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"Konversi karbon dioksida CO2 menjadi senyawa lain menjadi sangat menguntungkan karena jumlahnya di atmosfer yang melimpah, namun karbon dioksida CO2 memiliki termodinamik dan kinetik yang stabil sehingga diperlukan bantuan logam bervalensi rendah contohnya Ni 0 untuk dapat bereaksi. Pada penelitian ini digunakan ZSM-5 terimpregnasi logam nikel sebagai katalis reaksi karboksilasi asetilena dengan karbon dioksida menjadi asam akrilat. Hasil karakterisasi XRD menunjukan bahwa material ZSM-5 memiliki kristalinitas yang tinggi berhasil disintesis. Analisa menggunakan SEM menunjukan bahwa ZSM-5 memiliki morfologi bentuk coffin-like dan setelah diimpregnasi tidak mempengaruhi struktur morfologi kristal. Karakterisasi menggunakan BET ZSM-5 hirarki yang disintesis memiliki pori berukuran meso karena terbentuk hystheresis loop. Analisa menggunakan AAS menghasilkan loading logam nikel pada ZSM-5 mikropori sebesar 1,9 sedangkan ZSM-5 hirarki sebesar 2,1. Karakterisasi XPS menunjukan logam nikel pada ZSM-5 memiliki biloks nol 0. Pada reaksi karboksilasi asetilena dengan karbon dioksida dengan target produk asam akrilat, analisis HPLC tidak menunjukan adanya asam akrilat dalam reaksi. Namun, terdapat puncak lain pada waktu retensi 3,625 dimana pada material ZSM-5 hirarki didapatkan kondisi optimum pada suhu 80oC dengan suhu 12 jam dan menggunakan katalis Ni 0 /ZSM-5 mikropori didapatkan kondisi optimum pada suhu 40oC dan waktu 12 jam.

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Conversion of carbon dioxide CO2 into other compounds become very advantageous because of the abundance in the atmosphere, but carbon dioxide CO2 has thermodynamic and kinetic stable so it need low valent metal for example Ni 0 to react. In this studym ZSM 5 impregnated with nickel metal as catalyst of carboxylation reaction of acetylene with carbon dioxide to acrylic acid. XRD characterization results ZSM 5 material has high crytalinity successfully synthesized. Analysis using SEM obtain ZSM 5 has coffin like morphology and after impregnation doesnt affect the crystal morphology structure. Characterization using BET proves that ZSM 5 hierarchy has meso sized pore because of the hysthereses loop. Analyzing using AAS obtained that load of nickel metal on ZSM 5 micropore equal to 1,9 meanwhile ZSM 5 hierarchy equal to 2,1. The characterization of XPS show nickel metal on ZSM 5 has zero 0 oxidation. Carboxylation reaction of acetylene with carbon dioxide targeted acrylic acid product, HPLC analysis doesnt show the presence of acrylic acid in the reaction. However, there was another peak at retention time of 3,625 where in herarchical ZSM 5 material the optimum condition was obtained at temperature 80oC with 12 hours while using Ni 0 ZSM 5 micropore catalyst obtained 80oC with 12 hours. "

"Karbon dioksida merupakan salah satu gas utama yang menyebabkan emisi gas rumah kaca yang berada pada atmosfer. Dikarenakan sifatnya yang inert, CO2 sulit bereaksi dengan senyawa lain sehingga dibutuhkan suatu katalis. Pada penelitian ini digunakan zeolit ZSM-5 berpori hirarki bersumber mineral alam yaitu zeolit alam Bayat dan kaolin Bangka yang diimpregnasi bimetal NiZn sebagai katalis untuk mengkonversi CO2 dengan bantuan dari asetilena untuk menghasilkan asam akrilat. Zeolit ZSM-5 alam berpori hirarki disintesis menggunakan metode double template, dengan primary template TPAOH sebagai pengarah framework MFI serta secondary template PDDA-M sebagai pengarah struktur mesopori. Impregnasi logam bimetal nikel (Ni) dan seng (Zn) dengan metode co-impregnation lalu direduksi dengan aliran gas H2. Karakterisasi material ZSM-5 alam berpori hirarki dan NiZn/ZSM-5 alam berpori hirarki dilakukan dengan menggunakan FTIR, XRD, XRF, dan SEM-EDS. Analisis XRD menunjukkan kristalinitas dari ZSM-5 alam berpori hirarki berhasil disintesis. Analisis FTIR menunjukkan telah terjadinya dekomposisi template melalui kalsinasi. Pencitraan SEM menunjukkan morfologi material dengan bentuk coffin like-shaped yang merupakan ciri khas ZSM-5. Hasil analisisis EDS menunjukkan persen loading Ni dan Zn dalam ZSM-5 masing-masing sebesar 6,38% dan 3,23%. Reaksi karboksilasi asetilena dengan CO2 dilakukan dalam reaktor batch dengan variasi tekanan yaitu 1,5 bar, 2,5 bar, dan 3,5 bar. Produk hasil reaksi yang terbentuk dianalisis dengan HPLC. Dari hasil analisis HPLC diperoleh puncak pada waktu retensi 3,45 menit dengan kondisi optimum yaitu tekanan 2,5 bar, dan luas area sebesar 302,836 mAU. Sehingga, menunjukkan tidak adanya asam akrilat dalam produk.

