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"Perkembangan ekonomi dan industri melaju tanpa adanya rencana yang berkelanjutan, hingga pola konsumsi dan produksi manusia saat ini membahayakan lingkungan dan sumber daya alam. Menjawab pada permasalahan ini, berbagai bentuk pendekatan lahir dan salah satu diantaranya adalah life cycle approach yakni. Penggunaan life cycle approach sangat populer di negara-negara anggota Uni Eropa, sehinga perkembangan konsep, instrumen dan program dari life cycle approach sangat pesat. Penerapan pendekatan ini menunjukkan hasil yang nyata dalam pengurang emisi dan penggunaan sumber daya alam. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan lingkungan, pendekatan command-and-control tidak lagi cukup hingga digunakan penaatan sukarela. Berkaitan dengan penerapan life cycle approach, program penaatan sukarela di Uni Eropa menggunakan Life Cycle Assessment yang merupakan instrumen atau metode dengan kerangka holistik yang berfungsi untuk mendeteksi potensi-potensi dampak lingkungan atas emisi yang dikeluarkan suatu produk sepanjang tahapan pada siklus hidupnya. Penggunaan Life Cycle Assessment dikenal dalam pembentukan kriteria produk untuk suatu skema ekolabel. Di Indonesia, kriteria produk dari program ekolabel belum menggunakan Life Cycle Assessment tetapi Life Cycle Assessment itu sendiri sudah digunakan oleh berbagai perusahaan di Indonesia. Penggunaan Life Cycle Assessment sangat dimungkinkan di Indonesia apabila program ekolabel berkualitas dan iklim pasar di Indonesia sangat mendukung produk dengan logo ekolabel.

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The economic and industrial development grows without any sustainable plan, in which the current patterns of consumption and production have a devastating impact on the environment and natural sources. To address this matter, various forms of approaches was made and one of them is the life cycle approach. The use of life cycle approach is very popular in the European Union, where the concepts, tools, programmes of the life cycle approach are rapidly developing.

To address environmental problems, voluntary compliance was made. In relation to the adoption of life cycle approach, a voluntary compliance program in the EU uses the Life Cycle Assessment which is a holistic method used to identify potential environmental impacts of a product through the emissions it produces throughout its life cycle. Use of Life Cycle Assessment in a ecolabel program is seen when forming the criteria of a product.

In Indonesia, the forming of the criteria is not yet based on Life Cycle Assessments but instead many Life Cycle Assessments were conducted by various companies in Indonesia. The use of Life Cycle Assessment is possible in Indonesia if the ecolabel programme has quality and economic climate in Indonesia strongly supports ecolabelled products."

"Perkembangan industri di dunia termasuk di dalamnya industri pulp dan kertas Indonesia telah memberikan dampak buruk pada lingkungan hidup. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut diperkenalkanlah prinsip sustainable development yang bertujuan agar pembangunan dapat terus berjalan tanpa merusak lingkungan. Salah satu metode yang berkaitan erat dengan prinsip sustainable development adalah life cycle assessment. Melalui life cycle assessment, diharapkan pembangunan dan kelestarian lingkungan dapat berjalan seiringan, yakni dengan cara melihat dampak lingkungan dari suatu produk dalam tiap fase kehidupannya. Dalam tulisan ini akan dibahas mengenai bagaimana peran LCA dalam melindungi lingkungan dan bagaimana penerapan LCA di Indonesia. LCA adalah metode yang sifatnya voluntary, di mana LCA memiliki keunggulan dalam melindungi lingkungan dibandingkan dengan tool/ metode lain karena LCA telah distandarisasi oleh ISO. Akan tetapi LCA di Indonesia belum banyak dilakukan oleh pihak swasta/industri padahal mampu menunjukkan dampak lingkungan yang paling lengkap dalam tiap tahapan dalam siklus hidup. LCA perlu diterapkan karena LCA tidak hanya terbukti secara ilmiah dapat melindungi lingkungan, namun juga dapat membuat suatu produk memiliki daya saing di pasar global yang memiliki kecenderungan untuk memilih produk yang ramah lingkungan dan sustainable. Apabila LCA diterapkan bagi produk maka konsumen dapat memilih produk yang ramah lingkungan dan melindungi lingkungan. Kemudian Pemerintah diharapkan dapat mempromosikan LCA kepada industri agar lebih banyak industri yang akan paham dan menggunakan metode LCA sehingga tercapai sustainability.

