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"ABSTRAKTerumbu karang adalah salah satu ekosistem laut yang paling penting dan paling rentan di dunia. Terumbu karang dapat rusak yang diakibatkan oleh faktor lingkungan dan aktivitas manusia, seperti kegiatan pariwisata. Kepulauan Bangka Belitung adalah salah satu provinsi di Indonesia yang memiliki potensi besar terumbu karang, yang kemungkinan besar mengalami kerusakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan terumbu karang yang terjadi di pulau-pulau tujuan wisata, Kabupaten Belitung, baik yang disebabkan oleh faktor alam maupun non alam secara spasial dan temporal serta menganalisis faktor penyebab utama dari perubahan luasan terumbu karang dari tahun 2005 hingga 2018. Penelitian ini menggunakan citra satelit landsat seperti Landsat 5 TM untuk tahun 2005, Landsat 7 ETM untuk tahun 2011, dan Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS untuk 2018. Dalam studi ini, perubahan terumbu karang ditentukan oleh pengolahan data citra satelit. Kemudian, metode overlay digunakan untuk menganalisis perubahan. Ada perubahan terumbu karang yang signifikan terjadi dari tahun 2005-2018, yaitu pengurangan luas terumbu karang dari semula seluas 5,05 km2, menjadi seluas 1,98 km2 atau berkurang seluas 3,93 km2. Dari 3,93 km2 luas terumbu karang yang berkurang atau rusak tersebut, seluas 1,34 km2, atau sekitar 34.04 disebabkan oleh faktor non alam atau dengan kata lain sekitar 65.96 kerusakan diakibatkan oleh faktor alam.

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ABSTRACTCoral reefs are one of the most important and the most vulnerable marine ecosystem in the world. The coral reefs can be damaged, because of environmental factors and human activities, such as tourism activities. Bangka Belitung islands is one of the provinces in Indonesia that have a huge potential of coral reefs, which are likely being damaged. This study aims to analyse the changing of coral reefs that occurred caused by natural and non natural factors in the islands of tourist destinations in Belitung Regency spatially and temporally from 2005 to 2018. This study used landsat satellite imageries such as Landsat 5 TM for 2005, Landsat 7 ETM for 2011, and Landsat 8 OLI TIRS for 2018. In this study, the changes of coral reefs will be determined by image data processing. Then, overlay methods are used to analyse the changes. There are significant coral reef changes in 2005 2018. The coral reef areas decreased from 5.05 km2 to 1.98 km2 or decreased about 3.93 km2. Out of 3.93 km2 decreased area, approximately 1.34 km2 or about 34.04 is caused by non natural factors. In other words, about 65.96 of damaged coral reef area is caused by natural factors."

"ABSTRAKTerumbu karang merupakan salah satu kekayaan alam yang terkenal dalam sektor pariwisata bahari, dimana terumbu karang memiliki manfaat yang baik dari segi ekologi maupun ekonomi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis pola spasial perubahan kondisi karang dan menganalisis aktivitas wisata bahari yang dapat mempengaruhi kondisi sebaran terumbu karang di Nusa Dua dan Nusa Penida. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah analisis spasial dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu luasan sebaran karang di Kawasan Nusa Dua dan Nusa Penida berjumlah 592,61 Ha, didalamnya terdapat 3 klasifikasi yaitu karang hidup, karang mati, dan pasir. Pada tahun 2012, luasan sebaran karang hidup di Nusa Dua berkisar 111,09 Ha dan di Nusa Penida berkisar 186,31 Ha. Luasan sebaran karang mati di Nusa Dua sebesar 157,02 Ha dan 53,80 Ha di Nusa Penida, sedangkan untuk luasan sebaran pasir di Nusa Dua berkisar 39,77 Ha dan 44,61 Ha di Nusa Penida. Pada tahun 2016, luasan sebaran karang hidup di Nusa Dua berkisar 111,71 Ha dan di Nusa Penida berkisar 186,53 Ha. Luasan sebaran karang mati di Nusa Dua sebesar 156,40 Ha dan 53,59 Ha di Nusa Penida, sedangkan untuk luasan sebaran pasir di Nusa Dua berkisar 39,77 Ha dan 44,61 Ha di Nusa Penida. Pada Kawasan Wisata di Nusa Dua dan Nusa Penida memiliki bermacam-macam jenis kegiatan wisata bahari diantaranya seperti: snorkeling, diving, dan watersports. Untuk Pola spasial perubahan kondisi terumbu karang yang berdasarkan aktivitas wisata dibagi menjadi 3 kelas kategori untuk mengetahui tingkat kepadatan wisatawan pada lokasi-lokasi dive point yaitu jarang, sedang, dan padat di Kawasan Nusa Dua dan Nusa Penida. Lokasi dive spot pada kelas tingkat kepadatan wisatawan yang padat pada lokasi dive spot Nusa Dua, Crystal Bay, Batu Gede, Manta Point, dan Malibu Point.