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Carbon dioxide is one of the main gases that cause greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. Because of its inert in the atmosphere, the catalyst is needed to help CO2 react with other compounds. In this research, hierarchical ZSM-5 was prepared from natural minerals as sources, which is natural zeolite Bayat and Bangka kaolin then impregnated with bimetallic Ni-Zn as a catalyst to convert CO2 with support of acetylene to produce acrylic acid. Hierarchical zeolite ZSM-5 was synthesized using double template method, with TPAOH as its primary template that directed to MFI framework and PDDA-M as its secondary template that directed mesoporous structure. Impregnation of nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) bimetallic was conducted by co-impregnation method followed by reduction H2 gas flow. Material characterization of natural ZSM-5 hierarchy and NiZn/ZSM-5 hierarchy were conducted FTIR, XRD, XRF, and SEM-EDS. FTIR analysis shows that there has been a decomposition of templates through calcination. XRD analysis showed that the crystallinity of the ZSM-5 hierarchy was synthesized successfully. SEM analysis shows the morphology of the material with the coffin like-shaped which is characteristic of the ZSM-5. The EDS analysis shows percent loading of Ni and Zn in ZSM-5 are 6.38% and 3.23%. The acetylene carboxylation reaction with CO2 was carried out in a batch reactor with pressure variations 1.5 bar, 2.5 bar, and 3.5 bar. The products formed were analyzed by HPLC and GCMS. HPLC analysis shows a new peak at a retention time of 3,625 minutes. The optimum condition was obtained at 2.5 bar and the value is 302.836 mAU. So, it shows do not contain acrylic acid in the product."

"Gas rumah kaca seperti karbon dioksida merupakan gas yang melimpah di alam sehingga diperlukan cara untuk mengkonversi CO2. Namun, CO2 bersifat stabil secara termodinamika dan kinetika sehingga diperlukan bantuan logam bervalensi rendah contohnya Ni(0) atau Pd(0) untuk dapat bereaksi. Pada penelitian ini digunakan ZSM-5 hirarki terimpregnasi logam nikel sebagai katalis reaksi karboksilasi bertekanan antara fenilasetilena dengan karbon dioksida menjadi asam sinamat. ZSM-5 hirarki dianggap mampu menjadi penyangga katalis logam Ni dikarenakan ZSM-5 hirarki memiliki selektivitas dan transport massa yang baik. ZSM-5 Hirarki disintesis menggunakan metode double template yaitu TPAOH sebagai pengarah struktur MFI dan PDD-AM sebagai pengarah mesopori. Impregnasi logam nikel dilakukan menggunakan metode impregnasi basah dengan reduksi oleh aliran gas hidrogen. Karakterisasi material ZSM-5 hirarki dan Ni/ZSM-5 hirarki dilakukan dengan menggunakan XRD, FTIR, XRF, SEM-EDS dan SAA. Analisa XRD menunjukkan ZSM-5 telah berhasil disintesis. Analisa FTIR menunjukkan dekomposisi template melalui kalsinasi telah berhasil. Pencitraan SEM menunjukkan morfologi material dengan bentuk coffin like-shaped yang merupakan ciri khas ZSM-5. Hasil analisa EDS menunjukkan persen loading Ni dalam ZSM-5 sebesar 1,4 %. Sedangkan analisa XRF menunjukkan persen loading Ni dalam ZSM-5 sebesar 3,325 % yang mengindikasikan logam Ni telah masuk ke dalam pori ZSM-5. Analisa BET menunjukkan adanya hysteresis loop yang mengindikasikan adanya pori berukuran meso. Reaksi karboksilasi bertekanan fenilasetilena dilakukan dalam reaktor batch dengan variasi tekanan CO2 (1, 3, 5, 7 bar) dan suhu (85, 100, dan 125 C). Berdasarkan analisa terhadap campuran produk didapat tekanan CO2 optimum sebesar 3 bar dan suhu optimum pada 85 C.

