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"Au-Ag nanoalloys disintesis dengan menggunakan tehnik laser radiasi femtosecond dengan metode top-down maupun bottom-up. Metode top-down Au-Ag nanoalloys disintesis dari pelat Au dan Ag sedangkan metode bottom-up disintesis dari garam metal silver nitrate AgNO3 dan garam metal emas Potassium gold III chloride K AuCl4 . Pada metode top-down, pelat Au dan Ag ditembak dengan radiasi laser femtosecond, dihasilkan nanopartikel emas AuNPs dan nanopartikel perak AgNPs dengan waktu abalasi 25 menit dan 1 jam. Kemudian dicampur dengan perbandingan 50:50 dan ditembak laser kembali dengan waktu irradiasi yang berbeda sehingga dihasilkan Au-Ag Nanoalloys dengan ukuran 12-13 nm. Sedangkan pada metode bottom-up, Au-Ag Nanoalloys dibuat dari perbandingan larutan ion Au dan larutan Ag yaitu Au100Ag0 100:0 , Au10Ag90 10:90 , Au80Ag20 80:20 , Au70Ag30 70:30 , Au60Ag40 60:40 , Au50Ag50 50:50 , Au40Ag60 40:60 , Au70Ag30 70:30 , Au80Ag20 80:20 , Au10Ag90 10:90 dan Au100Ag0 100:0 pada medium air, medium air PVP 0,01 dan medium air PVP 0,1 dan setiap komposisi tersebut pada setiap medium ditembak dengan waktu iradiasi laser yang berbeda sehingga dihasilkan Au-Ag Nanoalloys dengan ukuran partikel 5-10 nm. Setelah Au-Ag nanoalloys terbentuk, sifat optiknya dipelajari yaitu pergeseran surface plasmon. Dimana surface plasmon dipengaruhi oleh oleh ukuran nanomaterial, bentuk, komposisi, pengaruh kimia dan lingkungan sekitar nanopartikel.

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Au Ag Nanoalloys are synthesized with femtosecond laser technique with top down and bottom up methods. In top down Au Ag Nanoalloys are synthesized from 99 plate Au and Ag, while bottom up method Au Ag Nanoalloys are synthesized from silver nitrate metal salt AgNO3 dan Potassium gold III chloride K AuCl4 . In top down 99 plate Au and Ag were shot laser, respectively until result nanogold AuNPs and nanosilver AgNPs at 25 minutes and 1 hour ablation time and then mix with ratio 50 50, after that was shot laser with different irradiation time until Au Ag Nanoalloys formed with particle size of 12 13 nm. And in bottom up Au Ag Nanoalloys are made from the different ratio ion liquid Au and Ag that is Au100Ag0 100 0 , Au10Ag90 10 90 , Au80Ag20 80 20 , Au70Ag30 70 30 , Au60Ag40 60 40 , Au50Ag50 50 50 , Au40Ag60 40 60 , Au70Ag30 70 30 , Au80Ag20 80 20 , Au10Ag90 10 90 dan Au100Ag0 100 0 in water medium, water medium PVP 0,01 and water medium PVP 0,1 . Each different molar ratio in the different medium was shot with different irradiation time resulting Au Ag Nanoalloys with particle size of 5 10 nm. After Au Ag formed, the optical properties are studied i.e. the shift of surface plasmon. Where surface plasmon is affected by nanoparticle size, shape, composition, chemical and environment around nanoparticle."

"Nanopartikel Ni doped ZnO dengan empat variasi konsentrasi ( 3, 6, 10, dan 20 %) telah berhasil disintesa menggunakan metode kopresipitasi menggunakan reagen zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4.7H2O) dan nickel (II) nitrate hexahydrate (N2NiO6.6H2O). Semua sampel dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan spektroskopi EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), dan spektroskopi UV-Vis. Pengukuran nilai crystallite size telah dilakukan menggunakan metode Scherrer dan Williamson-Hall. Nilai crystallite size mengalami penurunan seiring dengan bertambahnya konsentrasi atom Ni pada nanopartikel ZnO. Tiga metode Williamson-Hall juga digunakan untuk menghitung nilai strain, stress, dan energy density. Nilai celah pita energi nanopartikel Ni doped ZnO cenderung berkurang dengan peningkatan persen atom Ni.