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ABSTRACTCoral reefs are one of the renowned natural wealth in the marine tourism sector, where coral reefs have both ecological and economic benefits. The purpose of this research is to analyze spatial pattern of coral condition change and to analyze marine tourism activity that can influence the condition of coral reef distribution in Nusa Dua and Nusa Penida. The method used in this research is spatial analysis using descriptive method. The results of this study are the extent of coral distribution in the area of Nusa Dua and Nusa Penida amounted to 592.61 Ha, in which there are 3 classifications of live coral, dead coral, and sand. In 2012, the extent of live coral distribution in Nusa Dua ranges from 111.09 Ha and in Nusa Penida around 186.31 Ha. The extent of dead coral distribution in Nusa Dua is 157.02 Ha and 53.80 Ha in Nusa Penida, while for the extent of sand in Nusa Dua ranges from 39.77 Ha and 44.61 Ha in Nusa Penida. In 2016, the extent of live coral distribution in Nusa Dua ranges from 111.71 Ha and in Nusa Penida around 186.53 Ha. The extent of dead coral distribution in Nusa Dua is 156,40 Ha and 53,59 Ha in Nusa Penida, while for the amount of sand distribution in Nusa Dua is around 39,77 Ha and 44,61 Ha in Nusa Penida. In Nusa Dua and Nusa Penida Tourism Area has various kinds of marine tourism activities such as snorkeling, diving, and watersports. For spatial pattern changes of coral reef condition based on tourism activity divided into 3 categories category to know the level of tourist density at dive point location that is rare, medium, and solid in Nusa Dua and Nusa Penida. The location of the dive spot on the crowded tourist density class at the Nusa Dua dive spot, Crystal Bay, Batu Gede, Manta Point and Malibu Point."

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ABSTRACTCoral reef cover has been conducted observations using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT), and methods of Under water Fish Visual Census (UVC) to determine the type of fish Observation of the condition of coral reefs and reef fish is done in shallow water which is 3-6 depth in ten-point observation station. Based on direct observtion, the general condition of coral reef in Wangi-wangi Island is classied into the category from moderate to good. The average peresentage of live coral cover (life form) at the base station to station 10 is 64,61%. Water temperature ranged from 25 until 29oC, Salinity 34-36?, Brightness reaces the bottom; diversity index (H?) ranged from 3,2 to 3,6. Uniformity index (E) at te bottom waters ranged from 0,83 to 0,91. Dominance Index (C) ranged from 0,09 to 0,14. Reef fish diversity index ranged from 2,96 to 3,97, Uniformity index (E) reef fish ranged from 0,55 to 0,97. Valve dominance index (C) ranged from 0,04 to 0,17. Based on the valve of scoring on te whole category, all of the observation stations are include in category S1 which is suitable for beach tourism or nautical tourism like diving or snorkling.;Coral reef cover has been conducted observations using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT), and methods of Under water Fish Visual Census (UVC) to determine the type of fish Observation of the condition of coral reefs and reef fish is done in shallow water which is 3-6 depth in ten-point observation station. Based on direct observtion, the general condition of coral reef in Wangi-wangi Island is classied into the category from moderate to good. The average peresentage of live coral cover (life form) at the base station to station 10 is 64,61%. Water temperature ranged from 25 until 29oC, Salinity 34-36?, Brightness reaces the bottom; diversity index (H?) ranged from 3,2 to 3,6. Uniformity index (E) at te bottom waters ranged from 0,83 to 0,91. Dominance Index (C) ranged from 0,09 to 0,14. Reef fish diversity index ranged from 2,96 to 3,97, Uniformity index (E) reef fish ranged from 0,55 to 0,97. Valve dominance index (C) ranged from 0,04 to 0,17. Based on the valve of scoring on te whole category, all of the observation stations are include in category S1 which is suitable for beach tourism or nautical tourism like diving or snorkling., Coral reef cover has been conducted observations using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT), and methods of Under water Fish Visual Census (UVC) to determine the type of fish Observation of the condition of coral reefs and reef fish is done in shallow water which is 3-6 depth in ten-point observation station. Based on direct observtion, the general condition of coral reef in Wangi-wangi Island is classied into the category from moderate to good. The average peresentage of live coral cover (life form) at the base station to station 10 is 64,61%. Water temperature ranged from 25 until 29oC, Salinity 34-36?, Brightness reaces the bottom; diversity index (H?) ranged from 3,2 to 3,6. Uniformity index (E) at te bottom waters ranged from 0,83 to 0,91. Dominance Index (C) ranged from 0,09 to 0,14. Reef fish diversity index ranged from 2,96 to 3,97, Uniformity index (E) reef fish ranged from 0,55 to 0,97. Valve dominance index (C) ranged from 0,04 to 0,17. Based on the valve of scoring on te whole category, all of the observation stations are include in category S1 which is suitable for beach tourism or nautical tourism like diving or snorkling.]"

"Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pola sebaran spasial perubahan habitat terumbu karang di kawasan pesisir Pulau Derawan tahun 2003, 2011, dan 2021. Selanjutnya dampak resolusi spasial dan tingkat kemampuan algoritma klasifikasi machine learning pada pemetaan distribusi habitat terumbu karang akan dinilai. Penelitian ini menggunakan citra satelit Landsat 7 ETM+ dan Sentinel-2 untuk memetakan sebaran spasial habitat terumbu karang. Selanjutnya, citra satelit Landsat 9 tahun 2022, citra satelit Sentinel-2 tahun 2022, dan Foto Udara Multispektral tahun 2021 digunakan untuk menilai tingkat kemampuan algoritma klasifikasi pembelajaran mesin untuk resolusi spasial. Algoritma klasifikasi non-parametrik seperti Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), dan Classification and Regression Tree digunakan (CART).

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The research was done to determine the pattern of the spatial distribution of changes in coral reef habitat in the coastal areas of Derawan Island in 2003, 2011, and 2021. Furthermore, the impact of spatial resolution and the level of ability of machine learning classification algorithms on mapping the distribution of coral reef habitats will be assessed. The study used Landsat 7 ETM+ and Sentinel-2 satellite images to map the spatial distribution of coral reef habitat. Furthermore, Landsat 9 satellite imagery from 2022, Sentinel-2 satellite imagery from 2022, and Multispectral Aerial Photographs from 2021 are used to assess the ability level of the machine learning classification algorithm for spatial resolution. Non-parametric classification algorithms such as Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Classification and Regression Tree are used (CART)."

"ABSTRAKKelapa sawit adalah komoditas yang saat ini berkembang paling pesat di wilayah Kabupaten Bangka Barat Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Banyaknya aktivitas budidaya komoditas ini dalam skala besar yang dilakukan oleh pihak swasta telah berdampak pada perubahan tutupan lahan serta berpengaruh pada kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat sekitar perkebunan. Tujuan umum dari penelitian ini adalah menyusun rencana upaya pemanfaatan lahan pertanian yang berkelanjutan di wilayah Bangka Barat untuk masa mendatang terkait dengan dampak negatif aktivitas kelapa sawit swasta pada kondisi lingkungan dan kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat.Metode penelitian secara umum menggunakan metode observasi lapangan, studi dokumen dan metode survei dengan teknik estimasi dan overlay. Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder berupa data dan peta penggunaan lahan historis selama periode 1990-2011, peta HGU sawit swasta dan peta-peta dasar RTRW. Data primer dalam penelitan didapatkan dari hasil wawancara dan digunakan untuk menggambarkan kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat sebagai dampak adanya aktivitas kelapa sawit swasta.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa konversi tutupan lahan menjadi lahan kelapa sawit swasta selama periode 1990-2011 di Kabupaten Bangka Barat dominan terjadi pada kelas perkebunan atau kebun seluas 15.492,2 ha, disusul kelas pertanian lahan kering campur semak dan kebun campur 7.978,6 ha dan kelas semak belukar seluas 6.513,4 ha. Dari sisi sosial ekonomi, aktivitas kelapa sawit swasta diketahui telah berpengaruh pada skala kepemilikan lahan oleh masyarakat, perubahan perilaku pola hidup masyarakat petani karet, dan hilangnya sistem kebun desa. Rencana pemanfaatan lahan sebagai hasil dan tujuan akhir penelitian dibuat dengan mempertimbangkan dampak aktivitas kelapa sawit swasta pada perubahan tutupan lahan serta kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat, di antaranya adalah melakukan aspek pertimbangan komoditas alternatif, penentuan luas dan lokasi masing-masing kombinasi dari komoditas alternatif dan mengikutsertakan beberapa nilai-nilai luhur sosial yang harus tetap terpelihara dalam aktivitas pertanian dan perkebunan di masa mendatang.