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Carbon dioxide is one of greenhouse gases which is abundant in nature, therefore efforts are needed to reduce its concentration through CO2 conversion. However, CO2 is thermodynamically and kinetically stable, so it needs low valent metals such as Ni (0) or Pd (0) to help CO2 to react. In this study, the hierarchical ZSM-5 impregnated nickel metal was used as a catalyst for pressurized carboxylation reactions between phenylacetylene and carbon dioxide to cinnamic acid. Hierarchical ZSM-5 is assumed capable for supporting Ni metal catalysts because it has good selectivity and mass transport. Hierarchical ZSM-5 was synthesized using the double template method with TPAOH as structure directing agent for MFI and PDD-AM as mesoporous directing agent. Impregnation of nickel was carried out using a wet impregnation method with reduction by the hydrogen gas flow. Material characterization of hierarchical ZSM-5 and Ni/ZSM-5 was carried out using XRD, FTIR, XRF, SEM-EDS and SAA. XRD analysis shows that ZSM-5 has been successfully synthesized.

FTIR analysis showed that the template decomposition through calcination was successful. SEM imaging of the material shows a coffin-like morphology, which is a characteristic of the ZSM-5. The EDS analysis results shows 1.4% Ni in ZSM-5. While the XRF analysis shows 3.325 % Ni in ZSM-5 of which indicates that Ni has entered the ZSM-5 pores. BET analysis shows a hysteresis loop that indicates mesoporous. Pressurized carboxylation reaction of phenylacetylene were carried out in batch reactors with variations of CO2 pressure (1, 3, 5, 7 bar) and temperature (85, 100, and 125 125 C). Based on the analysis of products with HPLC, the optimal CO2 pressure was obtained at 3 bar and the optimal temperature at 85 C."

"Konversi karbon dioksida menjadi senyawa lain saat ini telah dilakukan secara luas. Namun, konversi CO2 menjadi senyawa lain masih sulit karena CO2 bersifat inert dan stabil pada suhu tinggi. Jadi, dibutuhkan bantuan dari katalis logam bervalensi rendah seperti Ni (0) dan Pd (0). Dalam hal ini, ZSM-5 dari mineral alam disintesis menggunakan zeolit alam Bayat-Klaten dan kaolin Belitung sebagai sumber silika dan alumina. Bahan ini digunakan sebagai katalis untuk reaksi hidrogenasi CO2 (sabatier reaction. Hasil modifikasi Ni (0) pada material yang dihasilkan dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, SEM-EDX, BET dan XRD. Reaksi yang berlangsung dilakukan dengan variasi massa katalis (0,02 gram dan 0,03 gram), suhu katalis (673 K, 773 K, dan 873 K) dan variasi perbandingan gas H2 dan CO2 (1: 3, 1: 4, dan 1:5) untuk melihat kemampuan konversi CO2 menjadi CH4. Proses reaksi hidrogenasi menggunakan flow quartz reactor dan dianalisis dengan Instrumen GC-TCD. Hasil modifikasi Ni/ZSM-5 dan H/ZSM-5 karakterisasi dengan FTIR, SEM-EDX, BET dan XRD. Konversi terbesar yang didapat dari katalis 10% Ni/ZSM-5 sintetik dengan konversi dan yield berturut-turut 60,55% dan 23% pada suhu 773 K.

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Conversion of carbon dioxide into other compounds nowadays have been widely carried out. However, the conversion is still difficult because CO2 is inert and stable at high temperatures. So it requires assistance from low-valence metal catalysts such as Ni (0) and Pd (0). In this work, ZSM-5 was synthesized using Bayat-Klaten natural zeolite and Belitung kaolin as its silica and alumina source. This material was used as support catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation reaction (sabatier reaction). The resulted for Ni (0) materials were characterized using FTIR, SEM-EDX, BET and XRD. The reaction was carried out with variations of catalyst mass (0.02 grams and 0.03 grams) temperature (673 K, 773 K, and 873 K) and mass flow ratio of CO2:H2 (1:3, 1: 4, and 1: 5). This reaction gave product only in the presence of Ni. The higher the Ni content the higher the conversion while the yield methane is unchanged. The highest conversion is shown by synthetic 10% Ni/ZSM-5 with conversion of 60.55% and yield of 23% at 773 K."

