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"[ABSTRAKPendahuluan. Kanker paru jenis karsinoma bukan sel kecil (KPKBSK) terdiri dari nonskuamosa dan skuamosa. Kanker paru jenis karsinoma bukan sel kecil nonskuamosa adalah adenokarsinoma dan karsinoma sel besar. Saat ini terapi kanker paru sangat berkembang dari agen kemoterapi sampai terapi target terutama EGFR-TKI. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai angka tahan hidup pasien KPKSBK nonskuamosa yang mendapat kemoterapi lini pertama dibandingkan terapi EGFR-TKI di RSUP Persahabatan.Metode. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian retrospektif antara tahun 2010 sampai 2013 dari rekam medis pasien KPKBSK non skumosa yang mendapatkan kemoterapi lini pertama dan EGFR-TKI. Pasien dikemoterapi dengan platinum baseddan EGFR-TKI diterapi gefitinib 1x250 mg/hari atau erlotinib 1x150 mg/hari. Angka tahan hidup dinilai dari mulai tegak diagnosis sampai pasien meninggal atau saat penelitian dihentikan.Hasil. Dari 96 sampel KPKBSK non skuamosa terdiri dari 48 pasien yang mendapat kemoterapi lini pertama dan 48 pasien yang diterapi EGFR-TKI. Berdasarkan karakteristik pasien, usia terbanyak adalah 40-60 tahun (kemoterapi 32 (66,7%) dan EGFR-TKI 31 (64,6%) dengan jenis kelamin laki-laki yang mendominasi (kemoterapi 25(52,1%), EGFR-TKI 27 (56,2%). Pasien merokok yang mendapat kemoterapi lini pertama 41,7% dan EGFR-TKI 56,3% dengan IB terbanyak untuk kemoterapi (IB ringan 27,1%) dan untuk EGFR-TKI (IB sedang 22,9%). Jenis histologi adenokarsinoma 95,8% dengan dominasi stage IV 89,6% (kemoterapi 91,7% dan EGFR-TKI 87,5%) disertai tampilan status 2 59,4%. Angka tahan hidup pasien (ATH) 6 bulan 74%, ATH 1 tahun 22,90% dan ATH 2 tahun 6,20%. Masa tengah tahan hidup (MTTH) pasien yang mendapat EGFR-TKI lebih lama sedikit dibandingkan yang mendapat kemoterapi lini pertama (263 hari versus 260 hari.Kesimpulan. Masa tahan hidup 1 tahun pasien KPKBSK non skuamosa yang diterapi EGFR-TKI sedikit lebih lama dibandingkan kemoterapi lini pertama (263 hari vs 260 hari). Sedangkan ATH 1 tahun pasien kemoterapi lini pertama lebih besar dibandingkan EGFR-TKI (25% vs 20,8%). Faktor yang paling mempengaruhi angka tahan hidup adalah stage dengan nilai p<0,05.

