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"ABSTRAKPara ekonom percaya bahwa wanita cantik memperoleh keuntungan di banyak hal. Keuntungan tersebut telah dirasakan sejak usia dini, yang juga berdampak di ke pasar tenaga kerja, dan pasar pernikahan. Terlepas dari semua keuntungan tersebut, terdapat upaya untuk mencapai atau mempertahankan daya tarik. Sumber daya seperti waktu dan uang diperlukan untuk meningkatkan penampilan. Dengan menggunakan metode Ordinary Least Squared, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk melihat korelasi antara daya tarik dan pendapatan. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa wanita cantik dengan kosmetik mendapatkan pendapatan 18.97 lebih banyak dari rekan kerjanya. Namun, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kecantikan tanpa penggunaan kosmetik tidak berdampak pada pendapatan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan bersolek merupakan sumber dari premi kecantikan wanita.

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ABSTRACTEconomists believe that attractive people gain advantages in many settings. The benefits of being attractive have been perceived since early age, continues to the labour market, and even further to the marriage market. Despite all of the advantages that beauty brings, efforts are being made to achieve or maintain the attractiveness. People spend substantial resources such as time and money have been spent in order to enhance appearance. Using Ordinary Least Squared, this study aims to see the correlation between attractiveness and earnings. This study finds that attractiveness women receive 18.97 more than the unattractive one with make up application. Meanwhile, attractiveness without makeup application is not correlated with earnings. That implies that grooming behaviours might be a source of the observed wage premium for women workers. "

"Keberadaan media sosial kini tak lepas dengan kehidupan sehari-hari. YouTube sebagai media sosial berbasis video, menjadi pilihan banyak orang terutama karena tampilannya yang mudah diterima dan jelas tergambarkan terutama dalam hal tutorial, termasuk juga video kecantikan. Melalui beauty vloggers, informasi mengenai cara ber-makeup dapat lebih mudah diterima dalam bentuk video. Tulisan ini berfokus kepada pemaknaan kecantikan yang dimiliki beauty vloggers, dan diwujudkan dalam video. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan menggunakan metode etnografi virtual untuk melihat dan mengamati pola-pola tertentu terhadap hal yang ditampilkan dalam media sosial, dan juga wawancara terkait kecantikan dan pengalaman yang mengiringinya. Kecantikan yang dimaknai tiap vloggers berbeda dan terkait dengan sejumlah pengalaman tertentu, namun terdapat kesamaan mendasar didalamnya. Melalui media sosial, individu tidak hanya sebagai produser, tetapi juga sebagai audience. Ide mengenai kecantikan tidak sepenuhnya bersifat personal, tetapi terbentuk dan terkait erat dengan penggunaan media.

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The existence of social media, now not separated with everyday life. YouTube as a video-based social media, is the choice of many people mainly because of it looks easily accepted and clearly illustrated primarily in terms of tutorials, included beauty videos. Through beauty vloggers, information on how to makeup can be more easily accepted in video form. This paper focuses on the meaning of beauty forbeauty vloggers, and embodied in the video. Therefore, this study will use virtual ethnographic methods to see and observe certain patterns of things featured in social media, as well as interviews that related of the beauty and experience that accompanies it. The beauty that is interpreted by each vloggers is different and related to a specific experiences, but there are basic similarities in it. Through social media, individuals are not only producers, but also as audiences. The idea of beauty is not entirely personal, but it is formed and closely related to media usage."

"Cities are developing in to a gigantic human settlement. They represent serious sub-regional gaps in economic and welfare. This article reviews the consequences of over-urbanoization. ..."

"Standar kecantikan adalah gagasan yang menyiratkan bagaimana perempuan seharusnya berpenampilan. Hal ini menjadi standar sosial sekaligus harapan terhadap perempuan, dan penampilan mereka. Di Indonesia, standar kecantikan berubah dari waktu ke waktu, bergantung pada banyak faktor kultural. Pada saat ini, media sosial berperan penting dalam banyaknya konstruksi opini publik, termasuk terhadap standar kecantikan wanita. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, inklusivitas telah menjadi tren dalam menentukan standar kecantikan di kalangan wanita Indonesia. Salah satu aspek yang berpengaruh terhadap pencangkupan inklusivitas dalam mendefinisikan standar kecantikan adalah postingan Instagram fenomenal Tara Basro yang menarik banyak sentimen campuran dari publik dan media. Fenomena yang berdampak sosial ini memiliki dampak terhadap konstruksi standar kecantikan wanita Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini untuk mengkaji apakah ada peran dari media sosial, khususnya postingan Instagram Tara Basro, dalam melakukan konstruksi terhadap persepsi publik tentang standar kecantikan wanita Indonesia.

