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"ABSTRAKInsulin oral adalah alternatif pemberian insulin yang ideal karena nyaman bagi pasien. Kendala pada pemberian insulin oral adalah bioavailabilitas yang rendah. Bioavailabilitas insulin oral dapat ditingkatkan dengan penggunan nanopartikel berbasis polimer alami. Nanopartikel ini dapat diperoleh dari polimer sambungsilang gom xantan dan gom akasia dengan natrium trimetafosfat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan sediaan insulin oral dari nanopartikel gom xantan dan gom akasia tersambungsilang. Pada penelitian ini nanopartikel insulin diperoleh dengan mencampur koloid gom xantan dan gom akasia dengan perbandingan 1:1 yang kemudian direaksikan dengan natrium trimetafosfat dalam suasana basa. Larutan insulin dalam HCl dimasukkan ke dalam koloid polimer dan dikeringkan dengan metode kering beku, sehingga diperoleh serbuk nanopartikel insulin. Serbuk nanopartikel insulin dikarakterisasi meliputi derajat substitusi DS , diameter partikel, efisiensi penjerapan, daya mengembang, uji pelepasan obat di in vitro, uji stabilitas dan uji in vivo. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nanopartikel insulin yang terbentuk memiliki DS: 0,08 ndash; 0,10 dengan kadar obat 26,11 - 48,73 . Selain itu, nanopartikel insulin yang diperoleh memiliki nilai Dv90: 547 nm ndash; 746 nm, dan daya mengembang sebesar 2,9 kali dan 3,4 kali di dalam HCl pH 1,2 dan dapar fosfat pH 6,8. Hasil uji disolusi menunjukkan bahwa dalam 3 jam telah dilepaskan insulin sebanyak 78,42 - 85,67 . Hasil uji stabilitas pada suhu 4 oC menunjukkan bahwa kadar insulin dalam nanopartikel adalah 68,82 - 80,19 pada minggu ke-12. Hasil uji invivo menunjukkan bahwa pemberian nanopartikel insulin dapat menurunkan kadar gula darah sebesar 29,72 pada menit ke-120 dan memiliki bioavailabilitas sebesar 83,33 . Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa nanopartikel gom xantan dan gom akasia tersambungsilang berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai sistem penghantaran insulin oral.

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ABSTRACTOral insulin is an ideal alternative of insulin delivery method because it is convenient for the patient. One obstacle to the oral administration of insulin is its low bioavailability. Oral insulin bioavailability can be enhanced by the use of natural polymer based nanoparticles. Nanoparticle drug delivery system could be prepared by a cross linked polymer, which was composed of xanthan gum and acacia gum, and a cross linking agent of sodium trimetaphosphate. The aim of the present study was to produce insulin nanoparticles using the cross linked polymer of xanthan gum and acacia gum for oral delivery. In this study, insulin nanoparticles were prepared by mixing xanthan gum and acacia gum colloid with the ratio 1 1 and using sodium trimetaphosphate as a cross linking agent in bases condition. Afterwards, insulin solution in HCl was added into the colloid, and then dried to produce the insulin nanoparticles. Insulin nanoparticles powder was characterized in terms of degree of substitution DS , entrapment efficiency, particle size, swelling ability, in vitro release study, stability and in vivo study. The results showed that the substitution degree of the croslinked polymer of insulin nanoparticles was 0.08 ndash 0.10 and the entapment efficiency was 26.11 48.73 . Moreover, Dv90 of insulin nanoparticles was 547 nm 726 nm and the swelling ability was 2.9 and 3.4 fold in HCl solution pH 1.2 and phosphate buffer pH 6.8, respectively. According to the release study, the insulin nanoparticles provided the insulin release of 78.42 85.67 within 3 hours. Furthermor, the stability study at 4 oC showed that the remaining insulin was 68.82 80.19 during 12 weeks. Insulin nanoparticles could reduced glucose blood level on diabetic rat model up to 29.72 at minute 120 after treatment and had bioavailability of 83.33 . In conclusion this work demonstrate that the insulin nanoparticles composed of the cross linked polymer of xanthan gum acacia gum might be a potential oral insulin delivery. "