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ABSTRACTPalm oil is a commodity which currently grew with the most rapid rate at the region of West Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Islands Province. The many activities of cultivation of this commodity on a large scale by the private sector have an impact on land cover changes and on socio-economic conditions of communities around the plantation. The general objective of this research is to develop a plan of sustainable agricultural land use in West Bangka Regency for the foreseeable future related to the negative impact of private palm oil activities on environmental and socio-economic conditions of society.Research methods in general using field observation method, document study and survey methods by estimation and overlay techniques. The study uses secondary data which are historical land use maps for the period 1990-2011, private oil concession maps and basic map of Spatial Planning. Primary data in the study obtained from the interviews which are used to describe the socio-economic conditions of society as a result of the presence of private oil palm activity.The results showed that conversion of land cover into oil palm private land during 1990-2011 in the West Bangka Regency occured dominantly on plantation or garden class 15.492,2 ha, followed by dryland farming class mixed shrub and mixed plantations 7.978,6 ha and class shrub 6.513,4 ha. In terms of socio-economic, private palm oil activities is known to have an effect on the scale of land ownership by the community, changes in lifestyle behaviors on rubber farming community, and the loss of rural farm system. Land use plans as a result and ultimate goal of this research made by considering the impact of private palm oil activity on land cover change and socio-economic conditions of society, in between was doing consideration aspect of alternative commodities, determining the extent and location of each combination of alternative commodities and include several noble social values that should be maintained in agricultural and plantation activities in the future."

"Pulau Pari adalah gugusan dari Kepulauan Seribu yang terletak diantara 5⁰ 50' LS-05⁰ 52' LS dan 106⁰ 34' BT-106⁰ 38' BT. Pulau Pari yang memiliki potensi akan wisata, sehingga perlu adanya pengelolaan mengenai hal tersebut. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka perlu adanya analisis mengenai terumbu karang, daya dukung lingkungan, perilaku wisatawan, dan usulan mengenai skenario pengelolaan wisata selam. Pendekatan riset yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini menggunakan mix method (kuantitatif dan kualitatif). Analisis yang digunakan pada riset ini adalah kondisi terumbu karang, data kelimpahan ikan karang, kesesuaian lahan perairan, daya dukung kawasan, dan analisis perilaku wisatawan. Hasil kondisi terumbu karang di Pulau Pari pada Stasiun 1 dan 4 adalah kategori sangat buruk, Stasiun 2 kategori baik, dan Stasiun 3,5, dan 6 termasuk dalam kategori buruk. Hasil pada kesesuian wisata pada perairan Pulau Pari termasuk dalam kategori S2 dengan pengertian termasuk dalam kategori sesuai. Pada kegiatan wisata selam, maka akan sangat terkait dengan wisatawan. Pada analisis perilaku wisatawan sebanyak 50 responden, mendapatkan hasil bahwa 58% wisatawan pernah melakukan perilaku destruktif. Hasil Analisis menunjukkan bahwa wisata selam sendiri menyumbang 7,26% kerusakan terumbu karang. Daya dukung wisata berfungsi untuk menetapkan jumlah wisatawan, dimana didapatkan hasil 22 orang/hari dan usulan dibagi menjadi 3 zona pemanfaatan yaitu : zona inti, zona penyangga, dan zona pemanfaatan.

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Pari Island is a cluster of the Thousand Islands, located between 5⁰ 50' LS-05⁰ 52' LS dan 106⁰ 34' BT-106⁰ 38' BT. Pari Island which has the potential to be tourist, so it needs the management about it. Based on this, the need for analysis of the coral reefs, the carrying capacity of the environment, tourist behavior, and proposals regarding the dive tourism management scenarios. Approach to research carried out in this study using a mixed method (quantitative and qualitative). The analysis used in this research is the condition of coral reefs, reef fish abundance of data, land suitability waters, the carrying capacity of the region, and the analysis of tourist behavior. The result of the condition of coral reefs in Pulau Pari at Station 1 and 4 is a very bad category, Station 2 good category, Station 3,5, 6 stations included in the category of bad. The yield on the suitability travel in Pari Island waters included in the S2 category with the understanding included in the appropriate category. At the dive tourism activities, it will be associated with tourists. In rating the behavior analysis of 50 respondents, get the result that 58% of tourists ever do destructive behavior. Analysis showed that the dive tourism alone accounts for 7.26% of coral reef damage. Tourism carrying capacity is used to set the number of tourists, which showed 22 people/day and the proposed utilization are divided into 3 zones, namely: core zone, buffer zone, and the zone of utilization. At the dive tourism activities, it will be associated with tourists. In rating the behavior analysis of 50 respondents, get the result that 58% of tourists ever do destructive behavior. Analysis showed that the dive tourism alone accounts for 7.26% of coral reef damage. Tourism carrying capacity is used to set the number of tourists, which showed 22 people/day and the proposed utilization are divided into 3 zones, namely: core zone, buffer zone, and the zone of utilization. At the dive tourism activities, it will be associated with tourists. In rating the behavior analysis of 50 respondents, get the result that 58% of tourists ever do destructive behavior. Analysis showed that the dive tourism alone accounts for 7.26% of coral reef damage. Tourism carrying capacity is used to set the number of tourists, which showed 22 people/day and the proposed utilization are divided into 3 zones, namely: core zone, buffer zone, and the zone of utilization."