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Beauty standard is a notion which imply how female, in particular, should look like. It became social standard as well as expectation toward female, and their appearance. In Indonesia, beauty standard has changed overtime, depending on multiple cultural factors. Nowadays, Social Media plays important role on construction various of public opinion toward many social issues, including female beauty standard. In addition, inclusivity has become a trend on defining beauty standard among Indonesian female in the past few years. One of the most recent influential aspects that promotes inclusivity in defining beauty standard is Tara Basro’s phenomenal Instagram post which drew plenty of mixed sentiment from both the public and media. This social phenomenon has its own impact toward the construction of Indonesian female beauty standard. Therefore, this study is to assess whether or not there is an impact of social media, especially Tara Basro’s Instagram post, in the construction of public perception toward Indonesian female beauty standard."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang analisis faktor-faktor penyebab munculnya konflik dalam pembangunan infrastruktur perkotaan dalam kasus pembangunan mega proyek New Yogyakarta Internantional Airport di Kecamatan Temon, Kabupaten Kulon Progo. Penulis menggunakan teori land-based elite domination dalam mesin pertumbuhan kota dan teori faktor-faktor penyebab dalam konflik pembangunan proyek infrastruktur. Temuan penulis membuktikan bahwa konflik dalam pembangunan tersebut dilatarbelakangi oleh konflik sumber daya lahan yang muncul karena konteks ekonomi politik yang terbangun oleh ambisi pemerintah untuk merespon kuatnya tekanan pembangunan suatu wilayah rural menjadi sistem wilayah urban/perkotaan dengan konsep aerotropolis dan MICE. Tekanan tersebut muncul dari kepentingan kelompok elit ekonomi politik baik elit pusat maupun daerah. Alih-alih adanya fakta dominasi kepemilikan lahan oleh elit politik lokal di DIY. Hal ini membuat konflik yang terjadi tidak semata-mata konflik pembangunan infrastruktur melainkan juga konflik lahan yang mengakar di dalam kebijakan pembangunan perkotaan. Adapun faktor-faktor lainnya yakni faktor buruknya tata kelola proyek dan faktor sosial. Faktor-faktor tersebut turut berkontribusi pada ekskalasi dan kontinyuitas konflik dari tahun 2012-2018. Oleh karenanya penulis mengelompokkan tiga kategori analisis yakni kebijakan pembangunan proyek yang bersifat elitis, faktor tata kelola proyek, dan faktor sosial.

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This study discusses the factors causing conflict in the construction of the New Yogyakarta International Airport mega project in Temon, Kulon Progo. To support this research analitically, the author uses the theory of land-based elite domination in urban growth machine and the theory of causal factors in the conflict of infrastructure project development. The author's findings show that conflict in the development project is motivated by land conflicts that arise from political economy interest of government to respond the strong pressure of regional development into urban systems with the concept of aerotropolis and MICE. The pressure comes from economic elite institutions both central and regional. Instead it includes the fact that there were land domination by local political elite in DIY. This creates conflicts that occur not only in the scope of infrastructure building project but also in the scope of urban development policies. The other factors are poor project governance and social factors. These factors contributed to the escalation and prolongation of the conflict between 2012-2018. So the authors classifies three categories of analysis that consist of elitist project development policies, governance driver of conflict, and social driver of conflict."