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A series of Ni doped ZnO nanoparticles ( 3, 6, 10, and 20 %) are successfully synthesized by coprecipitation technique with zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4.7H2O) and nickel (II) nitrate hexahydrate (N2NiO6.6H2O). The composition, structural and optical characterizations were performed by EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), and UV-Visible. Crystallite size were determined from X-ray peak broadening using Scherrer and Williamson-Hall. The presence of Ni tends to reduce crystallite size. A modified W-H plot has been worked out and accepted as determining not only the crystallite size but also strain, stress, and energy density. The presence of Ni tends to reduce the width of the optical gap associated with increasing of Ni dopants."

"The book is mainly focused on micromachining of transparent materials which, due to the nonlinear absorption mechanism of ultrashort pulses, allows unique three-dimensional capabilities and can be exploited for the fabrication of complex microsystems with unprecedented functionalities."

"Nanopartikel ZnO didop Cu telah berhasil disintesis dengan teknik kopresipitasi. Karakterisasi komposisi, struktur, optik dan magnetik dilakukan dengan Spektroskopi Energy Dispersive X-Ray, X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared, Uv-Visible, Electron Spin Resonance dan Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. Nanopartikel yang dihasilkan merupakan polikristal berstruktur heksagonal wurzite dengan derajat kristalisasi yang tinggi dan memiliki ukuran kristal 10-12 nm. Untuk persen Cu di atas 11 % terdapat fase kedua CuO yang menunjukkan batas kelarutan Cu dalam kisi ZnO. Kehadiran Cu pada kisi ZnO sebagai substitusi Zn sampai persen atom Cu 11% ditunjukkan dengan peningkatan nilai parameter kisi dan pergeseran posisi puncak-puncak difraksi ke harga 2θ yang lebih kecil karena perbedaan radius ion Cu dengan ion Zn. Kehadiran Cu cenderung mengurangi lebar gap optik yang berhubungan dengan level 3d dari Cu. Hasil inframerah menunjukkan keberadaan hidrogen yang mungkin hadir dalam posisi interstitial dalam konfigurasi antibonding atau substitusional. Nanopartikel menunjukkan karakteristik feromagnetik lemah pada temperatur ruang. Ketidakhadiran fase kedua yang terkait dengan presipitasi yang bersifat magnetik menunjukkan karakteristik feromagnetik intrinsik. Kecenderungan berkurangnya karakteristik feromagnetik dengan peningkatan persen atom Cu bersesuaian dengan hasil pengukuran ESR.

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Cu doped ZnO nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by coprecipitation technique. The composition, structural, optical and magnetic characterizations were performed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray, X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared, UV-Visible, Electron Spin Resonance and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. The results confirmed that nanoparticles are polycrystalline with hexagonal wurzite structure having a high degree of crystallization and a crystal size of 10-12 nm. For Cu over 11 % at., the X-ray diffraction pattern possessed CuO secondary phase which shows the solubility limit of Cu in the ZnO lattice. Up to 11 % at. Cu, the presence of Cu in the ZnO lattice as Zn substitution indicated by an increase in lattice parameter values and shifting the position of diffraction peaks to smaller 2θ due to difference of ionic radii of Cu and Zn. The presence of Cu tends to reduce the width of the optical gap associated with the 3d levels of Cu.

Infrared results showed the presence of hydrogen that may be present in interstitial positions in the antibonding configuration or substitusional positions. Nanoparticles showed weak ferromagnetic characteristics at room temperature. The absence of secondary phase related to magnetic precipitate shown intrinsic ferromagnetic behaviour. The tendency of decreasing ferromagnetic characteristics with increasing atomic percent of Cu are suitable to the results of ESR measurements."