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The developing of industry in the world, including pulp and paper industry came with negative impact for environment. To address that issue sustainable development is introduced with the purpose to reach developments goal without damaging the environment. One of the method thats closely related to sustainable development is life cycle assessment. Through life cycle assessment, environmental impact can be assessed throughout products entire life cycle.

This writing will discuss how LCA can protect the environment and how LCA is implemented in Indonesia. LCA in Indonesia is voluntary based, in which LCA is better than other tool / method because LCA is standardized by ISO. Despite all of that private party and government has not been implementing LCA much even though it can show the most through environmental impact in its entire life cycle. LCA need to be implemented because not only it can be proven scientifically to protect the environment, it also can make a product have competitiveness in global market which show tendency towards environmental friendly and sustainable product. LCA. If LCA is implemented in a product consumer can choose more environmental friendly product and therefore can protect the environment. Government is expected to promote LCA so industries can get better knowledge about LCA therefore can implement LCA to reach sustainability goal. "

"Life-cycle assessment of semiconductors presents the first and thus far only available transparent and complete life cycle assessment of semiconductor devices. A lack of reliable semiconductor LCA data has been a major challenge to evaluation of the potential environmental benefits of information technologies (IT). The analysis and results presented in this book will allow a higher degree of confidence and certainty in decisions concerning the use of IT in efforts to reduce climate change and other environmental effects. Coverage includes but is not limited to semiconductor manufacturing trends by product type and geography, unique coverage of life-cycle assessment, with a focus on uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of energy and global warming missions for CMOS logic devices, life cycle assessment of flash memory and life cycle assessment of DRAM. "

"The book contains the latest developments in the field of life cycle assessment (LCA) and its application. It contains numerous research articles from leading German research institutes working towards the further development of the methodology. The book provides important insights for professionals working in the field of sustainability assessment, for researchers interested in the current state of the research of the methodology and its application as well as for advanced university students in different science and engineering fields."

"The focus of this research is to analyze potential environmental impact in the supply chain of palm oil biodiesel industries. Simple Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is applied to analyze impacts, produced by the three main units in the supply chain of Palm-Oil-based Biodiesel, which are Palm Plantation, CPO mill, and Biodiesel Plant. We developed LCA calculation model using spreadsheet software, used to assess a number of input scenarios to evaluate the best scenario, in variation of: land quality, land area and the rate of clearing, land clearing technique and type of the original land. The biggest potential environmental impact is the contribution to global warming impact which emissions are produced mostly from unit plantation. Although plantation has biggest potential to contribute to environmental impact, it also gives biggest reduction to global warming impact. In general, the biggest environmental impact in the LCA category is climate change, followed by photo-oxidant formation and eutrophication. The biggest impacts in the supply chain are from the plantation, especially when choosing the right technique for land clearing. In addition, due to LCA linearity nature, the scenario that we tested does not change the total accumulative environmental impacts."

"This book comprises recent developments in life cycle assessment (LCA) both with regards to the methodology and its application in various research fields, including mobility, engineering and manufacturing. Containing numerous original research articles from leading German research institutes, the book provides an insightful resource for professionals working in the field of sustainability assessment, for researchers interested in the current state of LCA research as well as for advanced university students in different scientific and engineering fields."