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ABSTRACT Introduction. Lung cancer is the type of non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) consists of non-squamous and squamous. Non-small cell lung cancer of non squamous types consist of adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Currently, lung cancer therapy is highly developed of chemotherapeutic agents to targeted therapy especially EGFR-TKI. This study aims to assess the survival rate of NSCLC patients of non-squamous type who receive first line chemotherapy and those who recieve EGFR-TKI therapy at Persahabatan hospital.Methods. This study is a retrospective study between 2010 to 2013 from the medical records of NSCLC patients of non-squmous type who receive first-line chemotherapy and thise who recieve EGFR-TKI.Patients with platinum-based chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI with gefitinib therapy 1x250 mg/day or erlotinib 1x150mg/day. Survival rate assessed from start to erect the diagnosis until the patient dies or when the study is discontinued.Result. From 96 subject of NSCLC patients with non-squamous type consisted of 48 patients who receive first-line chemotherapy, and 48 patients are treate with EGFR-TKI. Based on the characteristics of the patients, most are 40-60 years old (chemotherapy 32 (66.7%) and EGFR-TKI 31 (64.6%) with the male gender that dominates (chemotherapy 25 (52.1%), EGFR-TKI 27 (56.2%). Smoking patients who received first-line chemotherapy are 41.7% and 56.3% of EGFR-TKIs with chemotherapy highest IB (mild IB 27.1%) and for EGFR-TKI (moderate IB are 22.9%). 95.8% of adenocarcinoma histology type with a predominance of stage IV 89.6% (91.7% for chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI 87.5%) with performance status 2 59.4% . Survival rate of patients are 74% for 6 months survival, 1 year survival rate is 22.90% and 2 years survival rate of 6.20%. Median period of survival rate in patients who receiving EGFR-TKI longer than they received first-line chemotherapy (263 days versus 260 days).Conclusion. Median survival rate of non-squamous NSCLC that treated by EGFR-TKI is longer than first-line chemotherapy (263 days vs 260 days). Although 1 year survival rate first-line chemotherapy in patients is greater than EGFR-TKI (25% vs 20.8%). The factors that most influence the survival rate is stages with p value<0.05.;Introduction. Lung cancer is the type of non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) consists of non-squamous and squamous. Non-small cell lung cancer of non squamous types consist of adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Currently, lung cancer therapy is highly developed of chemotherapeutic agents to targeted therapy especially EGFR-TKI. This study aims to assess the survival rate of NSCLC patients of non-squamous type who receive first line chemotherapy and those who recieve EGFR-TKI therapy at Persahabatan hospital.Methods. This study is a retrospective study between 2010 to 2013 from the medical records of NSCLC patients of non-squmous type who receive first-line chemotherapy and thise who recieve EGFR-TKI.Patients with platinum-based chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI with gefitinib therapy 1x250 mg/day or erlotinib 1x150mg/day. Survival rate assessed from start to erect the diagnosis until the patient dies or when the study is discontinued.Result. From 96 subject of NSCLC patients with non-squamous type consisted of 48 patients who receive first-line chemotherapy, and 48 patients are treate with EGFR-TKI. Based on the characteristics of the patients, most are 40-60 years old (chemotherapy 32 (66.7%) and EGFR-TKI 31 (64.6%) with the male gender that dominates (chemotherapy 25 (52.1%), EGFR-TKI 27 (56.2%). Smoking patients who received first-line chemotherapy are 41.7% and 56.3% of EGFR-TKIs with chemotherapy highest IB (mild IB 27.1%) and for EGFR-TKI (moderate IB are 22.9%). 95.8% of adenocarcinoma histology type with a predominance of stage IV 89.6% (91.7% for chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI 87.5%) with performance status 2 59.4% . Survival rate of patients are 74% for 6 months survival, 1 year survival rate is 22.90% and 2 years survival rate of 6.20%. Median period of survival rate in patients who receiving EGFR-TKI longer than they received first-line chemotherapy (263 days versus 260 days).Conclusion. Median survival rate of non-squamous NSCLC that treated by EGFR-TKI is longer than first-line chemotherapy (263 days vs 260 days). Although 1 year survival rate first-line chemotherapy in patients is greater than EGFR-TKI (25% vs 20.8%). The factors that most influence the survival rate is stages with p value<0.05.;Introduction. Lung cancer is the type of non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) consists of non-squamous and squamous. Non-small cell lung cancer of non squamous types consist of adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Currently, lung cancer therapy is highly developed of chemotherapeutic agents to targeted therapy especially EGFR-TKI. This study aims to assess the survival rate of NSCLC patients of non-squamous type who receive first line chemotherapy and those who recieve EGFR-TKI therapy at Persahabatan hospital.Methods. This study is a retrospective study between 2010 to 2013 from the medical records of NSCLC patients of non-squmous type who receive first-line chemotherapy and thise who recieve EGFR-TKI.Patients with platinum-based chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI with gefitinib therapy 1x250 mg/day or erlotinib 1x150mg/day. Survival rate assessed from start to erect the diagnosis until the patient dies or when the study is discontinued.Result. From 96 subject of NSCLC patients with non-squamous type consisted of 48 patients who receive first-line chemotherapy, and 48 patients are treate with EGFR-TKI. Based on the characteristics of the patients, most are 40-60 years old (chemotherapy 32 (66.7%) and EGFR-TKI 31 (64.6%) with the male gender that dominates (chemotherapy 25 (52.1%), EGFR-TKI 27 (56.2%). Smoking patients who received first-line chemotherapy are 41.7% and 56.3% of EGFR-TKIs with chemotherapy highest IB (mild IB 27.1%) and for EGFR-TKI (moderate IB are 22.9%). 95.8% of adenocarcinoma histology type with a predominance of stage IV 89.6% (91.7% for chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI 87.5%) with performance status 2 59.4% . Survival rate of patients are 74% for 6 months survival, 1 year survival rate is 22.90% and 2 years survival rate of 6.20%. Median period of survival rate in patients who receiving EGFR-TKI longer than they received first-line chemotherapy (263 days versus 260 days).Conclusion. Median survival rate of non-squamous NSCLC that treated by EGFR-TKI is longer than first-line chemotherapy (263 days vs 260 days). Although 1 year survival rate first-line chemotherapy in patients is greater than EGFR-TKI (25% vs 20.8%). The factors that most influence the survival rate is stages with p value<0.05.;Introduction. Lung cancer is the type of non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) consists of non-squamous and squamous. Non-small cell lung cancer of non squamous types consist of adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Currently, lung cancer therapy is highly developed of chemotherapeutic agents to targeted therapy especially EGFR-TKI. This study aims to assess the survival rate of NSCLC patients of non-squamous type who receive first line chemotherapy and those who recieve EGFR-TKI therapy at Persahabatan hospital.Methods. This study is a retrospective study between 2010 to 2013 from the medical records of NSCLC patients of non-squmous type who receive first-line chemotherapy and thise who recieve EGFR-TKI.Patients with platinum-based chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI with gefitinib therapy 1x250 mg/day or erlotinib 1x150mg/day. Survival rate assessed from start to erect the diagnosis until the patient dies or when the study is discontinued.Result. From 96 subject of NSCLC patients with non-squamous type consisted of 48 patients who receive first-line chemotherapy, and 48 patients are treate with EGFR-TKI. Based on the characteristics of the patients, most are 40-60 years old (chemotherapy 32 (66.7%) and EGFR-TKI 31 (64.6%) with the male gender that dominates (chemotherapy 25 (52.1%), EGFR-TKI 27 (56.2%). Smoking patients who received first-line chemotherapy are 41.7% and 56.3% of EGFR-TKIs with chemotherapy highest IB (mild IB 27.1%) and for EGFR-TKI (moderate IB are 22.9%). 95.8% of adenocarcinoma histology type with a predominance of stage IV 89.6% (91.7% for chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI 87.5%) with performance status 2 59.4% . Survival rate of patients are 74% for 6 months survival, 1 year survival rate is 22.90% and 2 years survival rate of 6.20%. Median period of survival rate in patients who receiving EGFR-TKI longer than they received first-line chemotherapy (263 days versus 260 days).Conclusion. Median survival rate of non-squamous NSCLC that treated by EGFR-TKI is longer than first-line chemotherapy (263 days vs 260 days). Although 1 year survival rate first-line chemotherapy in patients is greater than EGFR-TKI (25% vs 20.8%). The factors that most influence the survival rate is stages with p value<0.05., Introduction. Lung cancer is the type of non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) consists of non-squamous and squamous. Non-small cell lung cancer of non squamous types consist of adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Currently, lung cancer therapy is highly developed of chemotherapeutic agents to targeted therapy especially EGFR-TKI. This study aims to assess the survival rate of NSCLC patients of non-squamous type who receive first line chemotherapy and those who recieve EGFR-TKI therapy at Persahabatan hospital.Methods. This study is a retrospective study between 2010 to 2013 from the medical records of NSCLC patients of non-squmous type who receive first-line chemotherapy and thise who recieve EGFR-TKI.Patients with platinum-based chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI with gefitinib therapy 1x250 mg/day or erlotinib 1x150mg/day. Survival rate assessed from start to erect the diagnosis until the patient dies or when the study is discontinued.Result. From 96 subject of NSCLC patients with non-squamous type consisted of 48 patients who receive first-line chemotherapy, and 48 patients are treate with EGFR-TKI. Based on the characteristics of the patients, most are 40-60 years old (chemotherapy 32 (66.7%) and EGFR-TKI 31 (64.6%) with the male gender that dominates (chemotherapy 25 (52.1%), EGFR-TKI 27 (56.2%). Smoking patients who received first-line chemotherapy are 41.7% and 56.3% of EGFR-TKIs with chemotherapy highest IB (mild IB 27.1%) and for EGFR-TKI (moderate IB are 22.9%). 95.8% of adenocarcinoma histology type with a predominance of stage IV 89.6% (91.7% for chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI 87.5%) with performance status 2 59.4% . Survival rate of patients are 74% for 6 months survival, 1 year survival rate is 22.90% and 2 years survival rate of 6.20%. Median period of survival rate in patients who receiving EGFR-TKI longer than they received first-line chemotherapy (263 days versus 260 days).Conclusion. Median survival rate of non-squamous NSCLC that treated by EGFR-TKI is longer than first-line chemotherapy (263 days vs 260 days). Although 1 year survival rate first-line chemotherapy in patients is greater than EGFR-TKI (25% vs 20.8%). The factors that most influence the survival rate is stages with p value<0.05.]"

