangkemudian akan diikuti oleh proses engraft (tertanam) didalam tubuh resipien yang umumnya berada dalam kondisi imunokompeten. Kondisi ini umumnya dialami oleh pasien-pasien dengan gangguan sistem imunologi seperti pada pasien kanker atau penyakit-penyakit autoimun. Saat ini, satu ? satunya metode yang dapat diterima untuk mencegah komplikasi itu dengan cara melakukan iradiasi darah. Bervariasinya rekomendasi tentang dosis iradiasi dan waktu penyinaran untukmenurunkan jumlah CD 3+ dan CD 4+ sebagai penyebab terjadinya TAGVHD, menjadi latar belakang dilakukannya penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian ini akan dijadikan rekomendasi untuk prosedur iradiasi terhadap komponen sel darah merah pekatyang akan diberikan pada pasien-pasien imunokompeten di RS Kanker Dharmais Jakarta.Metodologi. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain penelitian eksperimental dengan pemeriksaan time series yang dilakukan terhadap 54 kantong komponen sel darah merah pekat yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi yang ditetapkan oleh peneliti. Dilakukan pengujian terhadap jumlah CD 3+ dan CD 4+ dalam tiga dosis dengan tiga serial waktu berbeda.Hasil. Terjadi penurunan jumlah CD 3+ dan CD 4+ pada komponen sel darah merah pekat yang dilakukan iradiasi pada dosis iradiasi dan waktu penyinaran yang berbeda.Simpulan. Penurunan jumlah CD 3+ bermakna atau signifikan pada dosis 2500 pada waktu 5 jam setelah penyinaran.

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ABSTRACTBackground Blood transfusion is a medical treatment for a life saving and cure the disease On the other hand these treatment also have risks or complications one of which is known with Transfusion Associated Graft vs Host Disease TAGVHD This will cause proliferation T lymphocytes and then will be followed by a process engraft embedded in the recipient 39 s body is in a state of immunocompetent This condition is commonly experienced by patients with impaired immunological systems such as cancer patients or autoimmune diseases Currently one the only acceptable method to prevent such complications by way of blood irradiation Variations recommendation on irradiation dose and exposure time in reducing the amount of CD 3 and CD 4 which is the cause of the TAGVHD be doing background research The results of this study will be a recommendation for action to the irradiation of packedred cell that will be given in immunocompetent patients in Jakarta Dharmais Cancer Hospital Methodology This study used an experimental research design time series with the examination conducted on 54 bags of packed red cell that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria set by the researcher Conducted tests on the number of CD 3 and CD 4 in three doses with three different time series Results A decline in the number of CD 3 and CD 4 in packed red cell irradiation at certain doses of irradiation and different irradiation times Conclusion The decrease in CD 3 meaningful or significant at doses of 2500 in 5 hours after irradiation.; ABSTRACTBackground Blood transfusion is a medical treatment for a life saving and cure the disease On the other hand these treatment also have risks or complications one of which is known with Transfusion Associated Graft vs Host Disease TAGVHD This will cause proliferation T lymphocytes and then will be followed by a process engraft embedded in the recipient 39 s body is in a state of immunocompetent This condition is commonly experienced by patients with impaired immunological systems such as cancer patients or autoimmune diseases Currently one the only acceptable method to prevent such complications by way of blood irradiation Variations recommendation on irradiation dose and exposure time in reducing the amount of CD 3 and CD 4 which is the cause of the TAGVHD be doing background research The results of this study will be a recommendation for action to the irradiation of packedred cell that will be given in immunocompetent patients in Jakarta Dharmais Cancer Hospital Methodology This study used an experimental research design time series with the examination conducted on 54 bags of packed red cell that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria set by the researcher Conducted tests on the number of CD 3 and CD 4 in three doses with three different time series Results A decline in the number of CD 3 and CD 4 in packed red cell irradiation at certain doses of irradiation and different irradiation times Conclusion The decrease in CD 3 meaningful or significant at doses of 2500 in 5 hours after irradiation.; ABSTRACTBackground Blood transfusion is a medical treatment for a life saving and cure the disease On the other hand these treatment also have risks or complications one of which is known with Transfusion Associated Graft vs Host Disease TAGVHD This will cause proliferation T lymphocytes and then will be followed by a process engraft embedded in the recipient 39 s body is in a state of immunocompetent This condition is commonly experienced by patients with impaired immunological systems such as cancer patients or autoimmune diseases Currently one the only acceptable method to prevent such complications by way of blood irradiation Variations recommendation on irradiation dose and exposure time in reducing the amount of CD 3 and CD 4 which is the cause of the TAGVHD be doing background research The results of this study will be a recommendation for action to the irradiation of packedred cell that will be given in immunocompetent patients in Jakarta Dharmais Cancer Hospital Methodology This study used an experimental research design time series with the examination conducted on 54 bags of packed red cell that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria set by the researcher Conducted tests on the number of CD 3 and CD 4 in three doses with three different time series Results A decline in the number of CD 3 and CD 4 in packed red cell irradiation at certain doses of irradiation and different irradiation times Conclusion The decrease in CD 3 meaningful or significant at doses of 2500 in 5 hours after irradiation., ABSTRACTBackground Blood transfusion is a medical treatment for a life saving and cure the disease On the other hand these treatment also have risks or complications one of which is known with Transfusion Associated Graft vs Host Disease TAGVHD This will cause proliferation T lymphocytes and then will be followed by a process engraft embedded in the recipient 39 s body is in a state of immunocompetent This condition is commonly experienced by patients with impaired immunological systems such as cancer patients or autoimmune diseases Currently one the only acceptable method to prevent such complications by way of blood irradiation Variations recommendation on irradiation dose and exposure time in reducing the amount of CD 3 and CD 4 which is the cause of the TAGVHD be doing background research The results of this study will be a recommendation for action to the irradiation of packedred cell that will be given in immunocompetent patients in Jakarta Dharmais Cancer Hospital Methodology This study used an experimental research design time series with the examination conducted on 54 bags of packed red cell that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria set by the researcher Conducted tests on the number of CD 3 and CD 4 in three doses with three different time series Results A decline in the number of CD 3 and CD 4 in packed red cell irradiation at certain doses of irradiation and different irradiation times Conclusion The decrease in CD 3 meaningful or significant at doses of 2500 in 5 hours after irradiation.]"

