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"Historically, the Balkans has been the object of territory disputes since 14th century. Surrounding countries have fought to expand their sphere of influence over the area. This is unsurprising, given the strategic value of the Balkan countries even now. The fact of the matter is the demand for natural gas in Europe is increasing annually, while at the same time the rate of gas production is steadily plummeting. For this very reason, the West makes if a top priority to keep Balkan countries stable and peaceful, especially because it will secure gas supply from Central Asia to Europe. On the other hand, Russia will not remain silent under the threat of encroachment upon its sphere of influence by the West. To understand this issue, the author uses geopolitics perspective and Heartland theory by Sir Halford J. Mackinder (1861 - 1947) as a framework to analyze the behavior of great powers that are involved in this conflict of interest."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang kajian strategi Hungaria dalam hubungannya dengan Rusia pada konteks sanksi Uni Eropa terhadap Rusia. Sanksi tersebut diperpanjang berkali-kali sampai Juli 2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsep keamanan energi dan teori diplomasi energi melalui perspektif state dan non-state actor untuk menganalisis isu tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan mix methods dengan desain triangulasi konkuren yang menggunakan studi pustaka, literatur, dokumentasi atau observasi yang dibatasi oleh rentan waktu adanya sanksi Uni Eropa kepada Rusia. Penelitian ini menemukan 4 faktor keamanan energi Hungaria yang menjadi alasan kuat mengapa bekerjasama dengan Rusia ditengah sanksi Uni Eropa. Selain itu, Penelitian ini juga mengungkapkan peran penting Perusahaan milik Rusia dalam menyukseskan keberhasilan kerjasama dalam sektor energi. Faktor kerjasama keamanan energi dapat mempererat hubungan baik antara Hungaria dengan Rusia ditengah konflik sanksi Uni Eropa. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat bagaimana eratnya hubungan antara Hungaria dengan Rusia di era sekarang serta hubungannya Uni Eropa sebagai anggota sejak 2004. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga melihat kebijakan Hungaria dalam mendiversifikasi keamanan energi negaranya untuk kepentingan serta contoh pola kebijakan untuk negara eropa lainnya.

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This thesis discusses the study of Hungary's strategy in relation to Russia in the context of European Union sanctions against Russia. The sanctions were extended several times until July 2020. This study uses the concept of energy security and energy diplomacy theory through the perspective of state and non-state actors. This study uses mixed-methods with concurrent triangulation design that uses literature studies, literature, documentation, or observations that are limited by the timeframe of the EU sanctions against Russia. This study finds 4 factors of Hungarian energy security which are strong reasons for cooperating with Russia in the midst of European Union sanctions. In addition, this study also reveals the important role of Russian-owned companies in the success of cooperation in the energy sector. The energy security cooperation factor can strengthen good relations between Hungary and Russia amid the European Union sanctions conflict. This study was conducted to see how close the relationship between Hungary and Russia is in the present era and the relationship between the European Union as a member since 2004. In addition, this study also looks at Hungary's policy in diversifying its country's energy security for the benefit and examples of policy patterns for other European countries."

"European nation-states have a great interest in integration to give up on the organization they have spent over half a century building. There is a Europe's growing need to ensure its own security that will call for more cooperation on the political level. European Union has reached a crossroad, where it must choose between liberalizing its economy or pursuing the dirigiste policies that have held back growth in some of its largest member and between enhancing,its historic alliance with the United States or attempting to play the role of a geopolitical "counterweight" to America. For more than half a century, the atlantic alliance has been the basis for European security and a cornerstone of global stability.Now Europe is beginning to develop a collective military identity of its own, without the participation of the United States.This article will discuss European power as hard and soft power, its common foreign and security policy, Euro-Gaullist versus Euroatlanticist as well as the future of the Atlantic partnership .What will be the dangers and opportunities arising from the European Union's growing authority in security and defense? Will Europe be the next superpower?"