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang : Prevalens malnutrisi pada kanker paru di rumahsakit cukup tinggi namun masalah tersebut sering tidak terdeteksi sejak awal. Pemeriksaan nutrisi secara rutin juga masih jarang dilakukan karena keterbatasan waktu, kondisi pasien juga hal-hal lain.Penyebab malnutrisi pada pasien kanker bersifat multifaktorial dapat merupakan proses dari penyakit kanker itu sendiri, sebagai efek dari terapi kanker atau bahkan keduanya. Pada penelitian ini akan diteliti perubahan yang terjadi pada subjek setelah pemberian 3 siklus kemoterapi berdasarkan parameter indeks massa tubuh (IMT), persentase berat otot rangka dengan mengunakan alat bioelectrical impendance analysis (BIA) dan penilaian kadar albumin.Tujuan :Mengetahui perubahan status gizi pada pasien KPKBSK berdasarkan arameter IMT, persentase otot rangka dan kadar albumin sebelum dan setelah 3 siklus kemoterapi.Metode : Penelitian pre-post experimental pada pasien KPKBSK tahun 20132014 sebanyak 33 subjek yang mendapatkan kemoterapi dengan menilai perubahan IMT, persentase berat otot rangka dengan menggunakan alat BIA dan kadar albumin.Hasil : Dari 33 subjek penelitian, status gizi kurang berdasarkan IMT sebanyak 17 subjek (56,6%), berdasarkan persentase otot rangka tidak normal 30 subjek (90,9%) dan hipoalbuminemia 27 subjek (81,8 %). Perubahan status gizi dengan penilaian parameter IMT, persentase otot rangka dan albumin sebelum kemoterapi I dan setelah kemoterapi 3 siklus dalam penilaian skala kategorik tidak didapatkan perubahan bermakna dengan nilai IMT (p=1,000), persentase otot rangka (p=1,0000) dan kadar albumin (p=1,000).Kesimpulan : Terdapat perubahan bermakna dalam penilaian skala numerik dengan nilai median IMT sebelum kemoterapi I adalah 18,4 (16,90-25,00), median IMT setelah kemoterapi III adalah 18 (16,60-24) p=0,000. Nilai median albumin sebelum kemoterapi I adalah 3(2,80-4,0), median albumin setelah kemoterapi III adalah 2,90 (2,60-3,90) p=0,000. Nilai range persentase otot rangka sebelum kemoterapi I (26,7-32,2) menjadi (26,7-32,1) dan nilai mean setelah kemoterapi 29,58 ±1,69 dengan nilai p= 0,001.