"Carbon dioxide is a renewable C1 resource for synthesis chemicals. CO2 in carboxylation reactions requires catalysts Ni complex for CO2 activation. However, the use of Ni complex homogeneous catalysts in the reaction is still less efficient due to the difficult in separating the product and catalyst. Therefore, it is necessary to heterogenize the Ni complex in solid supporting such as mesoporous carbon. In this research, a carboxylation reaction with CO2 was tested using a Ni catalyst that was functionalized with phenanthroline (phen) ligand impregnated on the solid support of mesoporous carbon. Soft template method has been successfully used in mesoporous carbon synthesis with phloroglucinol and formaldehyde prekursors as a carbon source, Pluronic F127 as a structural directing agent, and HCl as an acid catalyst. Modification of the catalyst was carried out by impregnation of Ni from Ni(NO3)2.6H2O which was then functionalized with phenanthroline (phen) ligands into mesoporous carbon to form Ni-phen/MC catalysts. Mesoporous carbon material (MC) and Ni-phen/MC are characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and SAA. The results of SAA characterization showed that the pore diameter of MC was 6.7174 nm and Ni-phen/MC was 5.08 nm which indicate that the material was mesoporous. Ni-phen/MC material was then used as a heterogeneous catalyst in the carboxylation reaction of phenylacetylene with CO2. The reaction were carried out in several variations of conditions, temperature variations (25oC, 50oC and 75oC), time variations (4 hours, 8 hours and 16 hours), variations in catalyst types (MC, Ni-phen and Ni-phen/MC). Based on the results of the reaction, the optimum conditions was obtained at 25oC for 8 hour of reaction time using Ni-phen/MC catalyst. The main product of the carboxylation reaction is identified by the HPLC instrument, while the remaining catalyst that has been used in the reaction was identified using the FT-IR instrument.Carbon dioxide is a renewable C1 resource for synthesis chemicals. CO2 in carboxylation reactions requires catalysts Ni complex for CO2 activation. However, the use of Ni complex homogeneous catalysts in the reaction is still less efficient due to the difficult in separating the product and catalyst. Therefore, it is necessary to heterogenize the Ni complex in solid supporting such as mesoporous carbon. In this research, a carboxylation reaction with CO2 was tested using a Ni catalyst that was functionalized with phenanthroline (phen) ligand impregnated on the solid support of mesoporous carbon. Soft template method has been successfully used in mesoporous carbon synthesis with phloroglucinol and formaldehyde prekursors as a carbon source, Pluronic F127 as a structural directing agent, and HCl as an acid catalyst. Modification of the catalyst was carried out by impregnation of Ni from Ni(NO3)2.6H2O which was then functionalized with phenanthroline (phen) ligands into mesoporous carbon to form Ni-phen/MC catalysts. Mesoporous carbon material (MC) and Ni-phen/MC are characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and SAA. The results of SAA characterization showed that the pore diameter of MC was 6.7174 nm and Ni-phen/MC was 5.08 nm which indicate that the material was mesoporous. Ni-phen/MC material was then used as a heterogeneous catalyst in the carboxylation reaction of phenylacetylene with CO2. The reaction were carried out in several variations of conditions, temperature variations (25oC, 50oC and 75oC), time variations (4 hours, 8 hours and 16 hours), variations in catalyst types (MC, Ni-phen and Ni-phen/MC). Based on the results of the reaction, the optimum conditions was obtained at 25oC for 8 hour of reaction time using Ni-phen/MC catalyst. The main product of the carboxylation reaction is identified by the HPLC instrument, while the remaining catalyst that has been used in the reaction was identified using the FT-IR instrument."