"ABSTRAKSetiap perusahaan dalam melakukan kegiatan usahanya tidak akan terlepas dari suatuaksi korporasi. Aksi korporasi yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan tersebut kerapkaliberupa suatu transaksi yang mengandung benturan kepentingan. Metode penelitianyang akan digunakan dalam penulisan tesis ini adalah bersifat yuridis kepustakaandan jenis data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder. Alat pengumpulan data yangdigunakan berupa studi dokumen, wawancara dan metose analisis data digunakansecara kualitatif. Transaksi benturan kepentingan adalah transaksi yang mengandungperbedaan antara kepentingan ekonomis Perusahaan dengan kepentingan ekonomispribadi direktur, komisaris, pemegang saham utama perusahaan atau pihak terafi liasidari direktur, komisaris atau pemegang saham utama. Pada prakteknya, ternyata tidakseluruh transaksi benturan kepentingan merupakan suatu transaksi yang tergolongkedalam transaksi benturan kepentingan. Sepanjang transaksi benturan kepentingantersebut telah dilakukan secara wajar, dengan harga yang wajar dan denganketerbukaan, maka transaksi yang mengandung benturan kepentingan tersebutseakan-akan bukan merupakan transaksi yang dilakukan oleh pihak-pihak yangmemiliki benturan kepentingan. Agar memberikan gambaran yang jelas, maka dalampenulisan ini diambil contoh kasus mengenai transaksi benturan kepentingan yangdilakukan oleh PT Bank Mega, Tbk berupa transaksi penyewaan ruangan kantor olehPT Bank Mega, Tbk kepada perusahaan-perusahaan afiliasinya. Untuk melindungikepentingan para pemegang saham, terutama pemegang saham independen terhadapsuatu transaksi benturan kepentingan yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan maka BadanPengawas Pasar Modal melalui Peraturan Badan Pengawas Pasar Modal NomorIX.E.l, mensyaratkan agar perusahaan yang akan melakukan transaksi yangmengandung benturan kepentingan terlebih dahulu harus mendapatkan persetujuandari pemegang saham independen. Persyaratan tersebut apabila diaplikasikankedalam contoh kasus ternyata dari segi bisnis tidak membawa keuntungan apapunbagi perusahaan, oleh karenanya perlu dipertimbangkan lagi bagi Badan PengawasPasar Modal untuk menciptakan suatu peraturan mengenai transaksi benturankepentingan yang sifatnya lebih fleksibel dengan memperhatikan nilai ekonomis,tanpa mengurangi tujuan peraturan yaitu perlindungan hukum bagi para pemegangsaham independen.

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ABSTRACTEvery company in doing its business activities shall once in a while be confrontedwith a corporate action. Those corporate actions often include transactions thatcontain conflict o f interest. The research method that is used to complete this thesis isdone jurisdictionally bibliographical and the type of data that is utilized is secondarydata. Qualitative document studies, interview and data analysis are used to compilethis thesis. A conflict o f interest transaction is a transaction where the economicinterest o f the company differs from the personal economic interest o f its directors,commissioners and/or majority shareholders. In practice, not all transactions whichcontain conflict o f interest can be classified into a conflict o f interest transaction. Aslong as the transaction containing conflict o f interest is done with fairness, fair priceand disclosure, the transaction which contains a conflict o f interest will not look likea transaction done by parties having a conflict o f interest. To give a clearer picture,this thesis takes the case example o f the conflict of interest transaction involving PTBank Mega, Tbk in the form o f an office space lease transaction between PT BankMega, Tbk and its affiliated companies. To protect the interest o f the shareholders,especially the independent shareholders against such acts o f conflict o f interesttransactions done by companies, the Capital Market Supervisory Agency throughRegulation o f the Capital Market Supervisory Agency Number IX.E.l, requirescompanies wishing to engage in a transaction containing a conflict o f interest, to geta prior approval from its independent shareholders. This requirement, brought toapplication in the case example obviously does not bring any profit for the companyfrom business point o f view. Hence, the Capital Market Supervisory Agency shouldreconsider to create a more flexible regulation on conflict of interest transactionswith due regard to the economic value and without disregarding its aim to providelegal protection to the independent shareholders of the company."