"Nanopartikel perak banyak dikembangkan karena memiliki sifat optik, listrik dan fotokimia yang unik. Dalam reaksi sintesis nanopartikel diperlukan kondisi optimum untuk memaksimalkan nanopartikel yang dihasilkan. Pada penelitian ini, reaksi sintesis nanopartikel dilakukan menggunakan metode poliol dan modifikasi dengan merubah suhu yang digunakan menjadi 100 OC. Sintesis nanopartikel pada penelitian ini diperlukan senyawa HCl sebagai oxidative etching yang memperlambat proses reduksi ion Ag+, serta senyawa polivinil pirolidon (PVP) sebagai capping agent. Optimasi dilakukan pada reaksi ini dan didapatkan waktu optimal selama 6 jam. Hasil sintesis nanopartikel dikarakterisasi dengan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis dan didapatkan informasi bahwa dengan konsentrasi akhir HCl sebesar 0,25 mM terjadi pergeseran panjang gelombang menjadi 401 nm yang menandakan berkurangnya ukuran nanopartikel. Sedangkan, untuk variasi prekursor Ag dengan konsentrasi akhir 23,5 mM didapatkan panjang gelombang yang serupa dengan konsentrasi akhir 0,24 mM, namun terjadi peningkatan absorbansi menjadi 1,25 yang menandakan bertambahnya jumlah nanopartikel yang dihasilkan. Keseragaman nanopartikel dapat dilihat dengan intrumentasi TEM dan dihasilkan distribusi terbaik pada konsentrasi akhir HCl sebesar 0,83 mM dan konsentrasi prekursor Ag sebesar 23,5 mM. Hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan nilai standar deviasi terkecil. Sedangkan hasil karakterisasi dengan XRD, menunjukan struktur kristal yang terbentuk adalah face center cubic (fcc).

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Silver nanoparticles are widely developed because of their unique optical, electrical and photochemical properties. In the nanoparticle synthesis reaction, optimum conditions are needed to maximize the resulting nanoparticles. In this study, the synthesis reaction of nanoparticles was carried out using the polyol method and modification by changing the temperature used to 100OC. The synthesis of nanoparticles in this study requires HCl compounds as oxidative etching which slows down the Ag+ ion reduction process, and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) compounds as capping agents. Optimization was carried out for this reaction and the optimal time was obtained for 6 hours. The results of the synthesis of nanoparticles were characterized by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and information was obtained that with the final concentration of HCl of 0.25 mM, the wavelength shifted to 401 nm, indicating a reduction in the size of the nanoparticles. Meanwhile, for the variation of the Ag precursor with a final concentration of 23.5 mM, the wavelength was similar to the final concentration of 0.24 mM, but there was an increase in absorbance to 1.25 which indicated an increase in the number of nanoparticles produced. The uniformity of the nanoparticles can be seen with TEM instrumentation and the best distribution is the final HCl concentration of 0.83 mM and the concentration of the precursor Ag of 23.5 mM. This is evidenced by the smallest standard deviation value. Meanwhile, the results of characterization with XRD show that the crystal structure formed is a face center cubic (fcc)."