"Pada penelitian ini dilakukan studi struktur dan aktivitas dari Cu-SiW/HY serta Cu-SiW/HZSM-5 yang digunakan sebagai katalis bifungsional untuk reaksi dehidrasi-oksidasi gliserol menjadi asam akrilat melalui metode one-pot process. Zeolit HY dan HZSM-5 digunakan sebagai support dan juga berperan sebagai Asam Bronsted untuk reaksi dehidrasi. Asam tungstosilikat (SiW) berperan untuk menambahkan sifat asam dan juga kemampuan oksidasi dari katalis. Sedangkan, oksida Cu (CuO ataupun Cu2O) berperan sebagai situs redoks untuk mengoksidasi akrolein menjadi asam akrilat. Katalis Cu-SiW/HY dan Cu-SiW/HZSM-5 disintesis dengan metode impregnasi lalu dikarakterisasi dengan XRD, FTIR, BET-SAA, SEM-EDX, dan TEM. Zeolit HY mengalami keruntuhan struktur akibat rasio Si/Al yang terlalu kecil hal ini ditunjukkan oleh hilangnya puncak pada XRD, penurunan luas permukaan pada BET-SAA (572,3684 m2/g menjadi 44,6612 m2/g), dan peningkatan ukuran partikel pada SEM (0,8659 o‡m menjadi 12,5064 om). Katalis Cu-SiW/HY menghasilkan yield asam akrilat lebih besar dibandingkan Cu-SiW/HZSM-5 berturut-turut sebesar 0,85% dan 0,73% pada uji aktivitas katalitik dengan kondisi reaksi refluks pada suhu 90 oC selama 6 jam dan penambahan H2O2 pada jam ke-4. Yield terbesar memiliki nilai TON sebesar 7,1296 mmol asam akrilat/g katalis.

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In this research, study of the structure stability and activity of Cu-SiW/HY and Cu-SiW/HZSM-5 was carried out which were used as bifunctional catalysts for the dehydration-oxidation process of glycerol to acrylic acid using the one-pot process method. Zeolite HY and HZSM-5 are used as supports and act as Bronsted acid for dehydration reactions. Tungstosilicic acid (SiW) plays a role in adding acidic properties and the oxidation ability of the catalyst. Meanwhile, Cu oxide (CuO or Cu2O) acts as redox site to oxidize acrolein to acrylic acid. Cu-SiW/HY and Cu-SiW/HZSM-5 catalysts were synthesized using impregnation method and then characterized by XRD, FTIR, BET-SAA, SEM-EDX, and TEM. HY zeolite experienced structural collapse due to the Si/Al ratio being too small, this was indicated by losing some peaks in XRD, decreasing surface area in BET-SAA (572.3684 m2/g to 44.6612 m2/g), and increasing particle size in SEM (0.8659 μm to 12.5064 ¼m). Cu-SiW/HY catalyst produced a greater yield of acrylic acid than Cu-SiW/HZSM-5 at 0.85% and 0.73% respectively in the catalytic activity test with reflux reaction conditions at 90 oC for 6 hours and the addition of H2O2 at the 4th hour. The largest yield had a TON value of 7.1296 mmol acrylic acid/g catalyst."

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Bio Metal-organic Framework (MOF) adalah bahan berpori yang terbentuk dari kombinasi ion logam dan ligan organik. Asam sitrat adalah senyawa organik lemah yang dapat ditemukan dalam daun dan buah jeruk. MOF memiliki banyak fungsi, salah satunya bertindak sebagai bahan adsorben. Kami telah mensintesis dan mengkarakterisasi MOF berdasarkan ligan logam kromium nitrat dan asam sitrat. Sintesis dilakukan melalui metode reaksi hidrotermal menggunakan KOH dan Etanol serta dengan rasio logam terhadap ligan 0.6:1; 1:2; 1:2.5 dan 1:3. Sintesis dilakukan pada suhu puncak 120 ^oC selama 30 menit dan ditahan pada suhu tersebut selama 48 jam. Karakterisasi MOF dilakukan dengan Brunauer-EmmettTeller (BET), X-ray difraksi (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), analisis termogravimetri (TGA), dan analisis Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Dalam percobaan ini diperoleh luas permukaan paling besar 49 m²/g. Pengujian adsorpsi dilakukan pada suhu 27^oC, 40 ^oC dan 55 ^oC dengan variasi tekanan 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, dan 40 bar. Hasil adsorpsi paling besar terjadi pada suhu 27oC pada tekanan 40bar. Korelasi adsorpsi dilakukan dengan menggunakan persamaan Langmuir, Toth, dan Dubinin-Astakhov. Persamaan Dubinin-Astakov dengan nilai deviasi paling rendah (8.9%) digunakan untuk pergihitungan panas adsorpsi. Semakin tinggi suhu adsorpsi, semakin tinggi panas adsorpsi yang dihasilkan. Semakin besar jumlah adsorbat yang terserap, panas adsorpsi yang dihasilkan semakin rendah. Dengan semakin rendahnya nilai panas adsorpsi, maka semakin rendah juga biaya regenerasi material tersebut dan semakin tinggi nilai penghematan energi pada proses adsorpsi.