"Latar Belakang: Retinoblastoma adalah keganasan intraokular paling sering dan juga salah satu tumor padat tersering pada anak-anak. Di negara berkembang dimana terdapat perawatan dan deteksi dini yang baik, prognosis umumnya baik dengan tingkat kesintasan tinggi. Sayangnya, di negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia diagnosis umumnya tertunda dan kesintasan masih rendah. Hitung darah lengkap merupakan uji yang secara relative mudah dan murah serta dikatakan dapat memberikan informasi prognostik yang bernilai dan membantu menilai kesintasan pada berbagai jenis kanker. Namun, studi mengenai hal tersebut masih sangat sedikit pada kasus retinoblastoma. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan antara profil darah tepi pada presentasi awal dan kesintasan pada retinoblastoma. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang retrospektif dengan cara mengumpulkan rekam medis pasien retinoblastoma yang didiagnosis sejak Januari 2011 sampai Desember 2013 di Rumah Sakit Ibu dan Anak Cipto Mangunkusumo 'Kiara'. Demografi dan profil klinis pasien dikumpulkan dan keluaran dikategorikan menjadi event mati dan censored tidak mati . Analisis kesintasan dilakukan menggunakan metode Kaplan Meier dengan SPSS. Hasil: Analsis survival dengan metode Kaplan-Meier dan log-rank test menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antar kesintasan pasien, baik berdasarkan status hemoglobin p=0,219 , status leukosit p=0,903 , dan status trombosit p=0,649 sebelum menerima terapi sistemik. Namun demikian, terlihat ada trend kesintasan.

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Background: Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy and is also one of the most common solid tumors in children. In developed countries where treatment is good and early detection is available, the prognosis and survival is good. Unfortunately, in developing countries including Indonesia diagnosis is still often delayed and survival is still low. Complete blood count as a relatively accessible and affordable test has been studied to provide valuable prognostic information and help in assessing the survival in various types of cancers. However, such studies is still very limited in retinoblastoma cases.

Objectives: This study aims to identify the relation between peripheral blood profile on first presentation and survival in retinoblastoma.

Methods: This study uses retrospective cross sectional study design by collecting medical records of retinoblastoma patients diagnosed from January 2011 to December 2013 in Cipto Mangunkusumo Children and Maternal Hospital 'Kiara'. The demography and clinical profile of patients is collected and outcome is categorized into event dead and censored not dead. Survival analysis is done using Kaplan Meier with SPSS.