"ABSTRAKTablet lepas lambat merupakan tablet yang didesain untuk melepaskan zat aktif secara perlahan-lahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat dan mengkarakterisasi eksipien sambungsilang dari koproses xanthan gum-gum akasia CL-Ko-XGGA sebagai matriks sediaan tablet lepas lambat dengan gliklazid sebagai model obat. Eksipien CL-Ko-XGGA merupakan hasil sambungsilang dari eksipien koproses xanthan gum-gum akasia Ko-XGGA menggunakan natrium trimetafosfat dengan perbandingan masing-masing eksipien, yaitu 1:2, 1:1, dan 2:1. Eksipien Ko-XGGA dan CL-Ko-XGGA dikarakterisasi secara fisika, kimia, dan fungsional. Eksipien CL-Ko-XGGA 1:2, 1:1, 2:1 memiliki derajat substitisi DS berturut-turut 0,067; 0,082; 0,088, serta kekuatan gel sebesar 14,03; 17,27; 20,70 gF. Eksipien tersebut memiliki sifat alir dan kemampuan mengembang yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan eksipien Ko-XGGA. Eksipien CL-Ko-XGGA diformulasikan dalam tablet lepas lambat sebagai matriks dengan metode granulasi basah dan seluruh formula memenuhi persyaratan evaluasi tablet. Pelepasan gliklazid dari tablet F1-F6 dalam medium dapar fosfat pH 7,4 natrium lauril sulfat 0,2 selama 12 jam menunjukkan profil pelepasan obat diperlambat dan dapat digunakan selama 8 hingga 32 jam. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam sediaan tablet lepas lambat eksipien CL-Ko-XGGA 2:1 memiliki kemampuan menahan pelepasan obat lebih baik dari eksipien CL-Ko-XGGA 1:2 dan 1:1.

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ABSTRAKSustained release tablet is solid dosage form which is designed to release drugs slowly. This research was intended to prepare and characterize the cross linked excipient of coprocessed xanthan gum acacia gum CL Co XGGA as a matrix of sustained release tablet with gliclazide as the drug model. CL Ko XGGA excipient was cross linked results of coprocessed excipient of xanthan gum acacia gum Co XGGA using sodium trimetaphosphate, in the ratio of each excipient 1 2, 1 1, and 2 1. Co XGGA and CL Co XGGA excipients were characterized physically, chemically, and functionally. The degree of substitution DS of CL Co XGGA 1 2, 1 1, 2 1 excipients were respectively 0.067 0.082 0.088, and gel strength were respectively 14.03 17.27 20.70 gF. Those excipients had improved flow properties and swelling capability compared with the Co XGGA excipients. CL Co XGGA excipients were formulated in sustained release tablet as matrix by wet granulation method and all formulas passed tablet evaluation tests. The release of gliclazide from tablets F1 F6 in phosphate buffer medium pH 7.4 sodium lauryl sulphate 0.2 for 12 hours showed sustained release profile and can be used up to 8 until 32 hours. In conclusion, CL Co XGGA 2 1 excipient have better ability to retain drug release than CL Co XGGA 1 2 and 1 1 excipients in the sustained release tablets."

"Karyawan berpendidikan tinggi di dalam suatu organisasiseringkali menghadapi permasalahan sehubungan denganperkembangan karirnya di perusahaan, salah satunya adalahketidaksesuaian antara nilai-nilai yang mereka miliki dengantuntutan dalam pekerjaan dan jalur karirnya. Oleh karena itupenelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkangambaran mengenai pola sistem nilai karyawan yang beradadalam karir manajerial dan karir teknis.Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif, dengan menggunakanalat ukur Personal Values Questionnaire dari England yangtelah dimodifikasi. Subyek penelitiannya adalah sarjanateknik dan sarjana akuntansi yang bekerja dalam karirmanajerial dan karir teknis.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada kedua kelompok karir terdapat nilai-nilai operatif dominan yang sama danpolanya tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang berarti. Pada tiapkelompok karir terdapat nilai-nilai yang khas, walaupunjumlahnya relatif kecil. Nilai-nilai yang khas pada karirmanajerial adalah Kepemimpinan dan Inisiatif, sedangkan padakarir teknis nilai-nilai yang khas adalah Ketrampilan,Tenaga Terlatih dan Manajer.Pola sistem nilai antara karir manajerial dan teknismemiliki perbedaan yang signifikan bila dikelompokkanberdasarkan bidang ilmu teknik dan akuntansi. Pola sistemnilai pada tiap karir juga berbeda bila dibandingkan antarabidang ilmu teknik dan akuntansi. Pola sistem nilai padatiap kelompok karir juga terdapat perbedaan antara yangberpengalaman 5 tahun ke bawah dengan yang telahberpengalaman lebih dari 5 tahun. Selain itu juga terdapatperbedaan yang signifikan antara kelompok karir manajerialdengan karir teknis yang telah berpengalaman manajeriallebih dari 5 tahun dengan kelonpok karir teknis yang telahberpengalaman teknis lebih dari 5 tahun.Untuk studi selanjutnya disarankan untuk menggunakansubyek yang telah berada lebih dari 5 tahun pada tiap jalurkarirnya dan memiliki minat yang sesuai dengan jalurkarirnya. Selain itu diperlukan subyek dalam jumlah besar,terutama bila akan memakai Personal Values Questionnaire."