"Pembahasan mengenai isu lingkungan pada industri kebanyakan hanya mencakup keluaran dari proses produksinya. Salah satu upaya mengatasi isu lingkungan dari keseluruhan rantai proses industri adalah kajian penilaian daur hidup. PT. X adalah produsen susu bubuk di Indonesia yang pengelolaan lingkungannya mengacu pada keluaran proses produksi dan belum dievaluasi dari life cycle produk. Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis dampak lingkungan potensial dari proses produksinya. Metode riset menggunakan life cycle assessment dipadukan dengan environmental price dan analisis statistik deskriptif. Hasil menunjukkan besaran dampak lingkungan yaitu proses manufaktur > 90%, pengiriman bahan > 1%, dan pengiriman limbah < 1% untuk produksi produk A dan B. Biaya lingkungan untuk memproduksi produk per sachet adalah Rp7.718,00 (produk A) dan Rp40.996,00 (produk B). Besarnya dampak dan biaya lingkungan per sachet didukung oleh hasil tingkat pengetahuan yang memiliki selisih sebesar 33%. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah mengoptimalkan kualitas lingkungan proses produksi PT.X dapat dilakukan berdasarkan hasil interpretasi penelitian.

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The discussion about environmental issues in the industry mostly covers only the output of the production process. One of the efforts to resolve the environmental issues from the entire industrial process chain is a life cycle assessment. PT. X is a powdered milk producer in Indonesia whose environmental management refers to the production process's output and has not been evaluated from the product life cycle. The research purposes of analyzing the potential environmental impacts of the production process. The research method uses a life cycle assessment combined with the environmental price and descriptive statistical analysis.

The results show the contribution of the environmental impact, i.e., manufacturing process > 90%, material transportation > 1%, and waste transportation < 1% for product A and B production. The environmental cost for producing the product per sachet is Rp7.718,00 (product A) and Rp40.996,00 (product B). The result of environmental impact and environmental cost is also supported by the knowledge level results, which has a gap 33%. The conclusion of this research is to optimize environmental quality in the production process of PT. X can be carried out based on the results of research interpretation."

"ABSTRAKGreen building di dunia masih didominasi bangunan baru. Di lain sisi,melimpahnya jumlah existing building memiliki potensi untuk menerapkan green building. Di Indonesia, existing green building masih tertinggal dengan bukti hanya memiliki 6 bangunan bersertifikasi Existing Building. Maka dalam penelitian ini memaparkan model perubahan existing building menjadi green building berdasarkan pencapaian level sertifikasinya dengan pendekatan analisa life-cycle assesment. Penelitian menggunakan wawancara mendalam dan studi kasus untuk menghasilkan model optimasi perhitungannya. Penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa penambahan investasi awal akan meningkatkan benefit cost sehingga akan mendapatkan IRR dan BCR yang lebih tinggi serta mempercepat payback period untuk konversi konsep dari bangunan konvensional menjadi existing green building.

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ABSTRACTGreen Building in the world is still dominated by new construction. On the other hand, the abundant amount of existing buildings has the potential to adopt it. In Indonesia, existing green buildings are lagging behind that proves there has only 6 certified existing buildings. So, this research explains the conversion model amount of buildings to get green certification with life cycle assessment method. The research uses in depth interviews and case studies to generate optimized calculation models. The research claims that the addition of initial cost will increase benefit cost so that it will achieve higher BCR and IRR and accelerate payback period for the conversion of conventional building to existing green building."