"Keberadaan laut dan sumber daya yang dikandungnya harus dijaga demi generasi-generasi manusia yang akan datang. Salah satunya adalah ekosistem terumbu karang yang merupakan sumber daya laut yang perlu di jaga. Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan yang telah dikenal oleh seluruh dunia sebagai negara yang memiliki keanekaragaman hayati dan kekayaan sumber daya laut yang tinggi. Hal tersebut tidak lepas dari maraknya kerusakan ekosistem terumbu karang salah satu contohnya dengan banyaknya kapal kandas di perairan Indonesia. Kapal-kapal kandas yang merusak terumbu karang di Indonesia salah satunya adalah Kandasnya Kapal Asing MV Lyric Poet dan MT Alex di Perairan Bangka Belitung. Kandasnya kapal asing MV Lyric Poet di di Laut Natuna, sekitar 80 mil laut dari Kota Pangkal Pinang di Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung dan kapal asing MT Alex yang kandas di perairan Manggar Kabupaten Belitung Timur yang diperkirakan berjarak kurang lebih 65 mil laut dari Kota Manggar. Tulisan ini akan menjelaskan mengenai bagaimana implementasi serta penegakan hukum yang dilakukan Indonesia dalam menerapkan perlindungan terumbu karang ditinjau dari hukum internasional seperti UNCLOS 1982, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Agenda 21, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species a (CITES) dan United Nations Convention Concerning the Protection of The World Cultural and Natural Heritage 1972. Serta keikutsertaan Indonesia dalam kerjasama regional terkait perlindungan mengenai ekosistem terumbu karang seperti Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs Fisheries and Food Security (CTI-CTF) dan International Coral Reefs Initiative (ICRI). Metode penelitian yang dipergunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu dengan bentuk penelitian yuridis- normatif menggunakan data sekunder dengan alat pengumpulan data berupa bahan pusataka dan wawancara. Simpulan yang diambil dalam penelitian ini adalah upaya penegakan hukum yang diambil oleh Indonesia dalam kasus Kandasnya Kapal Asing MV Lyric Poet dan MT Alex di Perairan Bangka Belitung adalah dengan penyelesaian sengketa lingkungan hidup di luar pengadilan sesuai dengan Permen LHK No. 4 Tahun 2013 Tentang Pedoman Penyelesaian Sengketa Lingkungan Hidup dan ketentuan sanksi yang   diimplementasikan dalam UUPLH No. 32 Tahun 2009 serta diperlukannya urgensi bagi negara-negara di dunia untuk segera membentuk suatu perjanjian internasional yang bersifat memaksa untuk menyelesaikan masalah terumbu karang secara spesifik. Regulasi harus berupa hukum yang keras dan mengikat dalam bentuk konvensi PBB untuk dapat mengisi celah dalam hukum internasional tentang perlindungan ekosistem terumbu karang.