"[ABSTRAKTablet mengapung lepas lambat membutuhkan eksipien yang berfungsi sebagaimatriks yang mampu mengendalikan lepasnya obat dan menfasilitasipengapungan tablet di lambung. Salah satu eksipien yang berpotensi untuk haltersebut adalah eksipien koproses xanthan gum ? gum akasia yang merupakanhasil modifikasi fisik dari 2 jenis polimer alam, yaitu xanthan gum dan gumakasia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh eksipienkoproses xanthan gum ? gum akasia yang kemudian digunakan sebagai matrikspada formulasi tablet mengapung. Pada penelitian ini dibuat eksipien koprosesxanthan gum ? gum akasia dengan perbandingan 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 dan 3:1 daneksipien yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi sifat fisik, kimia, danfungsionalnya.Eksipien-eksipien koproses yang dihasilkan tersebut kemudiandiformulasikan menjadi sediaan tablet mengapung dengan menggunakanfamotidin sebagai model obat. Tablet mengapung yang dihasilkan dievaluasi,antara lain uji kemampuan mengapung serta pelepasan obat dalam medium HClpH 1,2 selama 8 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa eksipien koprosesyang diperoleh berupa serbuk halus tidak berbau dan berwarna putih keabu-abuan.Selain itu eksipien koproses tersebut memiliki kemampuan mengembang yangbaik, viskositas yang cukup besar dan kekuatan gel yang baik yang cocok untukdigunakan sebagai matriks tablet mengapung. Tablet mengapung F2 yang dibuatdengan menggunakan eksipien koproses Ko-XG-GA 1:2 menunjukkankarakteristik yang terbaik dengan floating lag time 8,33± 0,58 menit dankemampuan mengapung hingga 24 jam. Profil pelepasan famotidin dari tabletmengapung yang diformulasikan dengan eksipien koproses Ko-XG-GA (F1 ? F5)menunjukkan profil pelepasan obat terkendali dengan model kinetika pelepasanorde nol dan dapat digunakan untuk pemakaian selama 32 jam. Dari hasilpenelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa eksipien koproses Ko-XG-GA yangdihasilkan dapat diaplikasikan sebagai matriks sediaan tablet mengapung lepasterkendali.

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ABSTRACTControlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix thatcan control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in thegastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum? gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore,the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgumacacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. Inthis study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum andgum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients werecharacterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processedexcipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drugmodel. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floatingcapabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The resultsshowed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish whitecolour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity andgood gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. Thefloating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lagtime and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that thefamotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA(F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kineticand could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can beconcluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied asmatrices in controlled release floating tablets.;Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix thatcan control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in thegastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum– gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore,the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgumacacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. Inthis study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum andgum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients werecharacterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processedexcipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drugmodel. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floatingcapabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The resultsshowed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish whitecolour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity andgood gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. Thefloating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lagtime and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that thefamotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA(F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kineticand could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can beconcluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied asmatrices in controlled release floating tablets.;Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix thatcan control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in thegastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum– gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore,the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgumacacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. Inthis study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum andgum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients werecharacterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processedexcipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drugmodel. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floatingcapabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The resultsshowed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish whitecolour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity andgood gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. Thefloating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lagtime and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that thefamotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA(F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kineticand could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can beconcluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied asmatrices in controlled release floating tablets., Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix thatcan control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in thegastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum– gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore,the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgumacacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. Inthis study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum andgum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients werecharacterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processedexcipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drugmodel. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floatingcapabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The resultsshowed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish whitecolour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity andgood gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. Thefloating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lagtime and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that thefamotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA(F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kineticand could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can beconcluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied asmatrices in controlled release floating tablets.]"

"Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) adalah sistem penghantaran obat yang digunakan pada permukaan kulit dengan tujuan sistemik. Untuk itu, diperlukan suatu eksipien pembentuk matriks transdermal yang dapat menghantarkan obat masuk ke dalam kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan eksipien koproses xanthan gum dan amilosa tersambungsilang-6 (Ko-CLA6-XG) sebagai matriks sediaan transdermal, kemudian dilakukan uji penetrasi secara in vitro dan in vivo. Ko-CLA6-XG diformulasikan dalam bentuk hidrogel dengan model obat natrium diklofenak. Uji penetrasi in vitro dilakukan menggunakan sel difusi Franz yang kemudian dianalisis dengan spektrofotometer UV. Uji in vivo dilakukan dengan cara mengaplikasikan satu gram hidrogel dengan luas aplikasi 1,13 cm2 di atas kulit tikus bagian abdomen, kemudian sampel darah dikumpulkan melalui sinus orbitalis mata dan dianalisis menggunakan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (KCKT). Hasil uji penetrasi in vitro menunjukkan jumlah kumulatif obat yang terpenetrasi ke dalam kulit hingga 12 jam sebanyak 1435 ± 180 µg cm-2 dengan fluks total sebesar 118,55 ± 23,01 µg cm-2 jam-1 (r=0,0994) dan waktu tunda selama 48,6 ± 15,6 menit. Profil pelepasan natrium diklofenak selama 12 jam pada uji in vivo mencapai konsentrasi puncak plasma sebesar 2236 ± 398 ng/ml pada 0,86 ± 0,21 jam dengan AUC sebesar 25273 ± 4133 ng ml-1 jam. Kedua hasil uji memberikan gambaran bahwa hidrogel mengandung natrium diklofenak dengan Ko-CLA6-XG sebagai matriks dapat dikembangkan untuk sediaan transdermal.

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Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is the administration of therapeutic agents through the skin for systemic effect. Therefore, it requires an excipient for transdermal matrix-forming that can deliver drug across the skin. This present research was intended to develop the utilization of coprocessed excipient of xanthan gum and 6-cross-linked amylose (Co-CLA6-XG) as a matrix for transdermal and then evaluate the in vitro and in vivo penetration. Co-CLA6-XG was formulated as hydrogel with sodium diclofenac as a drug model. In vitro penetration study was evaluated using Franz diffusion cell analysed with spectrophotometre UV. The in vivo experiment was performed by applied one gram of hydrogel spread over 1,13 cm2 to the rat abdoment skin, then the blood samples were obtained from sinus orbitalis and analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro study records the cumulative drug permeated across the skin for 12 hours ranged 1435 ± 180 µg cm-2 and shows the transdermal flux 118,55 ± 23,01 µg cm-2 hours-1 (r = 0,994) with the lag time value ranged 48,6 ± 15,6 min. The release profile of sodium diclofenac for 12 hours in vivo reached a maximum peak of 2236 ± 398 ng/ml at 0,86 ± 0,21 hours with the AUC value was 25273 ± 4133 ng ml-1 hour. Thus diclofenaccontaining hydrogel using Co-CLA6-XG as a matrix could be developed as transdermal drug delivery."