"[ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meneliti dampak ekonomi sektor pariwisata di Provinsi Banten, daerah yang berdekatan dengan kota metropolitan Jakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan studi empiris di negara berkembang, yang terutama mengeksplorasi pentingnya pariwisata lokal/domestik, dampak langsung / tidak langsung dari kegiatan pariwisata dan peluang pengembangan keterkaitan dengan ekonomi lokal. Studi kasus ini menggunakan analisis kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Model kuantitatif menggunakan tren analisis, tren statistik dan simulasi input-output. Untuk analisis kualitatif, penelitian ini menggunakan wawancara semi-terstruktur dengan beberapa stakeholder pariwisata di Kabupaten Pandeglang. Ditemukan bahwa pariwisata lokal dan domestik adalah kontributor paling signifikan dalam pendapatan pariwisata Banten. Namun, data yang ada tidak secara jelas menjelaskan dampak fenomena ?wisatawan sehari? (excursion). Simulasi input-output mengungkapkan bahwa efek "tidak langsung" dari sektor pariwisata nilainya lebih besar dari "efek langsung" dari koefisien multiplier sektor pariwisata. Temuan ini membuktikan bahwa industri pariwisata adalah "sektor pemicu" tetapi bukan mesin utama pertumbuhan ekonomi di Banten. Keterkaitan sektor pariwisata dengan ekonomi lokal untuk mengurangi impor/kebocoran ekonomi pariwisata bahkan membutuhkan proses industrialisasi di dalam industri pariwisata itu sendiri;