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The existence of the sea and the resources it contains must be maintained for the sake of human generations to come. One of them is the coral reef ecosystem which is a marine resource that needs to be maintained. Indonesia is an archipelagic country that is known throughout the world as a country that has high biodiversity and wealth of marine resources. This cannot be separated from the rampant damage to coral reef ecosystems, one example of which is the many ships aground in Indonesian waters. One of the aground ships that damaged coral reefs in Indonesia was the Stranded Ships MV Lyric Poet and MT Alex in Bangka Belitung Waters. The foundering of the foreign ship MV Lyric Poet in the Natuna Sea, about 80 nautical miles from Pangkal Pinang City in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province and the foreign ship MT Alex which ran aground in Manggar waters, East Belitung Regency, which is estimated to be approximately 65 nautical miles from Manggar City. This paper will explain how Indonesia implements and enforces laws in protecting coral reefs in terms of international laws such as UNCLOS 1982, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Agenda 21, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species a (CITES) and the United Nations Convention Concerning the Protection of The World Cultural and Natural Heritage 1972. As well as Indonesia's participation in regional cooperation related to the protection of coral reef ecosystems such as the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs Fisheries and Food Security (CTI) -CTF) and the International Coral Reefs Initiative (ICRI). The research method used in this study is a normative-juridical research using secondary data with data collection tools in the form of library materials and interviews. The conclusions drawn in this study are that the law enforcement efforts taken by Indonesia in the case of the Stranded Foreign Ship MV Lyric Poet and MT Alex in Bangka Belitung Waters are by resolving environmental disputes out of court in accordance with Minister of Environment and Forestry No. 4 of 2013 concerning Guidelines for Environmental Dispute Resolution and the sanctions provisions implemented in UUPLH No. 32 of 2009 and and the need for urgency for countries in the world to immediately form an international agreement that is coercive to resolve the problem of coral reefs specifically. Regulations must be in the form of strict and binding laws in the form of UN conventions to be able to fill gaps in international law regarding the protection of coral reef ecosystems."

"Terumbu karang merupakan ekosistem yang kompleks dengan keragaman biologi tinggi yang mendukung produktivitas perikanan. Belum banyak penelitian mengenai informasi data bio-bisik, sosio-ekonomi, dan tata kelola dalam pengelolaan kawasan konservasi di Pangandaran Kabupaten Ciamis. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis kondisi terumbu karang dari aspek bio-fisik, sosio-ekonomi, dan tata kelola sejak penetapan pencadangan sebagai kawasan konservasi laut serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi. Pengumpulan data kondisi biofisik terumbu karang dilakukan dengan metode transek garis (line intercept transect/LIT) pada lokasi Pasir Putih, Batu Mandi, Batu Layar, dan Batu Nunggal di 8 titik kedalaman (3 m dan 5 m). Kondisi lingkungan terumbu karang dilakukan dengan pengukuran parameter-parameter kualitas perairan (suhu, kecerahan, salinitas, arus, dan pH). Untuk mengetahui kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat dan tata kelola dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuisioner dan wawancara dengan 57 orang responden. Data sekunder kondisi terumbu karang sebelum dan sesudah penetapan kawasan konservasi laut di Pangandaran dikumpulkan dari hasil penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya.Indikator biofisik menunjukkan hasil trend tutupan karang hidup di kedalaman 3 m mempunyai kecenderungan menurun, dan kedalaman 5 m mempunyai kecenderungan tutupan karang hidup yang stabil. Kondisi terumbu karang di lokasi penelitian berada pada status buruk sampai dengan baik. Kondisi terumbu karang di Pangandaran dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas pariwisata dan aktivitas penangkapan ikan, serta peran aktif masyarakat dalam pengelolaannya. Pengelolaan kolaboratif kawasan konservasi terumbu karang di Pangandaran Kabupaten Ciamis merupakan faktor penentu kelestarian terumbu karang.

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Coral reefs are complex ecosystems with high biodiversity that supports the productivity of fisheries. Not much information on the research of bio-physical, socio-economic, and governance in the management of conservation areas in Pangandaran Ciamis. The research was carried out to analyze the condition of coral reefs in the aspects of bio-physical, socio-economic, and governance since the establishment of marine reserves as a conservation area and the factors that influence. Biophysical condition of coral reefs conducted by the line intercept transect (LIT) at the location of Pasir Putih, Batu Mandi, Batu Layar, and Batu Nunggal in 8 point depths (3 m and 5 m).

The environmental conditions of coral reefs conducted by measuring the water quality parameters (temperature, brightness, salinity, currents, and pH). To find out the socio-economic conditions of society and governance is done by using a questionnaire and interviews with 57 respondents. Secondary data coral reefs before and after the establishment of marine protected areas in Pangandaran collected from the results of previous studies.

Biophysical indicator shows trend results live coral cover in depth of 3 m have a tendency to decline, and a depth of 5 m has a tendency to live coral cover was stable. The condition of coral reefs in the study sites are in poor to good status. The condition of coral reefs in Pangandaran is influenced by the activity of tourism and fishing activities, as well as the active role in its management. Collaborative management of coral reef conservation in Pangandaran Ciamis is an important determinant of coral reef conservation."