"Perkembangan penduduk yang tinggi disertai penyimpangan implementasi Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) telah mengakibatkan berbagai perubahan lingkungan, salah satunya adalah alih fungsi lahan yang berakibat pada berubahnya kuantitas sumber daya air suatu wilayah, yang semuanya berakibat pula pada kerentanan wilayah khususnya kerentanan sumber daya air. Model kerentanan sumber daya air secara spasial telah dilakukan sebelumnya, namun terdapat kekurangan untuk menghadapi data dengan jumlah besar dan satuan beragam. Metode lain yakni Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) fuzzy dilakukan, dengan tujuan untuk mengembangkan model spasial kerentanan sumber daya air berbasis fuzzy SIG pada skala ordo-3 DAS, serta menerapkan model tersebut pada asesmen Rencana Tata Ruang Kabupaten/Kota. Metode penelitian dilakukan melalui penerapan metode SIG fungsi fuzzy dengan pengolahan dan analisis indikator kerentanan menurut ICCSR (Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap). Indikator pertama yakni eksposur, dengan variabel kepadatan penduduk, luas sawah tadah hujan, luas tegalan serta indeks kekeringan, indikator kedua yakni sensitivitas, dengan variabel jumlah penduduk usia rentan, jumlah penduduk miskin, jumlah kejadian konflik air, akses masyarakat terhadap air bersih serta indeks kekritisan air serta indikator ketiga berupa kapasitas adaptif, dengan variabel debit andalan, luas hutan, produktivitas pertanian serta kelembagaan DAS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 11 sub DAS Citarum Hulu berada dalam kondisi kerentanan sangat tinggi, 6 sub DAS dalam keadaan kerentanan tinggi, 6 Sub-DAS pada kelas sedang, serta 53 sub-DAS dengan kondisi baik. Model kerentanan divalidasi dengan pengecekan lapang melalui pendekatan lingkungan fisik, sosial, dan binaan. Hasil permodelan dapat diterapkan dalam pengelolaan lingkungan, serta digunakan untuk melakukan asesmen terhadap Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kabupaten dan Kota. Penelitian ini menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa pengkajian kerentanan sumber daya air dapat dilakukan melalui perhitungan indikator eksposur, sensitifitas serta kemampuan adaptif melalui basis SIG Fuzzy, yang mempunyai kemampuan cakupan wilayah yang detail (ordo sungai - catchment), menerima jumlah data besar, mampu mengolah beragam jenis data, dapat dilakukan validasi serta implementasi demi terciptanya sistem pengelolaan lingkungan DAS yang handal.

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High population growth accompanied by irregularities implementation Spatial Plan has resulted in a variety of environmental changes, one of which is conversion resulting in a change in the quantity of the water resources of an area, all of which resulted in the particular area of vulnerability vulnerability of water resources. Vulnerability model of water resources spatially been done before, but there is a lack of data to deal with a large number and variety of units. Another method used fuzzy in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), with the aim to develop a model of spatial vulnerability of water resources based on fuzzy SIG 3rd order watershed scale, and apply the model to assess the Spatial Plan of the District/City.

Research methods were used the application of fuzzy GIS methods with processing and analysis of indicators of vulnerability according ICCSR (Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap). The first indicator that exposure, with variable population density, extensive rainfed lowland, upland and widespread drought index, an indicator of the sensitivity of the two, with a variable number of vulnerable population ages, the number of poor, the incidence of water conflicts, community access to clean water and criticality index water as well as a third indicator of adaptive capacity, with variable discharge mainstay, forest, agricultural productivity and institutional watershed.

The results showed that 11 sub Citarum Hulu is in a state of vulnerability is very high , 6 sub- watershed in a state of high vulnerability, 6 Sub- basin in the medium class, and 53 sub-watersheds in good condition. Vulnerability models validated with field checking approach the physical environment, social, and built. Modeling results can be applied in environmental management, and is used to assess the Spatial Plan of the District and the City.