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ABSTRACTThe focus of this study is the freshman student of Faculty of Psychology at The purpose of this study is to explore economic impact of tourism in Banten Province, a region close to Jakarta (a mega city in Indonesia). This research is an empirical study of tourism economic in developing country, mainly explores the importance of local/domestic tourism, direct/indirect impact of tourism activity and linkage opportunity. This case study uses quantitative and qualitative analysis. The quantitative model uses trend, statistical and input-output analysis. Input-output simulation shows the multiplier effect of increasing tourist arrival and import substitution. For exploratory analysis, this study uses semi-structured interview with key important persons from major stakeholder groups in Pandeglang District (one of the most-preferred coastal tourism destination in Banten). It is found that local and domestic tourism are the most significant contributor in Banten tourism revenue. However, existing data do not clearly explain ?one day tourism visit? phenomena (excursion) of this local/domestic tourism from neighbouring cities. Input-output simulation reveals that ?indirect? multiplier effects of ?less tourism-dependent sectors? are greater than the ?direct? multiplier effect of ?most tourism-dependent sectors?. The finding proves that tourism industry is a ?trigger sector? but not the main engine for economic growth. In the other side, local linkage as an option to reduce tourism import (the leakage), requires industrialisation in tourism industry itself. Industrialization in manufacture sectors is still the key for economic growth in Banten.The limitation of this paper is the restriction of underlining-assumptions of IO model: ?no supply constraint?, ?constant return to scale?, ?fixed commodity input structure?, and ?fixed output-ratios?, which might contrary to real conditions. The paper might not capture the in-depth micro-economic analysis of linkage feasibility. Another limitation of the study is that the result could not be generalized to different contextual situations;The focus of this study is the freshman student of Faculty of Psychology at The purpose of this study is to explore economic impact of tourism in Banten Province, a region close to Jakarta (a mega city in Indonesia). This research is an empirical study of tourism economic in developing country, mainly explores the importance of local/domestic tourism, direct/indirect impact of tourism activity and linkage opportunity. This case study uses quantitative and qualitative analysis. The quantitative model uses trend, statistical and input-output analysis. Input-output simulation shows the multiplier effect of increasing tourist arrival and import substitution. For exploratory analysis, this study uses semi-structured interview with key important persons from major stakeholder groups in Pandeglang District (one of the most-preferred coastal tourism destination in Banten). It is found that local and domestic tourism are the most significant contributor in Banten tourism revenue. However, existing data do not clearly explain ?one day tourism visit? phenomena (excursion) of this local/domestic tourism from neighbouring cities. Input-output simulation reveals that ?indirect? multiplier effects of ?less tourism-dependent sectors? are greater than the ?direct? multiplier effect of ?most tourism-dependent sectors?. The finding proves that tourism industry is a ?trigger sector? but not the main engine for economic growth. In the other side, local linkage as an option to reduce tourism import (the leakage), requires industrialisation in tourism industry itself. Industrialization in manufacture sectors is still the key for economic growth in Banten.The limitation of this paper is the restriction of underlining-assumptions of IO model: ?no supply constraint?, ?constant return to scale?, ?fixed commodity input structure?, and ?fixed output-ratios?, which might contrary to real conditions. The paper might not capture the in-depth micro-economic analysis of linkage feasibility. Another limitation of the study is that the result could not be generalized to different contextual situations;The focus of this study is the freshman student of Faculty of Psychology at The purpose of this study is to explore economic impact of tourism in Banten Province, a region close to Jakarta (a mega city in Indonesia). This research is an empirical study of tourism economic in developing country, mainly explores the importance of local/domestic tourism, direct/indirect impact of tourism activity and linkage opportunity. This case study uses quantitative and qualitative analysis. The quantitative model uses trend, statistical and input-output analysis. Input-output simulation shows the multiplier effect of increasing tourist arrival and import substitution. For exploratory analysis, this study uses semi-structured interview with key important persons from major stakeholder groups in Pandeglang District (one of the most-preferred coastal tourism destination in Banten). It is found that local and domestic tourism are the most significant contributor in Banten tourism revenue. However, existing data do not clearly explain ?one day tourism visit? phenomena (excursion) of this local/domestic tourism from neighbouring cities. Input-output simulation reveals that ?indirect? multiplier effects of ?less tourism-dependent sectors? are greater than the ?direct? multiplier effect of ?most tourism-dependent sectors?. The finding proves that tourism industry is a ?trigger sector? but not the main engine for economic growth. In the other side, local linkage as an option to reduce tourism import (the leakage), requires industrialisation in tourism industry itself. Industrialization in manufacture sectors is still the key for economic growth in Banten.The limitation of this paper is the restriction of underlining-assumptions of IO model: ?no supply constraint?, ?constant return to scale?, ?fixed commodity input structure?, and ?fixed output-ratios?, which might contrary to real conditions. The paper might not capture the in-depth micro-economic analysis of linkage feasibility. Another limitation of the study is that the result could not be generalized to different contextual situations;The focus of this study is the freshman student of Faculty of Psychology at The purpose of this study is to explore economic impact of tourism in Banten Province, a region close to Jakarta (a mega city in Indonesia). This research is an empirical study of tourism economic in developing country, mainly explores the importance of local/domestic tourism, direct/indirect impact of tourism activity and linkage opportunity. This case study uses quantitative and qualitative analysis. The quantitative model uses trend, statistical and input-output analysis. Input-output simulation shows the multiplier effect of increasing tourist arrival and import substitution. For exploratory analysis, this study uses semi-structured interview with key important persons from major stakeholder groups in Pandeglang District (one of the most-preferred coastal tourism destination in Banten). It is found that local and domestic tourism are the most significant contributor in Banten tourism revenue. However, existing data do not clearly explain “one day tourism visit” phenomena (excursion) of this local/domestic tourism from neighbouring cities. Input-output simulation reveals that “indirect” multiplier effects of “less tourism-dependent sectors” are greater than the “direct” multiplier effect of “most tourism-dependent sectors”. The finding proves that tourism industry is a “trigger sector” but not the main engine for economic growth. In the other side, local linkage as an option to reduce tourism import (the leakage), requires industrialisation in tourism industry itself. Industrialization in manufacture sectors is still the key for economic growth in Banten.The limitation of this paper is the restriction of underlining-assumptions of IO model: “no supply constraint”, “constant return to scale”, “fixed commodity input structure”, and “fixed output-ratios”, which might contrary to real conditions. The paper might not capture the in-depth micro-economic analysis of linkage feasibility. Another limitation of the study is that the result could not be generalized to different contextual situations, The focus of this study is the freshman student of Faculty of Psychology at The purpose of this study is to explore economic impact of tourism in Banten Province, a region close to Jakarta (a mega city in Indonesia). This research is an empirical study of tourism economic in developing country, mainly explores the importance of local/domestic tourism, direct/indirect impact of tourism activity and linkage opportunity. This case study uses quantitative and qualitative analysis. The quantitative model uses trend, statistical and input-output analysis. Input-output simulation shows the multiplier effect of increasing tourist arrival and import substitution. For exploratory analysis, this study uses semi-structured interview with key important persons from major stakeholder groups in Pandeglang District (one of the most-preferred coastal tourism destination in Banten). It is found that local and domestic tourism are the most significant contributor in Banten tourism revenue. However, existing data do not clearly explain “one day tourism visit” phenomena (excursion) of this local/domestic tourism from neighbouring cities. Input-output simulation reveals that “indirect” multiplier effects of “less tourism-dependent sectors” are greater than the “direct” multiplier effect of “most tourism-dependent sectors”. The finding proves that tourism industry is a “trigger sector” but not the main engine for economic growth. In the other side, local linkage as an option to reduce tourism import (the leakage), requires industrialisation in tourism industry itself. Industrialization in manufacture sectors is still the key for economic growth in Banten.The limitation of this paper is the restriction of underlining-assumptions of IO model: “no supply constraint”, “constant return to scale”, “fixed commodity input structure”, and “fixed output-ratios”, which might contrary to real conditions. The paper might not capture the in-depth micro-economic analysis of linkage feasibility. Another limitation of the study is that the result could not be generalized to different contextual situations]"