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ABSTRACT

Introduction : The prevalence of malnutrition in lung cancer at hospital is quite high but the problem is often not detected early. Nutrition routine examination is still rarely done due to time constraints, the condition of the patient are also other things. The cause of malnutrition in cancer patients is multifactorial that can be a process of cancer itself, as the effects of cancer therapy or both. This research investigates the changes that occur in the subject after administrating of 3 cycles of chemotherapy based on the parameters body mass index (BMI), percentage of skeletal muscle weight by using the tool bioelectrical impendance analysis (BIA) and the assessment of albumin.

Purpose: Knowing the changes in nutritional status in patients with KPKBSK based on parameters of BMI, the weight percentage of skeletal muscle and the albumin levels before and after 3 cycles chemotherapy.

Methods: Pre-post experimental study in patients with KPKBSK in the year of 2013-2014, a total of 33 subjects who received chemotherapy by assessing changes in BMI, weight percentage of skeletal muscle by using BIA and albumin.

Result: There are 33 subjects, less nutritional status based on BMI 17 subjects (56.6%), based on the percentage of abnormal skeletal muscle of 30 subjects (90.9%) and hypoalbuminemia 27 (81.8%). Parameter assessment of nutritional status with BMI, skeletal muscle percentage and albumin before chemotherapy I and after 3 cycles of chemotherapy in a categorical scale not found significant changes in the value of BMI (p=1.000), the percentage of skeletal muscle (p = 1.0000) and albumin levels (p = 1.000).