Results: Survival analysis using Kaplan Meier method and log rank test shows no significant difference in survival between patients, either according to hemoglobin status p 0,219 , leukocyte status p 0,903 , and thrombocyte status p 0,649 before receiving systemic therapy. Nevertheless, there seem to be a trend of lower mean survival in group with abnormal Hb and leukocyte, although such relation is not seen in thrombocyte.Conclusion Although there is no significant relation, there seem to be a trend in which patients with worse peripheral blood profile has worse survival."

"ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Sarkoma Ewing merupakan suatu small round cell tumor yang ditandai dengan fusi gen EWSR1/FLI1 pada 85 kasus. Diagnosis akurat diperlukan karena memiliki respon baik terhadap protokol kemoterapi spesifik. Baku emas diagnosis sarkoma Ewing adalah deteksi translokasi spesifik dengan RT-PCR atau FISH, namun pemeriksaan tersebut belum tersedia di institusi kami, sehingga dilakukan upaya lain untuk mempertajam diagnosis. Secara morfologi, sarkoma Ewing sering overlapping dengan small round cell tumor lainnya. Pulasan CD99 merupakan penanda yang sangat sensitif untuk mendiagnosis sarkoma Ewing, namun juga sering overlapping dengan small round cell tumor lainnya. Beberapa penelitian mengemukakan FLI1 dapat digunakan sebagai penanda diagnosis sarkoma Ewing. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menilai ekspresi FLI1 untuk membantu menegakkan diagnosis sarkoma Ewing pada small round cell tumor yang memberikan hasil positif terhadap CD99, terutama pada kasus biopsi.Bahan dan cara: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang. Sampel terdiri atas 36 kasus sarkoma Ewing dan 18 kasus small round cell tumor yang sudah dilakukan pulasan imunohistokimia CD99 di RSCM dari Januari 2011 sampai Mei 2018. Dilakukan pulasan FLI1 dan penilaian menggunakan H-score.Hasil: Titik potong H-score pada ekspresi FLI1 didapatkan 226.1 75 dengan sensitivitas 81.6 dan spesifisitas 94.4 . Ekspresi FLI1 tinggi didapatkan pada 31 kasus sarkoma Ewing, sedangkan pada 18 kasus small round cell tumor umumnya memiliki ekspresi FLI1 yang rendah ABSTRACT Background: Ewing 39;s sarcoma is a small round cell tumor characterized by EWSR1 / FLI1 gene fusion in 85 of cases. Accurate diagnosis is necessary because it has a good response to a specific chemotherapy protocol. The gold standard of Ewing 39;s sarcoma diagnosis is the detection of specific translocation with RT-PCR or FISH, but the examination is not yet available at our institution, so another attempt is made to sharpen the diagnosis. Morphologically, Ewing 39;s sarcoma is often overlapping with other small round cell tumor. CD99 is a very sensitive marker for diagnosing Ewing 39;s sarcoma, but also often overlapping with other small round cell tumors. Several studies have suggested that FLI1 can be used as a marker of Ewing rsquo;s sarcoma. The purpose of this study was to assess the FLI1 expression to help establish the diagnosis of Ewing rsquo;s sarcoma in small round cell tumors that gave CD99 positive results, especially in the biopsy cases. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study with 36 cases of Ewing rsquo;s sarcoma and 18 cases of other small round cell tumor that had been performed CD99 immunohistochemistry at RSCM from January 2011 to May 2018. All cases stained by FLI1 antibody and evaluated using H-score. Results: The H-score cut-off point on FLI1 expression was obtained at 226.1 75 with 81.6 sensitivity and 94.4 specificity. The high FLI1 expression was obtained in 31 cases of Ewing rsquo;s sarcoma, while in 18 cases of small round cell tumor were generally had low expression of FLI1 p"

"Pembentukan dan perkembangbiakan sel tumor terjadi jika protein khusus yang mengatur pembelahan sel mengalami perubahan fungsi, ekspresi gen atau hilang keduanya. Salah satu protein penekan tumor yang berperan dalam pengendalian siklus sel adalah protein TP53. Pada sebagian besar perubahan genetik dalam tumor, baik delesi atau mutasi pada lebih dari 50% kanker pada manusia, ditemukan mutan TP53 yang merupakan faktor beresiko tinggi terhadap kanker. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk melakukan studi tentang pengelompokan interaksi protein-protein TP53. Interaksi protein secara umum disajikan dalam jaringan graf (graph network) dengan protein sebagai simpul dan interaksinya sebagai busur. Algoritma Markov Clustering (MCL) adalah satu metode graph clustering yang dibuat berdasarkan simulasi dari flow stokastik pada suatu graf. Dalam skripsi ini, dibahas mengenai implementasi algoritma MCL pada data interaksi protein-protein TP53 dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Python. Algoritma MCL terdiri dari tiga operasi utama yaitu ekspansi, penggelembungan, dan pemotongan. Selanjutnya, dilakukan analisis hasil clustering dari simulasi algoritma MCL dengan menggunakan parameter ekspansi, penggelembungan dan faktor pengali yang berbeda-beda. Berdasarkan analisis hasil clustering yang dilakukan, algoritma MCL terbukti menghasilkan robust cluster dengan protein TP53 sebagai pusat cluster untuk setiap hasil clustering.