"Sumberdaya terumbu karang di Pulau Tidung telah lama dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat setempat untuk berbagai keperluan. Pada saat ini sebagian masyarakat Pulau Tidung menggantungkan hidupnya sebagai penyedia jasa kegiatan wisata yang sebelumnya berprofesi sebagai nelayan. Adanya kegiatan wisata di Pulau Tidung yang tanpa terkendali yang memanfaatkan keindahan karang dapat berdampak terjadinya penurunan kualitas terumbu karang di sekitarnya. Metode pengamatan untuk mengamati tingkat kerusakan karang adalah Line Intercept Transect dan faktor lingkungan diamati dengan pengukuran berbagai parameter lingkungan perairan secara langsung di lapangan. Aspek sosial ekonomi dan pengelolaan dikaji dari berbagai peraturan yang telah ada dan wawancara secara mendalam dengan penduduk setempat dan wisatawan. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai kondisi kerusakan terumbu karang dan faktor penyebabnya baik faktor antropogenik maupun non-antropogenik serta pengelolaan terumbu karang di Pulau Tidung. Beberapa faktor yang diamati yaitu kondisi perairan, kondisi terumbu karang, aspek sosial masyarakat dan kebijakan pengelolaan terumbu karang. Kondisi perairan meliputi suhu, kecerahan, kecepatan arus, pH, salinitas, fosfat dan nitrat. Kondisi karang meliputi persentase tutupan karang, indeks keanekaragaman, dan indeks dominasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama bulan Juni – Agustus 2011. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi terumbu karang di Pulau Tidung dalam kondisi rusak - sedang dengan persentase tutupan karang hidup antara 21,41% – 30,19%. Indeks keanekaragaman tutupan berkisar antara 2,0423 – 2,1495 dan indeks dominasi tutupan berkisar antara 0,1433 – 0,1466, nilai tersebut memperlihatkan adanya keanekaragaman dan tekanan lingkungan yang sedang, dan tidak adanya dominasi tutupan karang tertentu. Parameter kualitas air laut memperlihatkan masih dalam ambang batas normal untuk kehidupan karang. Faktor antropogenik berupa kegiatan pariwisata, penambangan karang, pengeboman dan pengoperasian kapal di daerah terumbu karang diduga berperan terhadap kerusakan karang di Pulau Tidung. Pengelolaan terumbu karang di Pulau Tidung telah diatur melalui beberapa peraturan baik secara nasional maupun oleh pemerintah setempat, namun pelaksanaannya belum optimal sehingga diperlukan implementasi kebijakan yang lebih baik dengan menerapkan program kesadaran masyarakat, penegakan hukum dan peran masyarakat secara aktif dalam mengelola sumberdaya laut.

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Coral reef resources in Tidung Island has been used by local people for various purposes. At this time most of local people working as a travel provider or tourist guide. The existence of tourist activities in Tidung Island that utilizes the exotic of coral reefs affect the condition of coral reefs in this area. Observation method to observe the level of coral damage is Line Intercept Transect and environmental factors observed by measuring several water quality parameters. Socio-economic and management aspects examined from existing regulations and interviews with local people and tourists. The aim of this study is to discuss the coral condition and the causes of coral degradation including anthropogenic factors, non-anthropogenic and management of coral reefs in Tidung Island, Seribu Islands, north off Jakarta. Several factors were observed, namely the condition of waters, coral reefs, and social aspects and management. Water conditions include temperature, brightness, speed of flow, pH, salinity, phosphate and nitrate, and the condition of coral include life form percentage, index of diversity, and dominance index. The research was conducted during June to August 2011. The results show that the condition of coral reefs in Tidung Island was categorised bad condition to moderate with the percentage of life form ranges between 21.41% - 30.19%. Index of diversity ranged from 2.0423 to 2.1495 and dominance index ranged between 0.1433 to 0.1466. These showed ​​that the level of diversity and environmental pressures are medium, and has no a spesific type of coral cover that dominates in coral reefs. Water quality parameters are still within normal limits for coral life. Anthropogenic factors such as tourism, mining coral, destructive fishing (bombings) and the operation of ships in coral reef are thought to contribute to destruction of coral reef in Tidung Island. Management of coral reefs in Tidung Island has been governed by several regulations by both national and local government, but the implementation has not been optimized so the implementation of better policies by implementing public awareness programs, law enforcement and community participation in managing marine resources is needed."