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Bio Metal-organic framework (MOF) is a porous material formed from a combination of metal ions and organic ligands. Citric acid is a weak organic compound that can be found in citrus leaves and fruit. MOF has many functions, one of which acts as an adsorbent material. We have synthesized and characterized MOF based on metal chromium nitrate and citric acid ligands. Synthesis is carried out through the hydrothermal reaction method using KOH and Ethanol as well as with a ratio of metals to ligands of  0.6:1; 1:2; 1:2.5 dan 1:3. Synthesis was carried out at a peak temperature of 120 ^oC for 30 minutes and held at that temperature for 48 hours (Material B). MOF characterization was carried out with Brunauer-Emmett Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. In this experiment the maximum surface area of ​​49 m²/g was obtained. Adsorption testing was carried out at temperatures of 27^oC, 40 ^oC and 55 ^oC with pressure variations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 bar. The highest adsorption results occur at 27oC at a pressure of 40bar. The adsorption correlation was performed using the Langmuir, Toth, and Dubinin-Astakhov equations. The Dubinin-Astakov equation with the lowest deviation (8.9%) is used to calculate the heat of adsorption. The higher the adsorption temperature, the higher the adsorption heat produced. The greater the amount of adsorbate absorbed, the lower the heat of adsorption produced. The lower isosteric heat adsorption value, the lower regeneration cost and high efficiency energy in adsorption process."

"ABSTRAKKarbon dioksida (CO2) merupakan senyawa yang potensial digunakan sebagai sumber karbon dalam sintesis fine chemicals karena keberadaannya melimpah di alam, bersifat non toksik, ekonomis, dan termasuk ke dalam sumber yang dapat diperbaharui. Namun pemanfaatan CO2 secara luas masih terkendala karena sifatnya yang inert dan stabil. Oleh karena itu, keberadaan katalis sangat diperlukan dalam proses konversi CO2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis Cu terimpregnasi pada karbon mesopori sebagai katalis karboksilasi fenilasetilena dengan CO2 menjadi asam karboksilat. Pembuatan karbon mesopori dilakukan dengan metode soft template menggunakan Pluronik F-127 sebagai pembentuk pori, formaldehida dan floroglusinol sebagai sumber karbon, dan HCl sebagai katalis asam. Material Cu/MC yang dihasilkan dikarakterisasi dengan FTIR, XRD, SAA, dan SEM-EDX. Analisis BET terhadap karbon mesopori menunjukkan bahwa material tersebut memiliki luas permukaan sebesar 405,8 m2/g dengan rata-rata pori sebesar 7,2 nm. Hasil analisa dengan XRD memperlihatkan puncak pada 2θ 36,62°; 43,47°; 50,63°; dan 74,19° yang mengindikasikan bahwa Cu telah berhasil terimpregnasi yang mewakili spesi Cu(0) dan Cu(I). Reaksi karboksilasi fenilasetilena dengan CO2 dilakukan dengan variasi suhu (25°C; 50°C; dan 75°C), variasi jumlah katalis (28,6; 57,2; dan 85,8 mg) dan variasi basa (Cs2CO3; K2CO3; dan Na2CO3). Hasil reaksi dianalisa dengan HPLC dan memperlihatkan %konversi terbaik terjadi pada suhu 75°C yaitu 41,32% dengan menggunakan Cs2CO3 sebagai basa, dan produk yang terbentuk diidentifikasi dengan FTIR dan LC-MS.