"Hipertensi merupakan salah satu penyakit tidak menular yang menjadi penyebab terjadinya penyakit tidak menular lainnya seperti penyakit jantung, stroke dan banyak penyakit lain yang menjadi penyebab kematian terbanyak di dunia. Hipertensi pada wanita harus mendapatkan perhatian yang serius karena mengalami peningkatan dari waktu ke waktu dan dapat menimbulkan komplikasi yang lebih lanjut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat faktor dominan kejadian hipertensi pada wanita di daerah rural dan urban di Indonesia tahun 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS 5 tahun 2014) dengan desain studi cross sectional. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 6.503 orang yang terdiri dari 3.675 wanita di daerah rural dan 2.828 wanita di daerah urban. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari 3.675 wanita di di daerah rural terdapat 17,63% orang menderita hipertensi dan dari 2.828 wanita di daerah urban terdapat 18,14% orang menderita hipertensi. Setelah dilakukan analisis multivariat untuk melihat faktor dominan hipertensi pada wanita di daerah rural dan urban didapatkan bahwa umur sebagai faktor dominan di kedua daerah tersebut dengan masing-masing di daerah rural dengan PR= 3,16 (95%CI, 2,651-3,790) dan di daerah urban dengan PR= 3,41 (95%CI, 2,800-4,166).

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Hypertension is one of the non-communicable diseases that is the cause of other noncommunicable diseases such as heart disease, stroke and many other diseases which are the leading causes of death in the world. Hypertension in women must get serious attention because it increases over time and can cause further complications. This study aims to look at the dominant factor in the incidence of hypertension in women in rural and urban areas in Indonesia in 2014. This study uses secondary Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS 5 2014) with a cross sectional study design. The total sample is 6,503 people consisting of 3,675 women in rural areas and 2,828 women in urban areas. The results of this study indicate that of 3,675 women in rural areas there were 17.63% of people suffering from hypertension and from 2,828 women in urban areas there were 18.14% of people suffering from hypertension. After multivariate analysis to see the dominant factor of hypertension in women in rural and urban areas, it was found that age was the dominant factor in the two regions with each in the rural area PR= 3,16 (95%CI, 2,651-3,790) and in urban area PR= 3,41 (95%CI, 2,800-4,166)."

"Studi mengenai aglomerasi ekonomi sudah cukup banyak dibahas dalam literatur. Akan tetapi, studi yang menunjukkan hubungan kausal di negara berkembang, yang didominasi oleh sektor informal dan pekerja dengan skill yang rendah, masih terbatas. Salah satu kendalanya, pada keterbatasan data longitudinal dan data ukuran perkotaan yang belum dapat menggambarkan kepadatan ekonomi. Untuk melengkapi gap literatur, studi ini memperbaiki ukuran kota menjadi urban dan suburban, yang mencerminkan arus commuting, dengan menggunakan data Landscan 2010 dan 2015 sehingga dapat menggambarkan ukuran kepadatan ekonomi yang lebih baik dan mengurangi bias akibat measurement error. Secara empiris, hubungan kausal antara ukuran kota terhadap premium pasar tenaga kerja individu diperoleh dengan menggunakan skor indeks risiko kejadian gempa dan ukuran kekasaran kabupaten sebagai instrument variable (IV) dan penggunaan industri fixed effect untuk mengatasi masalah endogenitas dalam mengestimasi parameter. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan kota dua kali lebih besar, meningkatkan upah sebesar 53 persen. Hasil ini lebih tinggi dari sebagian besar literatur lainnya, yang disebabkan sampel hanya meliputi wilayah perkotaan dan penggunaan ukuran kepadatan yang lebih presisi dibandingkan berdasarkan batas administratif, sehingga masalah bias akibat measurement error sangat mungkin diatasi dengan baik.