Conclusion:

There are significant changes in the assessment of a numerical scale with the median value of BMI before chemotherapy I are 18.4 (16.90 - 25.00), the median BMI after chemotherapy III is 18 (16.60 - 24) p = 0.000. The median value of albumin before chemotherapy I is 3 (2.80 - 4.0), the median albumin after chemotherapy III is (2.60 - 3.90) p = 0.000. Value of range skeletal muscle percentage before chemotherapy I becomes 26.7-32.2 26.7 - 32.1 and the mean value of 29.58 ± 1.69 after chemotherapy with p = 0.001."

"Insidens kanker paru terus meningkat baik di negara maju maupun negara berkembang. Saat ini berkembang berbagai modaliti gabungan yang dianggap berperan dalam menurunkan morbiditi dan memperpanjang usia. Terapi pilihan kanker paru jenis karsinoma bukan sel kecil (KPKBSK) bila masih memungkinkan adalah pembedahan. Dua puluh lima persen sampai 45% dari seluruh kasus KPKBSK yang dilaporkan, dapat menjalani pembedahan. Pembedahan pada stage yang tepat akan memberikan masa tahan hidup yang lebih panjang terutama bagi penderita KPKBK. Di Rumah Sakit Persahabatan, pembedahan dilakukan terhadap 10% kasus kanker paru. Kasus dengan stage yang rendah mempunyai angka tahan hidup 5 tahun atau 5 year survival rate yang baik. Pembedahan pada stage yang tepat mempunyai angka tahan hidup 5 tahun yang meningkat pada KPKBSK. Kemoterapi dan radioterapi dianjurkan pada kasus yang tidak mungkin dibedah. Angka tahan hidup penderita pascabedah dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor di antaranya stage, jenis histologis, usia, jenis pembedahan dan jenis kelamin serta penggunaan, terapi neoadjuvan I adjuvan. Angka tahan hidup secara sederhana dapat dihitung memakai metoda life table.Radiasi atau kemoterapi saja dapat memperbaiki kualiti hidup penderita tetapi tidak meningkatkan angka tahan hidup 5 tahun. Jenis histologis juga merupakan faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap angka tahan hidup penderita. Faktor lain yang berperan dalam prognosis KPKBSK adalah usia dan jenis kelamin dan jenis reseksi. Terapi neoadjuvan ditujukan bagi kasus stage IIIA yang akan dibedah. Multimodaliti ini meningkatkan angka tahan hidup secara bermakna."

"ABSTRAKPasien kanker paru stadium lanjut bergantung pada pasangannya terkait cepatnya penurunan fisik, beban gejala yang berat dan depresi yang dialami. Pasangan dari pasien seringkali tidak siap untuk menjalankan peran caregiver yang mempengaruhi kualitas perawatan dan dukungan yang diberikan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menggali pengalaman pasangan dari pasien kanker paru stadium lanjut berperan sebagai caregiver pasien yang sedang menjalani perawatan di rumah sakit. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan studi fenomenologi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara dan analisis data mengggunakan Metode Collaizi. Penelitian melibatkan sembilan partisipan yang termasuk kelompok rentan caregiver yakni wanita, pria dan usia lanjut. Hasil penelitian menemukan tiga tema: 1 perubahan peran dalam rumah tangga, 2 keikhlasan dalam merawat pasangannya yang sakit, dan 3 perubahan kedekatan dengan pasangan yang sakit. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah pasangan dari pasien kanker paru stadium lanjut yang berperan sebagai caregiver berperan penting dalam perawatan pasien sehingga perlu diintervensi untuk meningkatkan kesiapan dan proses adaptasi dalam menjalankan peran caregiver.

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ABSTRACTAdvanced lung cancer patients experienced rapid physical deteriorations, burdened and depression that contributed to high dependency to caregiver. Caregiver rsquo s role was frequently applied by spouse of patient with lack of experience that influenced quality of care and support given to patient. The aim of this study is to gain deep understanding about the experience of spouse having role as spousal caregiver of advanced lung cancer patients during treatment in hospital. Qualitative descriptive phenomenology approach was applied to nine participants which were chosen based on vulnerable group of caregivers female, male and elderly caregivers. Data collection was done using in depth interview. Collaizi rsquo s method was appllied in data analysis. The findings revealed three themes 1 changing roles in family, 2 acceptance of the roles as caregiver to ill spouse, and 3 changes in spousal closeness. The conclusion of this study is spousal caregivers have important role in treatment and need interventions to enable them performing and adjusting caregiver rsquo s role. "