"This comprehensive reference offers experimental and theoretical information on the physical and chemical properties of nanoalloys, covering growth and structural properties, thermodynamics and electronic structure and magnetic, optic and catalytic properties. "

"Satu seri nanopartikel TiO2 didop Ni dengan variasi konsentrasi Ni dibuat dengan metode kopresipitasi. Komposisi elemen, sifat strukFtur, dan optik dikarakterisasi menggunakan X-Ray Diffraction, Electron Dispersive X-Ray dan UV-VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Identifikasi spesies paramagnetik dilakukan menggunakan Electron Spin Resonance. Berdasarkan pola difraksi XRD, hanya fase tunggal anatase yang muncul karena radius ionik Ni2+ dan Ti4+ yang hampir sama sehingga dapat menggantikan ion-ion Ti4+ pada kristal TiO2. Ukuran kristal rata-rata menurun seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi Ni.Fenomena ini kemungkinan terjadi akibat kehadiran ion-ion Ni2+ yang menghambat pertumbuhan kristal. Spektrum reflektansi difus UV-VIS menunjukkan bahwa penyerapan UV bergeser ke arah panjang gelombang sinar merah dan celah pita energi menurun. Hal ini disebabkan oleh atom-atom Ni yang membentuk levellevel energi localized dibawah pita konduksi pada kristal TiO2. Studi ESR pada nanopartikel TiO2 didop Ni menunjukkan adanya kehadiran Ni+, Ti3+, dan defek oksigen pada semua sampel.

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A series Ni doped TiO2 nanoparticles with different Ni dopant concentration were facricated by coprecipitation method. The element composition, structural, and optical properties were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction, Electron Dispersive X-Ray and UV-VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Identification of paramagnetic species are conducted using Electron Spin Resonance. Based on XRD pattern, only single phase of anatase were appeared because the almost similar ionic radius of Ni2+ to that of Ti4+ which was found to replace some portion of Ti4+ ions in TiO2 lattice. The crystallite size decreases with increasing Ni content.

This phenomena probably arisen from introducing of Ni2+ ions which decrease crystalline growth. The UV-VIS diffuse reflectance spectra showed that the UV absorption moved to a longer wavelength (red shift) and the band gap energy was decreased. It caused the doped Ni atoms formed a localized energy states below conduction band of TiO2 lattice. ESR studies of Ni doped TiO2 nanoparticles revealed the presence of Ni+, Ti3+, and oxygen defects in all samples."

"Bentonit merupakan senyawa lempung yang tersusun atas mineral lempung dari kelompok smektit. Kandungan utama bentonit adalah mineral montmorillonit. Bentonit alam di modifikasi dengan penyeragaman kation menggunakan kation Na+. Juga dilakukan pilarisasi dengan Al2O3 untuk meningkatkan basal spasing. Untuk meningkatkan sifat reduksinya maka bentonit di immobilisasi dengan nanopartikel. Digunakannya nanopartikel bertujuan untuk meningkatkan daya katalis dari bentonit, sehingga diharapkan mampu mendegradasi perubahan dari senyawa 4-Nitrofenol menjadi 4-Aminofenol. Dari hasil reduksi 4,3x10-4 mmol 4-Nitrofenol dengan 0,084 mmol NaBH4 menjadi 4-Aminofenol, di dapatkan Al-Bentonit@Au mampu mereduksi 98% reduksi dan persen konversi 93% dan Al-Bentonit@Cu mereduksi 100% dan mengkonversi 91%. Sedangkan Al-Bentonit@Ag, dan Al-Bentonit@Ni, pada 4,3x10-4 mmol 4-Nitrofenol hanya mampu mereduksi 4-NP namun belum terbentuk senyawa 4-AP. Katalis Al-Bentonit@Cu sebanyak 5 mg dengan waktu pengadukan 3 menit mampu mereduksi 5 mL 4-NP 1x10-3 M dengan 0,84 mL NaBH4 0,1 M dengan persen reduksi 98,9% dan persen konversi 99,2%.

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Bentonite is a fine clay compound that is composed of clay minerals of the smectite group. The main content of bentonite is montmorillonite minerals. Natural bentonite modified by using a uniform cations Na + cations. Also performed pilarisasi with Al2O3 to increase basal spasing. To improve the properties of the bentonite reduction in immobilizing the nanoparticles. The use of nanoparticles aims to improve the catalyst of bentonite, that are expected to degrade the change of the compound 4-nitrophenol into 4- aminophenol.