"Unmet need KB di Indonesia belum mencapai target khususnya di Pulau Kalimantan. Penurunan unmet need KB dapat mencegah kematian ibu. Adanya desentralisasi menuntut pemerintah daerah membuat kebijakan kesehatan seperti program KB. Analisis spatio-temporal dibutuhkan untuk menyelidiki unmet need KB yang berguna untuk memantau program KB. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pola spasial dan faktor faktor yang mempengaruhi unmet need KB tahun 2018-2021 di tingkat Kabupaten/Kota di Pulau Kalimantan, Indonesia. Studi ekologi dilakukan pada 56 Kabupaten/kota di Pulau Kalimantan pada tahun 2018-2021. Data berbentuk agregat dan bersumber dari Laporan Pengendalian dan Pelayanan Kontrasepsi BKKBN, Buku Publikasi Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) dan Website Dewan Jaminan Sosial Sistem Informasi Terpadu. Analisis data dengan menggunakan Geographically Temporal Weighted Regression. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Bulungan, Malinau, Nunukan, Tana Tidung, Kota Tarakan, Bontang, Kutai Kartanegara, dan Kutai Timur konsisten berada pada klaster I (High-high) pada tahun 2018-2021. Pemodelan unmet need KB yang didapatkan pada tingkat Kabupaten/kota di Pulau Kalimantan selama 2018-2021 adalah kemiskinan, pendapatan, non cakupan JKN, rasio praktik bidan mandiri, rasio faskes KB pemerintah, rasio faskes KB swasta, rasio penyuluh KB dengan nilai adjusted R square sebesar 46,06%. Kemiskinan berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan unmet need KB di 43 Kabupaten/Kota (76,8%) di Pulau Kalimantan, Indonesia selama 2018-2021. Non cakupan JKN berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan unmet need KB di 35 Kabupaten/kota (62,5%) di Pulau Kalimantan, Indonesia selama 2018-2021. Rasio praktik bidan mandiri, rasio faskes KB pemerintah dan rasio faskes KB swasta berpengaruh terhadap unmet need KB tetapi belum dapat menurunkan unmet need KB di Pulau Kalimantan, Indonesia selama 2018- 2021. Rasio penyuluh KB berpengaruh dalam menurunkan unmet need KB di 22 Kabupaten/kota (39,3%) di Pulau Kalimantan, Indonesia selama 2018-2021. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut direkomendasikan kepada SKPD-KB di Kabupaten/kota untuk memprioritaskan program KB pada penduduk miskin dalam menurunkan unmet need KB dengan mendekatkan program KB seperti pelayanan KB dan penyuluhan KB khususnya pada Kabupaten/kota yang konsisten tergolong kemiskinan tertinggi selama 2018-2021, yaitu Kapuas Hulu, Melawi, Kayong Utara, Paser, Kutai Barat, Kutai Timur, Mahakam Ulu dan Bulungan.

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Unmet need for family planning in Indonesia has not yet reached the target, especially on the island of Kalimantan. Reducing the unmet need for family planning can prevent maternal deaths. Decentralization requires local governments to create health policies such as family planning programs. Spatio-temporal analysis is needed to investigate unmet need for family planning which is useful for monitoring family planning programs. The aim of this research is to determine the spatial patterns and factors that influence the unmet need for family planning in 2018-2021 at the district/city level on the island of Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ecological studies were carried out in 56 districts/cities on Kalimantan Island in 2018-2021. Aggregate data is used and comes from the BKKBN Contraception Control and Services Report, the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) Publication Book and the Social Security Council's Integrated Information System Website. Data analysis using Geographically Temporal Weighted Regression. Poverty has an influence in increasing the unmet need for family planning in 43 districts/cities (76.8%) on Kalimantan Island, Indonesia during 2018-2021. Non-coverage of JKN has an influence in increasing the unmet need for family planning in 35 regencies/cities (62.5%) on Kalimantan Island, Indonesia during 2018-2021. The ratio of independent midwife practices, the ratio of government family planning health facilities and the ratio of private family planning health facilities have an influence on the unmet need for family planning but have not been able to reduce the unmet need for family planning on the island of Kalimantan, Indonesia during 2018-2021. The ratio of family planning instructors has an influence in reducing the unmet need for family planning in 22 districts/cities (39.3%) on Kalimantan Island, Indonesia during 2018-2021. Based on the results, it is recommended for SKPD-KB in districts/cities to prioritize family planning programs for the poor in reducing the unmet need for family planning by bringing family planning programs closer together such as family planning services and family planning counseling, especially in districts/cities which consistently have the highest poverty level during 2018-2021 namely Kapuas Hulu, Melawi, North Kayong, Paser, West Kutai, East Kutai, Mahakam Ulu and Bulungan."