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The formation and proliferation of tumor cells occurs if a special protein that regulates cell division changing the function, gene expression or lost both. One of the tumor suppressor protein that plays a role in controlling the cell cycle is the TP53 protein. In most of the genetic changes in the tumor, either deletions or mutations in more than 50% of human cancers, it found that mutant of TP53 is a high risk factor for cancer. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies on protein-protein interactions clustering of TP53. Protein interactions are generally presented in the graph network with proteins as nodes and interactions as edges. Markov Clustering (MCL) algorithm is a graph clustering method which is based on a simulation of stochastic flow on a graph. This minithesis discussed about the implementation of the MCL process on protein-protein interaction of TP53 data using the Python programming language. MCL algorithm consists of three main operations: expansion, inflation, and prune. Furthermore, the clustering simulation is using the different parameter of expansion, inflation and the multiplier factor. Based on the analysis of the clustering results, MCL algorithm is proven to produce robust cluster with TP53 protein as a centroid for each clustering results."

"Latar belakang: Pasien HIV yang mendapatkan terapi antiretroviral (ARV) memiliki risiko yang besar terhadap infeksi CMV dan mencerminkan adanya perubahan kardiovaskular secara sistemik. Genotip dari sel Natural Killer (NK) dan sel imunitas berperan penting terhadap reaktivasi CMV. Namun, polimorfisme dari genotip sel NK dan sel imun pada populasi Indonesia belum banyak diketahui. Peneliti melakukan analisis penilaian terhadap kaliber arteri retina (RAC) sebagai pengukuran non-invasif untuk mengetahui perubahan patologis vaskular dari pasien HIV yang baru menjalani terapi ARV dengan risiko tinggi terhadap reaktivasi CMV serta hubungan antara genotip dari sel NK dan sel imunitas pada pasien HIV dengan seropositif CMV pada populasi IndonesiaTujuan: Untuk mengetahui perubahan dari kaliber arteri retina dan hubungannya terhadap faktor risiko tradisional, faktor inflamasi dan juga pengaruh genotip dari sel NK dan sel imunitas pada pasien HIV dengan seropositif CMV pada populasi IndonesiaMetode: Peneliti melakukan pemeriksaan terhadap 79 pasien HIV yang baru memulai terapi ARV di Jakarta, Indonesia dengan median (rentang) usia 31 (19-48) tahun. RAC diukur menggunakan perangkat lunak Image J dari foto fundus kedua mata, sebelum ART (V0) dan setelah 3-12 bulan (V3-V12). Pemeriksaan juga dilakukan terhadap IgG dan IgG IE anti-CMV. Model multivariabel digunakan untuk menentukan variabel terbaik sebagai prediktor dari RAC pada V12. Pemeriksaan genotip dilakukan menggunakan metode Taqman SNP genotyping assay.Hasil: Pasien HIV memiliki kaliber arteri retina yang lebih sempit dan titer antibodi CMV yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol sehat. RAC mengecil setelah 12 bulan menggunakan ARV (p<0.0001). RAC kanan berkorelasi dengan IgG IE anti-CMV, sedangkan RAC kiri berkorelasi pada setiap waktu dengan cIMT. Model multivariabel menghubungkan RAC pada V12 dengan HIV Viral load pada V12 dan riwayat mengkonsumsi minuman beralkohol, sementara merokok memiliki sifat protektif. Alel homozigot IL-1A penanda inflamasi berhubungan dengan kaliber arteri retina yang lebih sempit pada mata kanan dibandingkan alel heterozigot sebelum mengkonsumsi ARV. Alel homozigot TNF-308 berhubungan dengan rendahnya IgG IE anti-CMV dibanding heterozigot secara konstan sebelum terapi ARV sampai 12 bulan setelah terapi ARV. Kaliber arteri retina mata kanan pada bulan ke-12 berhubungan dengan subset CD56^lo sebelum terapi ARV. CD56^lo LIR1 sebelum terapi ARV berkorelasi dengan RAC kiri pada bulan ke-12 terapi ARV.Kesimpulan: Penyempitan dari kaliber arteri retina pada pasien HIV dengan seropositif CMV sudah dibuktikan pada penelitian ini, dimana kaliber arteri retina menjadi lebih sempit dibanding kontrol sehat, dan semakin mengecil setelah 12 bulan penggunaan ARV. Faktor risiko tradisional dan infeksi oportunistik tidak berkorelasi dengan perubahan kaliber arteri retina. Penyempitan dari RAC kiri berkorelasi terbalik dengan kadar C-Reactive Protein (CRP) dan cIMT kiri. Pada analisis multivariat, peneliti menemukan bahwa pasien dengan riwayat merokok memiliki RAC yang lebih lebar sementara pasien dengan riwayat mengkonsumsi minuman alkohol memiliki RAC yang lebih sempit. Penyempitan dari RAC kemungkinan disebabkan karena adanya rekativasi CMV dibandingkan infeksi HIV. Genotip dari sel NK dan sel imun tidak berkorelasi dengan RAC, hanya alel homozigot dari IL-1A yang menunjukkan RAC yang lebih sempit dibandingkan alel lain. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan alel homozigot dari TNF-308 memiliki titer IgG and IgG IE anti-CMV yang lebih rendah.