"ABSTRAKPendahuluanPenyakit infeksi paru dan kanker paru termasuk 5 penyakit respirasi terbanyak ditemukan di dunia. Infeksi pernapasan akut menyebabkan 4 juta kematian per tahun dan kanker paru sebanyak 1,18 juta kematian secara terpisah. Penyakit infeksi juga merupakan bagian dari perjalanan penyakit kanker paru dan menjadi salah saru penyebab kematian tersering pada kanker paru berkisar 50-70% kasus. Tren munculnya patogen baru dan meningkatnya angka resistensi obat menyebabkan penanganan infeksi ini menjadi lebih sulit.Metode Studi deskriptif potong lintang pada pasien kanker paru yang dilakukan bilasan bronkus dan diperiksakan biakan mikroorganisme dari bahan bilasan tersebut. Jumlah sampel adalah total sampling dalam kurun waktu 1 tahun. Penelitian dilakukan di SMF Paru RSUP Persahabatan.HasilBakteri yang banyak ditemukan pada pasien kanker paru merupakan golongan gram negatif dengan species terbanyak adalah K. pneumonia dan B. cephacia. Ditemukan resistensi obat pada hampir semua jenis bakteri dan minimal dari 2 golongan antibiotik. Jenis jamur yang terbanyak dari genus Candida yaitu C. Albicans. Ditemukan resistensi obat anti jamur golongan azol pada species C. tropicalis, C. krusei dan A. Flavus. Hanya ditemukan 2 pasien kanker paru dengan biakan M. tuberculosis positif dari 108 pasien yang diperiksa dan tidak ditemukan resistensi obat anti tuberkulosis (OAT) lini pertama.KesimpulanPemeriksaan jenis mikroorganisme pada saluran napas bawah pasien kanker paru perlu dilakukan sebagai dasar pemberian terapi empiris bila terjadi infeksiIntroduction: Lung infections and lung cancer include in 5 most common respiratory diseases in the world. Acute respiratory infection and lung cancer caused 4 million deaths per year and 1.18 million deaths respectively. Infectious diseases are part natural course of lung cancers and become one of the most common causes of death in lung cancer patients ranging from 50-70%. The emergence of new pathogens and the increasing numbers of drug resistance causing infections treatment become more difficult. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study obtaining cultured microorganisms results in lung cancer patients who have been performed bronchial washings. These have been a total sampling within a period of 1 year. Research has been conducted in the Department of Pulmonology Persahabatan Hospital. Result: Most common bacteria type found in lung cancer patients belong to gram-negative group with K. pneumoniae and B. cepacia as the most common species. Drug resistance found in most of bacteria from at least two classes of antibiotics. Most common types of fungi come from Candida genus, namely C. albicans. Drugs resistance in antifungal drug, azole, was found in C. tropicalis, and C. krusei. Only 2 lung cancer patients had M. tuberculosis positif culture from 108 patients were examined and first line anti-tuberculosis drugs resistance was not found. Conclusion: Microorganism culture obtained from lower respiratory tract in lung cancer patient is neccesary as basis of empiric therapy when infection occurs"

"Kanker paru jenis karsinoma bukan sel kecil (KPKBSK) merupakan kanker dengan tingkat kematian tertinggi dan merokok merupakan faktor risiko utama dari kanker ini. Diketahui bahwa selain memicu terjadinya karsinogenesis, merokok juga berpotensi meningkatkan keganasan dari KPKBSK. Berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu diketahui bahwa terdapat dua jenis mikro-RNA (miRNA) yang berasosiasi dengan keganasan KPKBSK yaitu miR-10b-5p dan miR-320b. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeanalisis ekspresi miR-10b-5p dan miR-320b pada vesikel ekstraseluler (VE) dari pasien KPKBSK terkait dengan kebiasaan riwayat merokok dari pasien. Sampel yang dianalisis adalah sampel jaringan dan darah dari pasien KPKBSK (n=21) dengan riwayat merokok dan tidak merokok. VE diisolasi dari plasma dan berikutnya dilakukan isolasi miRNA dari VE yang diperoleh. Ekspresi relatif miRNA dianalisis dan kemudian dibandingkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa miR-10b-5p dan miR-320b pada VE dapat membedakan pasien KPKBSK dengan riwayat merokok dan tidak merokok. Ditemukan bahwa miR-10b-5p pada VE memiliki tingkat ekspresi lebih tinggi pada perokok, sementara tingkat ekspresi miR-320b ditemukan lebih rendah pada pasien KPKBSK perokok. Di samping itu, analisis ROC juga menunjukkan bahwa VE (AUC 0,878; 0,739) merupakan sumber miR-10b-5p dan miR-320b yang lebih baik untuk digunakan dalam analisis dibanding plasma (AUC 0,629; 0,559). Hasil yang diperoleh juga menunjukkan bahwa miR-10b-5p dan miR-320b pada VE adalah memiliki potensi untuk digunakan sebagai biomarker prognosis untuk pasien KPKBSK dengan riwayat merokok.