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The study of economic agglomeration has been widely discussed in the literature. However, studies that show causal relations in developing countries, which are dominated by the informal sector and workers with low skills, are still limited. The constraints are limitation of longitudinal data and urban size data, which cannot yet describe economic density. To complete the literature gap, this study improves the size of cities to become urban and suburban, reflecting the flow of commuting, using the 2010 and 2015 Landscan data to measure economic density better and reduce bias due to measurement errors. Empirically, using this density and using the 2SLS estimation technique with instrument variables in the form of earthquake risk and ruggedness measures and using industry and occupation fixed effect, the result of a city twice as large can increase wages 53 percent. This result is higher than most other literature because the sample only covers urban areas. The use of density measurements is more precise than based on administrative boundaries, so the problem of bias due to measurement error is very likely to be adequately resolved."

"Sebagai salah satu brand luxury, Dior Beauty berhadapan dengan tantangan besar dimana mereka harus mempertaruhkan eksklusivitasnya ketika memasarkan produknya di media sosial di masa Pandemi Covid-19. Sebagai media yang dapat diakses oleh publik, media sosial bertentangan dengan karakter brand mewah yang hanya dapat diakses oleh kalangan masyarakat tertentu saja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan apakah terdapat pergeseran image luxury brandpada Dior Beauty yang melakukan pemasaran di media sosial. Penelitian studi kasus ini berangkat dari paradigma konstruktivisme dan berjenis deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian diambil dari hasil wawancara terhadap konsumen Dior Beauty serta hasil studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada pergeseran image luxury brand terhadap Dior Beauty di benak konsumennya meskipun memasarkannya di media sosial karena terdapat konsistensi dari Dior Beauty dalam mengomunikasikan image luxury. Konsumen berpendapat bahwa Dior Beauty telah memilih KOL yang relevan, menjaga image luxury pada setiap kontennya, dan memiliki desan konten yang menarik dan kreatif. Disamping itu, konsumen turut menjelaskan bahwa brand Dior Beauty sendiri telah memiliki komponen-komponen luxury brand dimana mereka merasakan kualitas yang baik, eksklusivitas brand, kebanggan serta prestise ketika menggunakan brand tersebut. Adapun omnichannel merupakan konsep pemasaran yang telah digunakan oleh Dior Beauty sehingga terdapat pengalaman yang sama ketika berbelanja langsung di butiknya maupun secara daring melalui media sosial.

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As a luxury brand, Dior Beauty faces a big challenge where they have to risk their exclusivity when market their products on social media during the Covid-19 pandemic. As a media that can be accessed by the public, social media is contrary to the character of luxury brands which can only be accessed by certain groups of people. This study aims to describe whether there is a shift in the luxury brand image at Dior Beauty which does marketing on social media. This case study research departs from the constructivism paradigm and is of a qualitative descriptive type. The research data was taken from the results of interviews with Dior Beauty consumers and the results of documentation studies. The results of the study show that there is no shift in the luxury brand image towards Dior Beauty in the minds of consumers, even though they market it on social media because there is consistency from Dior Beauty in communicating the luxury image. Consumers think that Dior Beauty has chosen relevant KOLs, maintains a luxury image in all of its content, and has attractive and creative content designs. In addition, consumers also explained that the Dior Beauty brand itself already has luxury brand components where they feel good quality, brand exclusivity, pride and prestige when using the brand. The omnichannel is a marketing concept that has been used by Dior Beauty so that there is the same experience when shopping directly at the boutique or online through social media."