This study concluded that water resource vulnerability assessment can be done through the calculation of indicators of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity through Fuzzy GIS base, which has the ability to detail the extent of the (order of the river - the catchment), received a large amount of data, capable of processing various types of data, can do the validation and implementation of the environmental management system for the creation of a reliable watershed."

"ABSTRACTPenghantaran insulin melalui paru merupakan rute alternatif penghantaran secara sistemik untuk mengatasi masalah injeksi insulin dan degradasi enzimatik pada bentuk sediaan oral. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan mikropartikel insulin menggunakan kompleks poliion kitosan dan xanthan gum yang kemudian ditambahkan dengan manitol untuk menjaga stabilitas insulin selama proses. Mikropartikel insulin dibuat dengan metode gelasi ionik antara kitosan dan xanthan gum yang kemudiandikeringkan dengan freeze dryer dengan penambahan larutan manitol. Mikropartikel insulin dikarakterisasi meliputi rendemen, ukuran dan morfologi partikel, spektrum inframerah (IR), efisiensi penjerapan, indeks polidispersitas, potensial zeta, dan stabilitas selama 12 minggu. Selain itu, uji pelepasan obat secara in vitro dilakukan dalam buffer.

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ABSTRACT Delivery of insulin through the lungs is an alternative route of delivery systemically to overcome the problem of insulin injection and enzymatic degradation in oral dosage forms. The purpose of this study was to obtain insulin microparticles using the chitosan polyion complex and xanthan gum which were then added to mannitol to maintain insulin stability during the process. Insulin microparticles are made by the method of ionic gelation between chitosan and xanthan gum laterdried with a freeze dryer with the addition of mannitol solution. Insulin microparticles characterized include yield, particle size and morphology, infrared spectrum (IR), adsorption efficiency, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and stability for 12 weeks. In addition, the drug release test in vitro was carried out in a buffer."

"Energi merupakan satu kebutuhan pokok buat manusia, salah satunya berasal dari gas bumi. Memang pada awalnya gas tidak dimanfaatkan sehingga gas yang merupakan produksi sampingan dari suatu sumur minyak bumi akan dibuang ke udara tanpa memberikan nilai ekonomi. Namun saat ini, gas bumi merupakan salah satu sumber energi yang dimanfaatkan dan memiliki nilai ekonomi yang bagus, tidak kalah dengan minyak bumi. Apalagi saat ini produksi dan ketersediaan minyak bumi semakin menipis seiring semakin banyaknya minyak bumi yang diambil untuk dijadikan sumber energi.Investasi buat pengembangan industri minyak dan gas bumi memerlukan modal atau kapital yang besar sehingga perlu adanya pertimbangan di awal sebelum diputuskan akan dikembangkan. Salah satunya adalah dengan melihat risiko yang ada sebelum pekerjaan pengembangan itu dilakukan. PT. XYZ yang berada di Provinsi Kalimantan Utara, yang merupakan salah satu perusahaan milik negara berencana untuk melakukan pembangunan fasilitas produksi gas bumi. Sebelum diputuskan, tentu akan mempertimbangkan segala potensi yang ada, salah satunya adalah potensi risiko yang ada sehingga akan menjadi dasar untuk menyiapkan tindakan mitigasi jika pembangunan ini tetap akan dilakukan.

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Energy is a basic need for humans, one of which comes from natural gas. At first gas was not utilized so that gas which is a by-product of an oil well would be discharged into the air without providing economic value. But at this time, natural gas is one of the energy sources that is utilized and has good economic value, not inferior to petroleum. Moreover, currently, the production and availability of petroleum are dwindling as more and more petroleum is taken to be used as an energy source. Investments for the development of the oil and gas industry require large amounts of capital, so there is a need for initial consideration before it is decided to develop it. One way is to see the risks that exist before the development work is carried out. PT. XYZ, which is located in Province North Kalimantan, that plans to build a natural gas production facility. Before it is decided, of course, it will consider all the potential that exists, one of which is the potential risk that exists so that it will become the basis for preparing mitigation actions if this development continues."