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Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the cancer with highest mortality and smoking is a well-known risk factor of this cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) miRNAs to be utilized in liquid biopsy for diagnosing NSCLC in smokers. It has been reported that other than inducing carcinogenesis, smoking could also contribute to induce the malignancy of NSCLC. Previous study has found 2 micro-RNAs (miRNAs), the miR-10b-5p and miR-320b which contribute to NSCLC malignancy. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the expression of miR-10b-5p and miR-320b in EVs from NSCLC patients in relation to their smoking behavior.  Tissue and blood samples were collected from NSCLC patients (n=21) with smoking and non-smoking history. EV was isolated from plasma and miRNAs were extracted from the isolated EV. The miRNAs relative expression was analyzed and then compared. The results showed that plasma EV’s miR-10b-5p and miR-320b could differentiate the NSCLC patients with smoking and non-smoking history. EV’s miR-10b-5p was found overexpressed in smoker NSCLC patients, while miR-320b expression was lower in smoker NSCLC patients. Additionally, ROC analysis also showed that plasma EV (AUC 0,878; 0,739) was more suitable source of miR-10b-5p and miR-320b to be analyzed than plasma (AUC 0,629; 0,559). These results also suggest that EV’s miR-10b-5p and miR-320b are potential prognosis biomarker to be utilized for smoker NSCLC patients."

"Gangguan yang paling sering dikeluhkan oleh pasien kanker paru adalah adanya kesulitan bernapas dan kecemasan yang menyebabkan pasien menjadi tidak relaks.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh program latihan pursed lip breathing (PLB) dan Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) terhadap peningkatan saturasi oksigenasi dan tingkat relaksasi pada pasien kanker paru. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Quasi eksperiment dengan desain pre dan post test without control group. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 19 orang. Alat ukur yang digunakan yaitu oksimetri nadi untuk menilai saturasi oksigen dan lembar monitoring subjektif dan objektif untuk menilai tingkat relaksasi.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara nilai saturasi oksigen sebelum dan sesudah latihan PLB dan PMR (p value < 0,05) dan ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara tingkat relaksasi sebelum dan sesudah latihan PLB dan PMR (p value < 0,05). Hasil analisis multivariate didapatkan bahwa usia menjadi prediktor terhadap peningkatan saturasi oksigen.Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa latihan PLB dan PMR dapat meningkatkan saturasi oksigen dan tingkat relaksasi sebagai terapi komplementer pendamping terapi oksigen standar. Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini adalah perlunya terapi pengaturan napas dan teknik relaksasi untuk meningkatkan saturasi oksigen dan tingkat relaksasi pada pasien kanker paru stadium III dan IV.

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The most common symptoms in lung cancer are dyspnea and anxiety that cause patients restlessness.

This study aimed to find out the influence of PLB and PMR training program on the increase oxygen saturation and relaxation level in patients with lung cancer. This study employed a Quasy Experiment with pre test and post test without control group. There were 19 participants in this study. The instruments used were pulse oxymetry to measure oxygen saturation and monitoring form to measure subjective and objective relaxation level.

The results show that there is a significant difference on oxygen saturation before and after PLB and PMR training program (p value < 0,05) and a significant difference on relaxation level before and after PLB and PMR training program (p value < 0,05). A Multivariate analysis shows that age becomes a strong predictor of oxygen saturation.

This study concludes that PLB and PMR training program apllied to patient with lung cancer increases oxygen saturation and relaxation level as a complementary therapyalong with oxygen standart therapy. This study sugests breathing and relaxation training program to increase oxygen saturation and relaxation level for patient with lung cancer at grade III and IV."