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Background: HIV patients responding to antiretroviral therapy (ART) have a high burden of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and display accelerated cardiovascular change assessed systemically. Genotype of Natural Killer (NK) cells and immune-related cells are important in CMV reactivation. However, polymorphism in genotype of NK cells and immune-related cells in Indonesia population was not well defined. Hereby, we assessed retinal arteries calibers (RAC) as a non-invasive measure of vascular pathology in HIV patients beginning ART with a high burden of CMV and the relationship between genotype of NK cells and immune-related cells in Seropositive CMV HIV patients in Indonesian population.Objective: To observe changing of retinal artery caliber and its relation with traditional risk factor, inflammatory risk factor and genotype of NK cells and immune-related cells in Seropositive CMV HIV patients in Indonesian population.Method: We analyzed 79 HIV patients beginning ART in Jakarta, Indonesia, with a median (range) age of 31 (19-48) years. RAC was assessed using Image J software from fundus photos of both eyes, before ART (V0) and after 3-12 months (V3-V12). CMV DNA and antibodies were assessed. Multivariable models assessed which variables best predicted RAC values at V12. Genotype were assessed used Taqman SNP genotyping assay method.Result: HIV patients had narrower retinal arteries and higher levels of CMV antibodies than healthy controls. RAC decreased over 12 months of ART (p<0.0001). Right RAC correlated with CMV IE-1 antibody, whilst the left RAC at V# correlated with cIMT. Multivariable models linked RAC at V12 with detectable HIV RNA at V12 and declared use of alcoholic drinks, whilst a smoking habit was protective. Homozygous allele of IL-1A inflammatory marker associated with narrower retinal artery caliber in right eye compared to heterozygous before ART but similar association was not found in the left eye. Homozygous allele of TNF-308 associated with lower CMV-IE1 compared to its heterozygous constantly before ART until 12 months of ART. Right retinal artery caliber in 12 months was correlated with CD56^lo subset before ART. CD56^lo LIR1 before ART was correlated with left retinal artery caliber in 12 months of ART.Conclusion: Narrowing of retinal artery caliber in HIV patients with CMV seropositive has been demonstrated in this study, which retinal artery caliber was narrower than healthy controls, and still narrowing until 12 months of ART. Traditional risk factors and opportunistic infections did not show any correlation with retinal artery caliber changes. Narrowing of left retinal artery caliber had inverse correlation with CRP level and left cIMT. On multivariable analysis, we found that those who admitted smoking had larger retinal artery caliber whilst those who consumed alcohol had narrower retinal artery caliber. Narrowing of retinal artery caliber was more likely occur as a result of CMV reactivation than HIV infection itself. The NK-related genotypes and immune-mediate genotypes did not correlate with retinal artery caliber, only homozygous allele of IL1A had a narrower retinal artery caliber than other alleles. This study also found that homozygous allele of TNF-308 had lower CMV lysate antibody and CMV IE antibody level."