Reduction of the results of 4.3 x10-4 mmol 4-nitrophenol with 0.084 mmol NaBH4 into 4-aminophenol, in getting Al-Bentonite @Au can reduce 98% percent reduction and the percent conversion of 93% and Al-Bentonite @ Cu can reduce100% and converting 91%. While Al-Bentonite@Ag, and Al-Bentonite @ Ni, at 4.3 x10-4 mmol 4-nitrophenol is only able to reduce 4-NP but not formed compound 4-AP. Al-Bentonite@Cu catalysts as 5 mg with 3 minutes stirring able to reduce 5 ml of 4-NP 1x10-3 M with 0.84 mL of 0.1 M NaBH4 with 98.9% percent reduction and 99.2% the percent conversion."

"Nanopartikel TiO2 didop Cu telah berhasil disintesis dengan metode kopresipitasi dengan reagen TiO2 sebagai material dasar dan CuSO4.5H2O sebagai pemberi dopant. Karakterisasi komposisi, struktur, optik, dan spesies paramagnetic dilakukan dengan spektroskopi Energy Dispersive X-ray, X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared, Diffuse Reflectance UV-Visible, dan Electron Spin Resonance. Nanopartikel yang terbentuk memiliki struktur kristal tetragonal anatase dengan ukuran grain antara 52 nm hingga 54 nm. Munculnya fase CuO pada sampel dengan konsentrasi 6% dan 12% menunjukkan adanya batas kelarutan Cu pada TiO2 yang juga memengaruhi parameter kisi TiO2. Penambahan unsur Cu pada TiO2 memberikan efek penyempitan celah pita energi (energy gap) dengan adanya redshift pada spektrum reflektansi UV-vis. Pensubstitusian unsur Ti dengan Cu mengakibatkan munculnya spesies paramagnetik yang terdeteksi pada spektroskopi ESR.

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Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by coprecipitation method using chemical TiO2 as base material and CuSO4.5H2O as a dopant precursor. Several characterization was used to obtain compositional, structural, optical, and paramagnetic properties using Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared, Diffuse Reflectance UV-Visible and Electron Spin Resonance. The sample possessed tetragonal anatase structure with grain size between 52 to 54 nm. Secondary CuO phase on 6% and 12% sample showed solubility limit of Cu in TiO2 lattice that also influence the lattice parameters. Bandgap narrowing has occurred as concentration of Cu dopant was increased, showed by redshift on band edge of reflectance. Substitution Ti with Cu atoms led to detection of paramagnetic species by ESR spectroscopy."

"The epithermal Arinem veins system of gold-silver-base metal mineralization is located in the Arinem area in the southwestern part of Java Island, Indonesia. The veins are composed predominantly of quartz+calcite±illite±kaolinite with variable amount of manganese oxide and limonite and high amount of sulfides. The deposit contains a number of Tebearing minerals, notably tellurides and tellurosulfide minerals. The tellurium mineral assemblages in the Arinem and Bantarhuni veins are similar in the presence of hessite (Ag Te), petzite (Ag AuTe ), stutzite (Ag Te ), tetradymite (Bi Te S) 2 3 2 5 3 2 2 dan altaite (PbTe). The tellurium mineral assemblages vary from sample to sample and most of the observed telluride occurrences consist of at least 2 different phases (e.g. petzite-hessite, tetradymite-hessite, petzite-hessite-altaite). Gold concentrations measured in Te-mineral of petzite from the Arinem vein are in the range between 14.24 to 18.32 wt%. Some hessite and stutzite contain gold up to 3.48 and 1.10 wt%, respectively. Some of electrums are present as inclusions in Te-mineral patches in both veins."

"The Pongkor fold-silver epithermal deposit is located 80 km at South-west of Jakarta, Indonesia, contains more than 98 tons of gold and 1030 tons of silver, with average grades of 18.7 g/t Au and 188.3 g/t Ag. It consists of four main steeply dipping quartz veins located close to the internal border of a Miocene volcano tectonic depression due to an explosive ignimbritic eruption. Mineralized bodies are thick, usually banded, quartz-carbonate-adularia veins due to tectonic extension. GSQ facies is the sulfide-richest and related to the highest gold and silver grades of the veins. Sulfides are dominated by pyrite, with common acanthite-aguilarite and polybasite-pearceite. Electrum is common also, with gold values ranging from 48-74 wt% Au. Sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and hessite are fairly uncommon, moreover present within the CQ facies. A strong weathering has affected the ore deposit, down to 250 m below the surface. This supergene action is thus responsible for appearance of manganese oxides layers gold enrichment."