"Batubara mempunyai peran utama sebagai sumber energi dalam upaya menyediakan pasokan listrik global, terhitung hampir 40% dari konsumsi global. Indonesia masih bergantung kepada batubara sebagai bahan bakar PLTU karena ketersediaannya yang melimpah, harga batubara yang murah dan biaya produksi yang lebih murah dibandingkan dengan biaya produksi menggunakan bahan bakar lain. Namun, kelemahan pemanfaatan batubara adalah memberikan dampak yang signifikan terhadap peningkatan polusi udara. Salah satu emisi terbesar yang dihasilkan PLTU batubara adalah emisi CO2 yang dapat mengakibatkan Global Warming Potential (GWP) atau pemanasan global dan emisi SO2 yang dapat mengakibatkan Acidification Potential (AP) atau pengasaman kondisi udara. Total emisi GWP di Indonesia pada tahun 2019 adalah sebesar 889 MT CO2 eq, Indonesia perlu mengurangi tingkat emisi hingga dibawah 662 MTCO2 eq pada tahun 2030 dan dibawah 51 MTCO2 eq pada tahun 2050, agar berada dalam kisaran 'fair-share' yang kompatibel dengan skenario Paris Agreeement. Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah untuk mengurangi emisi GWP dan AP dari sektor kelistrikan adalah dengan meningkatkan peran energi baru dan terbarukan dalam bauran energi Indonesia dari 11.4% pada tahun 2019 menjadi 23% pada tahun 2028. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh nilai emisi CO2 dan SO2 serta dampak lingkungannya, yaitu GWP dengan parameter ton CO2-eq / GWh dan AP dengan parameter ton-SO2 eq / GWh. Metode LCA terdiri dari tujuan dan definisi ruang lingkup, Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) dan interpretasi. Batasan sistem LCA pada penelitian ini adalah gate to gate LCA. Objek penelitian ini adalah salah satu PLTU batubara terbesar di Indonesia yang menggunakan batubara kalori sedang. Simulasi LCA dengan menggunakan SimaPro 9.0 mendapatkan nilai Global Warming Potential sebesar 783-ton CO2e/GWh dan Acidification Potential sebesar 0.599-ton SO2e/GWh. Berdasarkan nilai GWP hasil perhitungan LCA, didapat total emisi GWP dari PLTU batubara tahun 2019 sebesar 138,6 MT CO2 eq. Jika Indonesia tidak melakukan upaya yang optimal (business as usual), maka pada tahun 2030 emisi GWP Indonesia akan mencapai 1.817 MT CO2e. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan upaya-upaya agar kenaikan emisi GWP, khususnya dari PLTU batubara yang memberikan kontribusi yang cukup besar agar sejalan dengan komitmen Indonesia dalam Paris Agreeement.

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Coal has a major role as an energy source in an effort to provide global electricity supply, accounting for nearly 40% of global consumption. Indonesia still depends on coal as the fuel for PLTU because of its abundant availability and the price of production which is cheaper than other fuels. However, the disadvantage of using coal is that it has a significant impact on increasing air pollution. One of the biggest emissions produced by coal-fired power plants is CO2 which can cause Global Warming Potential (GWP) and SO2 which can lead to Acidification Potential (AP) which results in acidification of air conditions. Total GWP emissions in Indonesia in 2019 amounted to 889 MT CO2eq, Indonesia needs to reduce its emissions to below 662 MT CO2eq in 2030 and 51 MT CO2eq in 2050 to be within the 'fair-share' range compatible with the Paris Agreement scenario global 1.5 ° C. One of the efforts made by the government to reduce GWP emissions from the electricity sector is by increasing the share of new and renewable energy in Indonesia's energy mix from 11.4% in 2019 to 23% in 2030. This study aims to obtain the amount of emissions (CO2, CO2) and the environmental impact of GWP and AP with the parameters tones CO2eq / GWh and ton-SO2 eq / GWh from electrical energy generated from the electricity production process at coal-fired power plants based on LCA study with SimaPro 9.0 software. The LCA method consists of the objectives and scope definition, Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) and interpretation. The limitation of the LCA system in this study is the gate to gate LCA. The object of this research is one of the largest coal power plants in Indonesia which uses medium calorie coal as its fuel. The LCA simulation with SimaPro 9.0 obtained a Global Warming Potential value of 783-ton CO2eq / GWh and an Acidification Potential of 0.599-ton SO2eq / GWh. Total GWP emissions from coal-fired power plants in 2019 amounted to 138.6 MT CO2 eq or 15.5% of Indonesia's total GWP emissions of 889 MT CO2eq. If the government does not make optimal efforts (business as usual), then in 2030 Indonesia's GWP emissions will reach 1,817 MT CO2e. Therefore, it is necessary to make efforts to increase GWP emissions, especially from coal-fired power plants, which make a large enough contribution in line with Indonesia's commitment in the Paris Agreement."