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ABSTRACTCarbon dioxide (CO2) is a compound that has the potential to be used as carbon source in the synthesis of fine chemicals because it is abundant in nature, non-toxic, inexpensive, and is included as a renewable source. However, utilization of CO2 is stillconstrained due to its inert and stable nature. Therefore, the presence of a catalyst is needed in CO2 conversion. This study aims to synthesize impregnated Cu on mesoporous carbon (Cu/MC) as a catalyst for phenylacetylene carboxylation reaction with CO2 into carboxylic acid. The synthesis of mesoporous carbon was performed via soft template method using Pluronic F-127 as a pore forming agen, formaldehyde and phloroglucinol as carbon sources, and HCl as an acid catalyst. The Cu/MC material produced was characterized by FTIR, SAA, XRD, and SEM-EDX. BET surface area analysis of mesoporous carbon showed that the material has a surface area of 405.8 m2/g with an average pore diameter of 7,2 nm. XRD pattern of Cu/MC showed some sharp peaks at 2θ of 36.62°; 43.47°; 50.63°; and 74.19° which indicates that Cu has been successfully impregnated in the form of Cu(0) and Cu(I). Phenylacetylene carboxylation reaction with CO2 was carried out by varying reaction temperatures (25, 50, and 75 °C), the amount of catalyst (28.6, 57.2, and 85.8 mg) and the type of base (Cs2CO3, K2CO3, and Na2CO3). The reaction mixtures were analyzed by HPLC and showed that highest phenylacetylene conversion of 41% was obtained for the reaction at 75°C using Cs2CO3 as a base. The product was further identified using FTIR and LCMS."

"Pada penelitian ini dilakukan konversi gliserol menjadi asam akrilat menggunakan katalis Ag(0)/HZSM-5, AgO/HZSM-5 dan Ag2O/HZSM-5 yang disintesis melalui metode impregnasi basah serta dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, SAA dan TEM. Katalis dengan HZSM-5 sebagai penyangga memiliki situs asam Brønsted pada kerangkanya yang berperan dalam aplikasi reaksi dehidrasi-oksidasi gliserol. Sedangkan, logam Ag memiliki sifat redoks yang baik serta dapat meningkatkan akitivitas katalis dan selektivitasnya. Hasil analisis SEM-EDX menunjukan telah terbentuknya katalis dengan spesi perak yang tersebar secara merata. Analisis SAA menunjukan adanya penurunan luas area permukaan katalis Ag(0)/HZSM-5, AgO/HZSM-5 dan Ag2O/HZSM-5 yang dibandingkan dari luas area permukaan penyangga HZSM-5 sebesar 358,3014 m2/g menjadi 300,4281 m2/g; 341,5996 m2/g; 283,542 m2/g yang menunjukan terisinya sebagian pori-pori HZSM-5 oleh nanopartikel perak. Aplikasi reaksi dehidrasi-oksidasi gliserol pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan memvariasi jumlah katalis, waktu dan suhu menggunakan katalis Ag(0)/HZSM-5 dan Ag2O/HZSM-5. Katalis Ag2O/HZSM-5 dengan berat 15 wt.% yang diaplikasikan pada konversi gliserol menghasilkan persen yield asam akrilat sebesar 26,4% selama 6 jam reaksi pada suhu 180 0C.

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In this research, glycerol conversion to acrylic acid was conducted using Ag(0)/HZSM-5, AgO/HZSM-5 and Ag2O/HZSM-5 catalysts that were synthesized using wet impregnation method and characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, SAA and TEM. The HZSM-5 catalyst has important Brønsted Acid site in its framework which plays a role in the glycerol dehydration-oxidation reaction. Meanwhile, the metallic Ag as the active site has good redox properties that can increase the catalyst activity and selectivity. The results of SEM-EDX analysis showed that the silver species was evenly distributed on the HZSM-5 support. SAA analysis showed a decrease in the surface area of HZSM-5 after impregnation with silver, from 358.3 m2/g to 300.4 m2/g, 341.6 m2/g and 283.5 m2/g for Ag(0)/HZSM-5, AgO/HZSM-5 and Ag2O/HZSM-5, respectively which indicates that silver species partially filled in to HZSM-5 pores. The glycerol dehydration-oxidation reactions were carried out by varying the amount of catalyst, reaction time and temperature using Ag(0)/HZSM-5 and Ag2O/HZSM-5 catalysts. The best reaction condition was obtained using 15 wt.% Ag2O/HZSM-5 catalyst in a 6-hour reaction at 180 0C which resulted in acrylic acid yield of 26.4%."