"This study proposes a research question on why six of Eastern European countries held the same their foreign policy orientation toward EU. To answer the question,the study relies on comparative perspective in which its level analysis is still nation state level.Despite of same factors on European-based context, there are substantial different factors on individual contex and process of their negotiations. Breakdown of the Soviet Union and the Warwasa Pactare dominant factors of the regional context, and by this way, EU gives the highest point of his foreign policy's priority to this Eastern Europe countries.Basically,changing of their political systems from close to open society determined their positions in process of the negotiation and the current "

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dinamika geopolitik Greenland dengan Denmark dan Uni Eropa, serta dinamika geostrategi Greenland dengan Denmark dan NATO di kawasan Arktika. Greenland sebagai salah satu daerah yang wilayahnya berada di Arktika menjadi wilayah paling strategis ditinjau dari berbagai faktor, seperti politik, ekonomi, sosial, hingga pertahanan dan keamanan. Sebagai bekas koloni Denmark yang saat ini menjadi negara induknya, hubungan Greenland dan Denmark memiliki pengaruh pada dinamika geopolitik di Arktika yang dirasakan Uni Eropa dan NATO karena Denmark merupakan anggota keduanya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif eksploratif melalui pendekatan geospasial dan studi literatur. Penelitian ini menggunakan Teori Regional Security Complex oleh Barry Buzan dan Konsep Kepentingan Stratejik. Temuan utama dari penelitian ini yakni aspek sejarah memengaruhi hubungan geopolitik Greenland, Denmark, dan Uni Eropa karena relasi ketiga entitas ini sudah ada sejak lama dan kemudian memunculkan isu-isu penting di geopolitik kontemporer. Selain itu, letak geografis Greenland yang strategis menjadikan wilayah tersebut memegang peran penting di berbagai isu geostrategi di Arktika, seperti GIUK Gap, Pangkalan Udara Pituffik, dan hadirnya Tiongkok di Arktika. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini memberi perhatian besar pada peran Greenland di Arktika secara geopolitik dan geostrategi.

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This research aims to analyze the geopolitical dynamics of Greenland with Denmark and the European Union, as well as the geostrategic dynamics of Greenland with Denmark and NATO in the Arctic region. Greenland, as one of the regions in the Arctic, is the most strategic region in terms of various factors, such as political, economic, social, defense, and security. As a former Danish colony, which is now its parent country, the relationship between Greenland and Denmark influences the Arctic's geopolitical dynamics that the European Union and NATO feel because Denmark is a member of both. The research method used is exploratory qualitative research using a geospatial approach and literature study. This research uses the Regional Security Complex Theory by Barry Buzan and the Concept of Strategic Interests. The main finding of this research is that historical aspects influence the geopolitical relations between Greenland, Denmark, and the European Union because the relations between these three entities have existed for a long time and have given rise to important issues in contemporary geopolitics. In addition, Greenland's strategic geographic location makes the region play an important role in various geostrategic issues in the Arctic, such as the GIUK Gap, Pituffik Air Base, and China’s presence in the region. Thus, this research pays excellent attention to Greenland's role in the Arctic geopolitically and geostrategically."

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Balkan conflict caused by the dissolution of Sosialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1990 which brought about various conflicts both inter-states or interenal conflicts among states of fomrer Yugoslavia. As a region which is contiguous directly to European Union (EU), the existing conflicts in Balkan could influence political stability and security that is developed by EU as "an area of jreedom, security and justice". The solution effort of Balkan conflicts carried out by EU as one of its ideas materialization to unifly Europe in one solid and strong institution European Union.

EU?s policy in solving the conflicts in Balkan region mentioned in Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), namely (i) strengthening "security building" as an effort to prevent conflict and enforcing regional stability by facilitating peaceful and constitutional agreements both through diplomacy or sending peace-keeping forces; and (ii) strengthening ?ins!itution building" or development economic aids with a view to creating an efficient policy-making in line with EU?s standards, with laying agenda of pre-access Balkan region into EU.

It is undeniable that the susceptibility of Balkan region mainly caused by its brittleness of political situation owing to the fall of communism which ended the cold war in 1990 and hardening the existed ethnic conflicts in the region. Dark history of inter-ethnic conflicts brought about by the existing copious ethnicities nationalism led to tragedy of ?ethnic cleansing" in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovia by Yugoslav ruler. lt was depicting how strong the situation and condition with nuance of "ethnopolirics " in Balkan region.

At the outset, EU regarded that the Balkan conflicts as domestic regional problem which may solved by its own region. However, for the sake of regional stability and security, EU was urged to take part more actively in the solution of Balkan conflict. Through CFSP, EU was demanded to be able to settle Balkan conflicts comprehensively through ?secw-ity and development? (soft politics) and ?de_nends? (hard politics) policies. Notwithstanding, the solution of various conflicts faced by Balkan states still leit problems which any time can come up and become new conflicts that EU will cope with the future."