"Karbon dioksida (CO2) salah satu komponen utama gas rumah kaca yang merupakan penyumbang total terbesar terhadap perubahan iklim. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan pengurangan emisi gas CO2, baik dengan menyimpan maupun memanfaatkan CO2 sebagai sumber penghasil bahan kimia yang lebih bermanfaat melalui reaksi katalitik heterogen. Dalam penelitian ini, Ni(0) yang disangga pada karbon mesopori (MC) digunakan sebagai katalis untuk mengonversi CO2 menjadi gas metana dalam reaksi Sabatier. Karbon mesopori berhasil disintesis dengan metode cetakan lunak menggunakan phloroglucinol, Pluronic F127, dan formaldehida sebagai prekursor. Karbon mesopori hasil sintesis dikarakterisasi menggunakan instrumen FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDS, TEM, SAA, dan Raman kemudian dimodifikasi menggunakan nanopartikel Ni(0) dari prekursor Ni(NO3)2.6H2O dan Ni(acac)2 dalam jumlah tertentu. Katalis Ni(0)/MC yang disintesis kemudian diberi label sebagai Ni/MC(5)(Ni(NO3)2) dan Ni/MC(30)(Ni(NO3)2) untuk 5% dan 30% Ni(0) dari Ni(NO3)2.6H2O dan Ni/MC(30)(Ni(acac)2) untuk 30% Ni(0) dari Ni(acac)2. Katalis Ni(0)/MC dikarakterisasi menggunakan instrumen FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDS, TEM, SAA, dan Raman. MC dan Ni(0)/MC hasil sintesis digunakan sebagai katalis untuk reaksi konversi CO2 menjadi CH4 menggunakan tubular furnace pada T = 873 K selama 9 menit. Produk hasil reaksi diukur menggunakan kromatografi gas dengan detektor TCD. %yield produk dari hasil reaksi adalah 0%; 1,33%; 1,63%; dan 1,9% untuk MC, Ni/MC(5)(Ni(NO3)2), Ni/MC(30)(Ni(NO3)2), dan Ni/MC(30)(Ni(acac)2). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa %yield setelah percobaan ke-2, ke-3, dan ke-4 secara bertahap menurun. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa nanopartikel Ni(0) memiliki peran penting untuk mengaktifkan CO2 serta penurunan kapasitas reaksi seiring dengan pengujian berkala dapat disebabkan oleh transformasi Ni(0) menjadi nanopartikel Ni(II).

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Carbon dioxide (CO2), a major component of greenhouse gases, is the largest total contributor to the climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the CO2 gas emissions, either by storing or utilizing CO2 as a source to produce value-added chemicals through heterogenous catalytic reactions. In this work, Ni(0) supported on mesoporous carbon (MC) was used as catalyst to convert CO2 to methane gas in Sabatier reaction. Mesoporous carbon was successfully synthesized by a soft template method using phloroglucinol, Pluronic F127 and formaldehyde as precursors. The as-synthesized mesoporous carbon was characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDS, TEM, SAA, and Raman instruments and then modified with Ni(0) nanoparticles using certained amount of Ni(NO3)2.6H2O or Ni(acac)2 as precursor. The prepared Ni(0)/MCs then were label as Ni/MC(5)(Ni(NO3)2) and Ni/MC(30)(Ni(NO3)2) for 5% and 30% Ni(0) from Ni(NO3)2.6H2O, and Ni/MC(30)(Ni(acac)2) for 30% Ni(0) from Ni(acac)2, respectively. The Ni(0)/MC catalysts was characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDS, TEM, SAA, and Raman instruments. Both as-synthesized MC and Ni(0)/MC then used as the catalysts for CO2 conversion reaction to CH4 using tubular furnace at T = 873 K for 9 minutes. The product reaction was measured using gas-chromatography with thermal conductivity detector. The % yield of products from reaction are 0%; 1.33%; 1.62%; and 1.9% for MC, Ni/MC(5)(Ni(NO3)2), Ni/MC(30)(Ni(NO3)2) and Ni/MC(30)(Ni(acac)2) respectively. The CO2 conversion reaction capacity was also conducted using Ni/MC(30)(Ni(acac)2) to evaluate the catalyst performance. The results shows that the % yield of the reaction after 2nd, 3rd, and 4th attempt were gradually decreased. These results shows that Ni(0) nanoparticles have an important role for activating the CO2 and the decreases of the reaction capacity along periodic test may be caused by the transformation of Ni(0) into Ni(II) nanoparticles."