"Tesis ini membahas dinamika penerbangan sipil di Hindia Belanda yang dimulai sejak 1November 1928-1942 oleh maskapai Koninklijke Nederlandsch Indische LuchtvaartMaatschappij KNILM. KNILM merupakan anak perusahaan KLM yang diberikan hakmonopoli oleh Pemerintah Belanda untuk mengoperasikan penerbangan sipil di Hindia Belanda.KNILM dibentuk berdasarkan persetujuan dari beberapa perusahaan besar seperti DeliMaatschappij, BPM, KPM, NHM, HVA, dengan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda. Keterlibatan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda juga besar dalam pembentukan KNILM karena pemerintah berperanaktif dalam memberikan subsidi setiap tahun. Penelitian ini ditulis dengan menggunakan metode sejarah yang meliputi heuristik, kritik, intepretasi, dan historiografi.Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa KNILM telah berperan dalam memperkenalkan dan mengembangkan penerbangan sipil di Hindia Belanda melalui upayanya dalam melakukan ekspansi rute penerbangan baik di kepulauan Hindia Belanda dan beberapa negara tetangga seperti Singapura, Australia, dan Indo-China. KNILM juga melakukan ekspansi sarana dan prasarana yangmeliputi, pembelian pesawat-pesawat baru, penyedian pilot dan tenaga ahli lain nya melalui pelatihan dan pendirian sekolah penerbangan, pemenuhan bahan bakar, hingga pembangunan bandara lengkap dengan fasilitas akomodasi untuk menunjang penerbangan sipil. KNILM berperan dalam mendorong perkembangan ekonomi melalui penyediaan layanan pengangkutan penumpang, barang, dan khusus. Rute-rute udara KNILM telah membentuk sebiah jaringan udara yang mampu menghubungkan satu pulau dengan pulau lainnya di Hindia Belanda. Jaringan udara tersebut pada akhirnya menciptakan integrasi wilayah, sosial, dan budaya diHindia Belanda.

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This study focuses on the dinamycs of civil aviation in the Netherlands East Indies from 1928 to1942. Koninklijke Nederlandsch Indische Luchtvaart Maatschappij KNILM . The airline was a subsidiary of KLM, centered in Amsterdam. The Royal Dutch Government gave a monopoly right to the airline to run civil aviation in the Netherlands East Indies. KNILM was established by several big companies such as, Deli Maatschappij, BPM, KPM, NHM, HVA, and the Government of the Netherlands East Indies. The government played an important role to actively support by giving a subsidy annually. This research based on a historical method including, heuristic, critic, interpretation, and historiography.The purpose of the study is to describe how the KNILM roles both, in introduction and development of civil aviation by a series of efforts toexpand air routes in the Netherlands East Indies and in the its neighborhood countries whichcovered Singapore, Australia, and Indo China as well. KNILM also expanded facilities to support civil aviation including, purchase several new type of aircrafts, arrangement of pilots by some training programs and establishment of flying school, supply of sufficient petrol, and the establishment some new airports that equipped with accommodation facilities. KNILM also hadboosted economies by providing services of people, freight, and special carriage. Air routes ofKNILM had created air networks that enabled to connect one island to other islands in theNetherlands East Indies. Those air networks eventually integrated the Netherlands East Indiesnot only in regional, but also in social and cultural integration."

"This book deals with military defeat and national catastrophe, and their implications for society. When the First Balkan War broke out in October 1912, few Ottomans anticipated that it would prove to be a watershed moment for the empire, ending in atrocities, ignominy, national catastrophe, and the loss of its remaining provinces in the Balkans. Defeat at the hands of an alliance of Balkan states comprising Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro created deep national trauma and led to bitter soul-searching, giving rise to a so-called culture of defeat in which condemnation, exclusion of the non-Muslim minorities, criticism over the project of Ottomanism, and calls for national rejuvenation prevailed in a way clearly at odds with the reformist discourse which followed the young turk revolution of 1908. This book discusses some of the different visual and written products of the defeat, published in Ottoman local languages (Turkish, Arabic and Ladino), with the aim of understanding the experience of defeat, how it was perceived, analyzed and commemorated by different sectors in Ottoman society, to show that it is key to understanding the decisions and actions of the Ottoman political elite during the subsequent world war one and the early decades of the Turkish Republic."